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Pan S, Karey E, Nieves-Cintron M, Chen YJ, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Pinkerton KE, Chen CY. Effects of chronic secondhand smoke exposure on cardiovascular regulation and the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1185744. [PMID: 37362438 PMCID: PMC10285070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with an estimated 80% of SHS-related deaths attributed to cardiovascular causes. Public health measures and smoking bans have been successful both in reducing SHS exposure and improving cardiovascular outcomes in non-smokers. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors have been shown to attenuate tobacco exposure-induced lung inflammatory responses, making them a promising target for mitigating SHS exposure-induced cardiovascular outcomes. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine 1) effects of environmentally relevant SHS exposure on cardiac autonomic function and blood pressure (BP) regulation and 2) whether prophylactic administration of an sEH inhibitor (TPPU) can reduce the adverse cardiovascular effects of SHS exposure. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice (11 weeks old) implanted with BP/electrocardiogram (ECG) telemetry devices were exposed to filtered air or 3 mg/m3 of SHS (6 hr/d, 5 d/wk) for 12 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of recovery in filtered air. Some mice received TPPU in drinking water (15 mg/L) throughout SHS exposure. BP, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and BP variability were determined monthly. Results: SHS exposure significantly decreased 1) short-term HRV by ∼20% (p < 0.05) within 4 weeks; 2) overall HRV with maximum effect at 12 weeks (-15%, p < 0.05); 3) pulse pressure (-8%, p < 0.05) as early as week 4; and 4) BRS with maximum effect at 12 weeks (-11%, p < 0.05). Four weeks of recovery following 12 weeks of SHS ameliorated all SHS-induced cardiovascular detriments. Importantly, mice exposed to TPPU in drinking water during SHS-related exposure were protected from SHS cardiovascular consequences. Discussion: The data suggest that 1) environmental relevant SHS exposure significantly alters cardiac autonomic function and BP regulation; 2) cardiovascular consequences from SHS can be reversed by discontinuing SHS exposure; and 3) inhibiting sEH can prevent SHS-induced cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chao-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Skipina TM, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ. Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with increased left ventricular mass. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:43. [PMID: 34140842 PMCID: PMC8176893 DOI: 10.18332/tid/136415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hypertension is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Recent evidence suggests that secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with chronic hypertension, so we sought to examine the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and electrocardiographic left ventricular (LV) mass among non-smokers. METHODS This analysis included 4982 non-smoker participants from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES-III). Non-smoking was defined by self-report and serum cotinine ≤10 ng/mL, a biomarker for tobacco exposure. SHS exposure was defined as serum cotinine level ≥1 ng/mL. LV mass was estimated using an electrocardiographic model developed and applied in NHANES-III then validated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the cross-sectional association between SHS exposure (vs no exposure) with estimated LV mass index. In similar models, we also examined the associations of LV mass index across quartiles of serum cotinine (reference group, 1st quartile) and in subgroups stratified by age, race, sex, hypertension, and obesity. RESULTS About 9.8% (n=489) of the participants were exposed to SHS. Exposure to SHS was associated with an estimated 2.9 g/m2 increase in LV mass index, with a dose-response relationship between higher serum cotinine and LV mass index. These results were consistent in men and women, Whites and non-Whites, elderly and non-elderly, and those with and without hypertension. Significant effect modification was present among obese individuals with an estimated 4.8 g/m2 increase in LV mass index (interaction p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In a racially diverse sample of non-smokers, SHS is associated with increased LV mass with a dose-response relationship between level of exposure and LV mass. Effect modification was present among obese individuals. These findings underscore the harmful effect of passive smoking on the cardiovascular system and highlight the need for more restrictions on smoking in public areas, especially in countries or regions with less-stringent public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Skipina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Bharathi Upadhya
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Skipina TM, Soliman EZ, Upadhya B. Association between secondhand smoke exposure and hypertension: nearly as large as smoking. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1899-1908. [PMID: 32890262 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: Active smoking is a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is recognized as a major public health problem. Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE), is thought to have similar cardiovascular consequences and the risk has been postulated to be equivalent to that of active smoking. A major component of this risk involves the connection with chronic hypertension. There are several population-based observational studies investigating the relationship between SHSE and chronic hypertension, all of which demonstrate a positive association. Given that SHSE appears to be a risk factor for chronic hypertension, SHSE should also be a risk factor for hypertensive end-organ disease. Many studies have sought to investigate this relationship, but this has yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the current evidence regarding the association between SHSE and hypertension as well as exploration of the links between SHSE and hypertensive end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Skipina
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bharathi Upadhya
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine
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Adenovirus 5 produces obesity and adverse metabolic, morphological, and functional changes in the long term in animals fed a balanced diet or a high-fat diet: a study on hamsters. Arch Virol 2019; 164:775-786. [PMID: 30666458 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus 5 (Ad-5) infection is a common cause of acute respiratory infections and the main vector used in gene therapy. There are few studies on the relationship of Ad-5 to obesity. In the present study, we evaluated the chronic effects of Ad-5 infection on golden (Syrian) hamsters fed either a balanced diet (BD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). After a single inoculation with Ad-5 (1 × 107 pfu), the body weight of the animals was measured weekly. Medium-term (22 weeks) serum biochemical analyses and long-term (44 weeks) liver morphology, adiposity, and locomotive functionality (movement velocity) assessments were carried out. In the animals fed the BD, adenovirus infection produced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. In the long term, it produced a 57% increase in epididymal pad fat and a 30% body weight gain compared with uninoculated animals. In addition, morphological changes related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were observed. The animals fed the HFD had similar but more severe changes. In addition, the hamsters presented an obesity paradox: at the end of the study, the animals that had the most morphological and functional changes (significantly reduced movement velocity) had the lowest body weight. Despite the fact that an HFD appears to be a more harmful factor in the long term than adenovirus infection alone, infection could increase the severity of harmful effects in individuals with an HFD. Epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate the effect of adenovirus as a precursor of chronic liver and cardiovascular diseases, including the chronic effects of gene therapy.
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Pipicz M, Demján V, Sárközy M, Csont T. Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Cardiac STAT3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113572. [PMID: 30424579 PMCID: PMC6274853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates many cellular processes, e.g., the transcription or opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and its activity depends on the phosphorylation of Tyr705 and/or Ser727 sites. In the heterogeneous network of cardiac cells, STAT3 promotes cardiac muscle differentiation, vascular element formation and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Overwhelming evidence suggests that STAT3 is beneficial for the heart, plays a role in the prevention of age-related and postpartum heart failure, protects the heart against cardiotoxic doxorubicin or ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and is involved in many cardioprotective strategies (e.g., ischaemic preconditioning, perconditioning, postconditioning, remote or pharmacological conditioning). Ischaemic heart disease is still the leading cause of death worldwide, and many cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the development of the disease. This review focuses on the effects of various cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, aging, obesity, smoking, alcohol, depression, gender, comedications) on cardiac STAT3 under non-ischaemic baseline conditions, and in settings of ischaemia/reperfusion injury with or without cardioprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér. 9., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Lin YC, Lin YC, Kuo WW, Shen CY, Cheng YC, Lin YM, Chang RL, Padma VV, Huang CY, Huang CY. Platycodin D Reverses Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:537-549. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the main active saponin isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) and is reported to exhibit anticancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammation and anti-obesity biological effects. The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PD in cardiac fibrosis and for hypertrophy in spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs) and to verify inhibition of the signaling pathway. Significant increases in the cardiac functional indices of left ventricular internal diameter end diastole (LVIDd) and left ventricular internal diameter end systole (LVIDs); the eccentric hypertrophy marker p-MEK5; concentric hypertrophy markers, such as CaMKII[Formula: see text] and calcineurin; and expression levels of NFATc3, p-GATA4 and BNP were observed in spontaneously hypertensive groups. PD treatment reversed these increases in SHRs. In addition, an increase in the fibrosis markers FGF2, uPA, MMP2, MMP9, TGF[Formula: see text]-1 and CTGF during cardiac hypertrophy was detected by western blotting analyses. These results demonstrated that PD treatment considerably attenuates cardiac fibrosis. Histopathological examination revealed that PD treatment remarkably reduced collagen accumulation in contrast to spontaneously hypertensive groups. This study clearly suggests that PD provides myocardial protection by alleviating two damaging responses to hypertension, fibrosis and hypertrophy, in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, Mei Ho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Lin Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Vijaya V. Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ting WJ, Yang JJ, Kuo CH, Xiao ZJ, Lu XZ, Yeh YL, Day CH, Wen SY, Viswanadha VP, Jiang CH, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Environmental tobacco smoke increases autophagic effects but decreases longevity associated with Sirt-1 protein expression in young C57BL mice hearts. Oncotarget 2016; 7:39017-39025. [PMID: 27167200 PMCID: PMC5129910 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that nearly 90% of U.S. adult smokers began smoking at the age of 18. This demonstrates that the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of youngsters today is changing from passive smoking to active smoking (direct inhalation of tobacco). In the current study, an investigation of ETS exposure in young C57BL mice was conducted. After 6 weeks of ETS exposure, the Sirt-1 protein level was decreased and cardiac autophagy was increased in C57BL mice. Furthermore, the IGF2R cardiac hypertrophy signaling pathway was also triggered, although cardiac apoptosis and hypertrophy were not induced. Youngsters' desire to look more mature is one of the psychological factors that impacts smoking amongst young people. Our results suggest that though ETS exposure might cause cardiac autophagy amongst youngsters, the loss of the longevity Sirt-1 protein and the increase in IGF2R cardiac hypertrophy signaling could still promote heart diseases that are age-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Ting
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Yang
- Institute of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Jun Xiao
- National Taichung First Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Ze Lu
- National Taichung First Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lan Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Su-Ying Wen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chong-He Jiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wu JP, Hsieh DJY, Kuo WW, Han CK, Pai P, Yeh YL, Lin CC, Padma VV, Day CH, Huang CY. Secondhand Smoke Exposure Reduced the Compensatory Effects of IGF-I Growth Signaling in the Aging Rat Hearts. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:708-18. [PMID: 26392808 PMCID: PMC4571548 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Aging is a physiological process that involves progressive impairment of normal heart functions due to increased vulnerability to damage. This study examines secondhand smoke exposure in aging rats to determine the age-related death-survival balance. METHODS Rats were placed into a SHS exposure chamber and exposed to smog. Old age male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10 cigarettes for 30 min, day and night, continuing for one week. After 4 weeks the rats underwent morphological and functional studies. Left ventricular sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination. TUNEL detected apoptosis cells and protein expression related death and survival pathway were analyzed using western blot. RESULTS Death receptor-dependent apoptosis upregulation pathways and the mitochondria apoptosis proteins were apparent in young SHS exposure and old age rats. These biological markers were enhanced in aging SHS-exposed rats. The survival pathway was found to exhibit compensation only in young SHS-exposed rats, but not in the aging rats. Further decrease in the activity of this pathway was observed in aging SHS-exposed rats. TUNEL apoptotic positive cells were increased in young SHS-exposed rats, and in aging rats with or without SHS-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Aging reduces IGF-I compensated signaling with accelerated cardiac apoptotic effects from second-hand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Wu
- 1. Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Jine-Yuan Hsieh
- 2. School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- 3. Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chien-Kuo Han
- 4. Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peiying Pai
- 5. Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lan Yeh
- 6. Department of pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua ; 7. Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- 8. Orthopaedic Department, Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- 9. Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India
| | - Cecilia Hsuan Day
- 10. Department of Nursing, Mei Ho University, 23 Pingguang Road, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- 1. Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 11. School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan ; 12. Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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