1
|
Oszajca K, Szemraj J. Assessment of the correlation between oxidative stress and expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and COX-2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2021; 6:e158-e165. [PMID: 34703944 PMCID: PMC8525249 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2021.109255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are considered to be the main producer of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) participating primarily in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Any disturbances in ECM structure may underlie the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and contribute to angiogenesis, cancer development, invasion or metastasis. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of oxidative stress on the expression of MMP-2, its tissue inhibitor type 1 (TIMP-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS HASMCs were treated with exogenously applied H2O2 or TNF-α. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used as an antioxidant. Gene expression levels were measured by real-time PCR and the protein levels were determined using ELISA assay. RESULTS The studies revealed no association between oxidative stress and either mRNA quantity or protein secretion of MMP-2 and TIMP-1. However, we found markedly reduced (p < 0.001) MMP-2 secretion in cells incubated with NAC. HASMCs stimulated with TNF-α demonstrated a significantly increased COX-2 mRNA level as well as enzyme activity. H2O2-induced cells showed lowered COX-2 activity in comparison to untreated cells. MMP-2 and TIMP-1 expression did not change after COX-2 inhibition with DuP-697. CONCLUSIONS We did not find any effect of oxidative stress on expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in HASMCs. However, COX-2 mRNA and protein level were elevated in these conditions. There was no correlation between COX-2 activity and MMP-2 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression or protein secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Oszajca
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheshmehkani A, Senatorov IS, Dhuguru J, Ghoneim O, Moniri NH. Free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) modulates ROS generation and COX-2 expression via the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:139-150. [PMID: 28943238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Agonism of the G protein-coupled free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) has been shown to promote numerous anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages that arise due to interaction with β-arrestin partner proteins. Humans express functionally distinct short and long FFA4 splice variants, such that FFA4-S signals through Gαq/11 and β-arrestin, while FFA4-L is intrinsically biased solely towards β-arrestin signaling. Recently, we and others have shown that phosphorylation of the FFA4 C-terminal tail is responsible for β-arrestin interactability and signaling. Given the significance of β-arrestin in the anti-inflammatory function of FFA4, the goal of this study was to examine the role of the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in FFA4 signaling induced by PMA and LPS in murine Raw 264.7 macrophages. Our data reveal for the first time that both FFA4 isoforms modulate PMA-induced ROS generation, and that abolishment of the FFA4-S, but not FFA4-L C-terminal phosphosensor, is detrimental to this effect. Furthermore, we show that while both isoforms reduce PMA-induced expression of COX-2, removal of the FFA4-S phosphosensor significantly decreases this response, suggesting that these effects of FFA4-S are β-arrestin mediated. On the contrary, FFA4-S, as well as the truncated C-terminal congener lacking the β-arrestin phosphosensor were both able to reduce LPS-induced NF-κB activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, FFA4-L and its corresponding mutant were incapable of modulating either, suggesting that these responses are mediated by G protein coupling. Taken together, our data reveal important structure-function and signaling differences between the two FFA4 isoforms, and for the first time link FFA4 to modulation of ROS in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Cheshmehkani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ilya S Senatorov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ola Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng G, Tang X, Yang Z, Benesch MGK, Marshall A, Murray D, Hemmings DG, Wuest F, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Implications for breast cancer treatment from increased autotaxin production in adipose tissue after radiotherapy. FASEB J 2017; 31:4064-4077. [PMID: 28539367 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700159r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously established that adipose tissue adjacent to breast tumors becomes inflamed by tumor-derived cytokines. This stimulates autotaxin (ATX) secretion from adipocytes, whereas breast cancer cells produce insignificant ATX. Lysophosphatidate produced by ATX promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion in a vicious inflammatory cycle, which increases tumor growth and metastasis and decreases response to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that damage to adipose tissue during radiotherapy for breast cancer should promote lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling and further inflammatory signaling, which could potentially protect cancer cells from subsequent fractions of radiation therapy. To test this hypothesis, we exposed rat and human adipose tissue to radiation doses (0.25-5 Gy) that were expected during radiotherapy. This exposure increased mRNA levels for ATX, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and LPA1 and LPA2 receptors by 1.8- to 5.1-fold after 4 to 48 h. There were also 1.5- to 2.5-fold increases in the secretion of ATX and 14 inflammatory mediators after irradiating at 1 Gy. Inhibition of the radiation-induced activation of NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, or ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein blocked inflammatory responses to γ-radiation. Consequently, collateral damage to adipose tissue during radiotherapy could establish a comprehensive wound-healing response that involves increased signaling by LPA, cyclooxygenase-2, and other inflammatory mediators that could decrease the efficacy of further radiotherapy or chemotherapy.-Meng, G., Tang, X., Yang, Z., Benesch, M. G. K., Marshall, A., Murray, D., Hemmings, D. G., Wuest, F., McMullen, T. P. W., Brindley, D. N. Implications for breast cancer treatment from increased autotaxin production in adipose tissue after radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanmin Meng
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zelei Yang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison Marshall
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Denise G Hemmings
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu E, Saini S, Liu T, Yoo J. Bradykinin stimulates protein kinase D-mediated colonic myofibroblast migration via cyclooxygenase-2 and heat shock protein 27. J Surg Res 2016; 209:191-198. [PMID: 28032559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by episodic intestinal injury and repair. Myofibroblasts are gastrointestinal tract stromal cells that regulate the reparative process and are known targets of inflammatory mediators including bradykinin (BK). However, the mechanisms through which inflammation regulates myofibroblast-induced wound healing remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that BK stimulates myofibroblast migration through protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCD-18Co is a human colonic myofibroblast cell line used from passages 8 to 14. An in vitro scratch assay assessed the effect of BK (100 nM) on myofibroblast migration over 24 h in the presence or absence of several inhibitors (CID755673 [10 μM] and NS398 [10 μM]). Hsp27 small interfering RNA evaluated the effect of Hsp27 on colonic myofibroblast migration. Antibodies to pPKD, pHsp27, and COX-2 evaluated expression levels by Western blot. RESULTS BK stimulated myofibroblast migration over 24 h. BK also led to rapid and sustained phosphorylation of PKD at Ser-916, rapid phosphorylation of Hsp27 at Ser-82, and increased COX-2 expression over 4 h. BK-mediated COX-2 expression and Hsp27 phosphorylation were both inhibited by the PKD inhibitor CID755673. Similarly, BK-induced myofibroblast migration was significantly inhibited by CID755673 (P < 0.05), by the direct COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (P < 0.05), and by Hsp27 small interfering RNA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BK stimulates myofibroblast migration through PKD-mediated activation of COX-2 and Hsp27. PKD, COX-2, and Hsp27 all appear to regulate myofibroblast cell migration, a stromal population that may play an important role in mucosal healing in the setting of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chu
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shyla Saini
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv FJ, Peng Y, Lim FL, Sun Y, Lv M, Zhou L, Wang H, Zheng Z, Cheung KMC, Leung VYL. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 is an indicator of intervertebral disc degeneration co-expressed with fibrotic markers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1826-1836. [PMID: 27211863 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests a role of fibrogenesis in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. We aim to explore if fibrotic genes may serve as IVD degeneration indicators, and if their expression is associated with myofibroblast activity. DESIGN Transcriptional expression of fibrosis markers (COL1A1, COL3A1, FN1, HSP47, MMP12, RASAL1) were analyzed in degenerated (D) and non-degenerated (ND) human nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells, along with traditional (SOX9, ACAN) and newly established degeneration markers (CDH2, KRT19, KRT18, FBLN1, MGP, and COMP). Protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in human IVDs, and in rodent IVDs undergoing natural ageing or puncture-induced degeneration. Co-expression with myofibroblast markers was examined by double staining on human and rat specimens. Disc degeneration severity and extent of fibrosis were determined by histological scoring and picrosirius red staining respectively. RESULTS Human D-NP showed more intensive staining for picrosirius red than ND-NP. Among the genes examined, D-NP showed significantly higher MMP12 expression along with lower KRT19 expression. Protein expression analysis revealed increased MMP12(+) cells in human D-IVD. Histological scoring indicated mild degeneration in the punctured rat discs and discs of ageing mouse. Higher MMP12 positivity was found in peripheral NP and AF of the degenerative rat discs and in NP of the aged mice. In addition, human D-NP and D-AF showed increased α-SMA(+) cells, indicating enhanced myofibroblast activity. MMP12 was found co-expressed with α-SMA, FSP1 and FAP-α in human and rat degenerative IVDs. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that in addition to a reduced KRT19 expression, an increased expression of MMP12, a profibrotic mediator, is characteristic of disc degenerative changes. Co-expression study indicates an association of the increased MMP12 positivity with myofibroblast activity in degenerated IVDs. Overall, our findings implicate an impact of MMP12 in disc cell homeostasis. The precise role of MMP12 in IVD degeneration warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F-J Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, China; Center for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Y Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - F L Lim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - M Lv
- Advanced Technology Research Institution of China Science Institution, Shenzhen, China.
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Gaungdong, China.
| | - Z Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Gaungdong, China.
| | - K M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Center for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - V Y L Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, China; Center for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saini S, Liu T, Yoo J. TNF-α stimulates colonic myofibroblast migration via COX-2 and Hsp27. J Surg Res 2016; 204:145-52. [PMID: 27451881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy characterized by fibrotic strictures. Myofibroblasts (MFBs) are stromal cells of the gastrointestinal tract found in increased numbers in patients with CD and represent the key effector cells involved in pathologic fibrosis. MFB is a known target of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of CD. However, the precise mechanisms through which TNF-α contributes to fibrosis remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that TNF-α increases MFB migration through the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human colonic MFB cell line 18Co was grown to confluence on 35 × 10 mm cell culture dishes and used from passages 8-14. An in vitro scratch assay assessed the effect of TNF-α (10 ng/mL) on MFB migration over 24 h in the presence or absence of several inhibitors (NS398, SB203580, Hsp27 siRNA). RESULTS TNF-α significantly increased MFB migration over 24 h. TNF-α also led to the increased expression of COX-2 and stimulated rapid phosphorylation of Hsp27 at serine 82. TNF-α-induced COX-2 expression, Hsp27 phosphorylation, and MFB migration were all significantly inhibited by the P38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (P < 0.05). TNF-α-induced MFB migration was also significantly inhibited by NS398 (P < 0.05), a direct inhibitor of COX-2, and by siRNA targeting Hsp27 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TNF-α stimulates colonic MFB migration through P38 MAPK-mediated activation of COX-2 and Hsp27. Further elucidating these inflammatory signaling pathways may lead to novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of CD-related fibrosis and strictures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyla Saini
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Subramaniam R, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Mechanistic roles of epithelial and immune cell signaling during the development of colitis-associated cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:1-21. [PMID: 27110580 DOI: 10.17980/2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, substantial evidence has shown a significant association between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). The incidence/prevalence of IBD is higher in western countries including the US, Australia, and the UK. Although CAC development is generally characterized by stepwise accumulation of genetic as well as epigenetic changes, precise mechanisms of how chronic inflammation leads to the development of CAC are largely unknown. Preceding intestinal inflammation is one of the major influential factors for CAC tumorigenesis. Mucosal immune responses including activation of aberrant signaling pathways both in innate and adaptive immune cells play a pivotal role in CAC. Tumor progression and metastasis are shaped by a tightly controlled tumor microenvironment which is orchestrated by several immune cells and stromal cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, T cells, and myofibroblasts. In this article, we will discuss the contributing factors of epithelial as well as immune cell signaling in initiation of CAC tumorigenesis and mucosal immune regulatory factors in the colonic tumor microenvironment. In depth understanding of these factors is necessary to develop novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies for CAC in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Subramaniam
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coyle D, O'Donnell AM, Corcionivoschi N, Gillick J, Puri P. Rho-kinase expression in Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:1077-85. [PMID: 26276426 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-kinase (ROCK) is the primary effector protein in the RhoA pathway, which regulates Ca(2+)-independent smooth muscle contraction in the human bowel. This pathway has been reported to be hyper-activated in the aganglionic bowel of EDNRB-null (-/-) rats compared to the ganglionic bowel from EDNRB (+/+) rats. We hypothesised that ROCK expression is up-regulated in human aganglionic bowel and designed this study to investigate ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 expression in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-length specimens were collected following pull-through surgery for HSCR (n = 9). Colonic controls (n = 6) were obtained during colostomy closure from patients with anorectal malformations. Distribution of ROCK 1/2 expression was evaluated using double-labelled immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. ROCK1/2 protein expression was assessed in mucosa and tunica muscularis using western blot analysis. RESULTS There was strong expression of both ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and ganglia. ROCK 1 expression was reduced in aganglionic bowel compared to HSCR ganglionic bowel and controls in both mucosa and tunica muscularis. ROCK 2 expression was similar in the colon of children with HSCR and controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of strong ROCK expression in colonic ICCs. Although the rat model of aganglionic bowel suggests that Ca(2+)-independent smooth muscle contraction involving ROCK is hyper-activated, our data indicate ROCK 1 expression is decreased in aganglionic bowel and ROCK 2 expression is unaltered in children with HSCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland. .,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Temple St., Dublin 1, Ireland.
| | - Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - John Gillick
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Temple St., Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin Rd., Dublin 12, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Primary Myofibroblasts Maintain Short-Term Viability following Submucosal Injection in Syngeneic, Immune-Competent Mice Utilizing Murine Colonoscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127258. [PMID: 26016485 PMCID: PMC4445916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The myofibroblast is an important stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract. Current in vitro and in vivo models either do not accurately recreate stromal-epithelial interactions or are not specific to myofibroblasts. We sought to create an animal model that would allow the study of myofibroblast-epithelial interactions. We isolated and cultured colonic myofibroblasts from FVB mice. Cells were α-SMA and vimentin positive but desmin negative on immunoblot analysis. We injected the myofibroblasts into the colonic submucosa of syngeneic adult mice (n = 8) via a miniendoscopic system. We then isolated green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive colonic myofibroblasts from C57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP)1Osb/J mice and injected them into the colonic lamina propria of C57BL/6J mice at 1x105 (n = 14), 1x106 (n = 9), or 5x106 cells/mL (n = 4). A subset of mice were injected with serum-free media and ink without cells (n = 3). Mice underwent repeat endoscopy and euthanasia one or 7 days after injection. Colons were isolated and either fixed in 10% formalin or the inked sites were individually excised and lysed for DNA. We assessed the injection sites via histology and immunohistochemical stains for α-SMA and GFP. We used qPCR to quantify GFP DNA transcripts at the lamina propria injection sites. Submucosal injection of myofibroblasts resulted in the formation of a subepithelial wheal on endoscopy, which persisted to day 7. Myofibroblasts injected either into the submucosa or lamina propria maintained viability on post-injection day 7 as evidenced by positive α-SMA staining. qPCR of lamina propria injections showed a dose-dependent increase in GFP DNA transcripts on post-injection day 1, whereas the number of transcripts on day 7 was equivalent for the concentrations injected. We demonstrate short-term survival of primary cultured colonic myofibroblasts in syngeneic mice. This may prove to be a valuable model for studying the role of myofibroblasts in states of health and disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Parisi M, De Marinis M, Tafuri D, Cinelli M, Ammendola R. Cell-surface receptors transactivation mediated by g protein-coupled receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19700-28. [PMID: 25356505 PMCID: PMC4264134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to a large family of cell-surface receptors involved in many intracellular signaling cascades. Despite GPCRs lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, tyrosine phosphorylation of a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) occurs in response to binding of specific agonists of several such receptors, triggering intracellular mitogenic cascades. This suggests that the notion that GPCRs are associated with the regulation of post-mitotic cell functions is no longer believable. Crosstalk between GPCR and RTK may occur by different molecular mechanism such as the activation of metalloproteases, which can induce the metalloprotease-dependent release of RTK ligands, or in a ligand-independent manner involving membrane associated non-receptor tyrosine kinases, such as c-Src. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also implicated as signaling intermediates in RTKs transactivation. Intracellular concentration of ROS increases transiently in cells stimulated with GPCR agonists and their deliberated and regulated generation is mainly catalyzed by enzymes that belong to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family. Oxidation and/or reduction of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of phosphatases tightly controls the activity of RTKs and ROS-mediated inhibition of cellular phosphatases results in an equilibrium shift from the non-phosphorylated to the phosphorylated state of RTKs. Many GPCR agonists activate phospholipase C, which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate to produce inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglicerol. The consequent mobilization of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum leads to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PKCα mediates feedback inhibition of RTK transactivation during GPCR stimulation. Recent data have expanded the coverage of transactivation to include Serine/Threonine kinase receptors and Toll-like receptors. Herein, we discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR-mediated cell-surface receptors transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses induced by GPCR agonists. These studies may suggest the design of novel strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Melania Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Marta De Marinis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Sport Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Mariapia Cinelli
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
|