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Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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2
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Nguyen A, Sagvand BT, Alizadeh M, Nguyen C, Scott W, von Rosenvinge EC. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and pancreatic cancer: A retrospective cohort study of United States veterans. FRONTIERS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 1:1076788. [PMID: 38347877 PMCID: PMC10860374 DOI: 10.3389/fgstr.2022.1076788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with hepatobiliary and colorectal cancers, but it remains uncertain if PSC increases the risk for pancreatic cancer. While some European studies have suggested an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in PSC patients, other studies have not. And these studies did not well account for presence or absence of concomitant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of pancreatic cancer in United States veterans with PSC both with and without IBD. Methods This retrospective study used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes to identify patients with PSC, IBD, and pancreatic cancer from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse. The prevalence of pancreatic cancer in patients with PSC only, IBD only, PSC with IBD, and neither PSC nor IBD were compared. Logistic regression was used to control for age, gender, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco and alcohol use. Results A total of 946 patients with PSC were identified from a population of over 9 million veterans. 486 (51.4%) of these had concurrent IBD. Additionally 112,653 patients with IBD without PSC were identified. When adjusted for confounding factors, patients with PSC had a significantly higher prevalence of pancreatic cancer compared to the general population and those with IBD without PSC (2.4% vs. 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively). Conclusions Veterans with PSC, particularly those without concomitant IBD, have a high prevalence of pancreatic cancer compared to the general veteran population. Our findings support the need for multicenter prospective studies investigating the benefits of screening for pancreatic cancer in patients with PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Babak Torabi Sagvand
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Madeline Alizadeh
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cydney Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William Scott
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erik C. von Rosenvinge
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Badheeb M, Abdelrahim A, Esmail A, Umoru G, Abboud K, Al-Najjar E, Rasheed G, Alkhulaifawi M, Abudayyeh A, Abdelrahim M. Pancreatic Tumorigenesis: Precursors, Genetic Risk Factors and Screening. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:8693-8719. [PMID: 36421339 PMCID: PMC9689647 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant and aggressive tumor. Despite medical advancement, the silent nature of PC results in only 20% of all cases considered resectable at the time of diagnosis. It is projected to become the second leading cause in 2030. Most pancreatic cancer cases are diagnosed in the advanced stages. Such cases are typically unresectable and are associated with a 5-year survival of less than 10%. Although there is no guideline consensus regarding recommendations for screening for pancreatic cancer, early detection has been associated with better outcomes. In addition to continued utilization of imaging and conventional tumor markers, clinicians should be aware of novel testing modalities that may be effective for early detection of pancreatic cancer in individuals with high-risk factors. The pathogenesis of PC is not well understood; however, various modifiable and non-modifiable factors have been implicated in pancreatic oncogenesis. PC detection in the earlier stages is associated with better outcomes; nevertheless, most oncological societies do not recommend universal screening as it may result in a high false-positive rate. Therefore, targeted screening for high-risk individuals represents a reasonable option. In this review, we aimed to summarize the pathogenesis, genetic risk factors, high-risk population, and screening modalities for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Badheeb
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla 50512, Yemen
| | | | - Abdullah Esmail
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Godsfavour Umoru
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen Abboud
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ebtesam Al-Najjar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a 15201, Yemen
| | - Ghaith Rasheed
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | | | - Ala Abudayyeh
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA
- Cockrell Center for Advanced Therapeutic Phase I Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (M.A.)
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4
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Jiang S, Fagman JB, Ma Y, Liu J, Vihav C, Engstrom C, Liu B, Chen C. A comprehensive review of pancreatic cancer and its therapeutic challenges. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7635-7649. [PMID: 36173644 PMCID: PMC9550249 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating and lethal human malignancy with no curable chemo-treatments available thus far. More than 90% of pancreatic tumors are formed from ductal epithelium as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which often accompany with the expression of mutant K-ras. The incidences of pancreatic cancer are expected to increase rapidly worldwide in the near future, due to environmental pollution, obesity epidemics and etc. The dismal prognosis of this malignancy is contributed to its susceptibility to tumor micro-metastasis from inception and the lack of methods to detect precursor lesions at very early stages of the onset until clinical symptoms occur. In recent years, basic and clinical studies have been making promising progresses for discovering markers to determine the subtypes or stages of this malignancy, which allow effectively implementing personalized therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the existing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer and the current state of treatment options with the emphasis on targeting therapeutic approaches. The specific focuses are on the molecular mechanisms of the disease, identifications of drug resistance, establishment of immune escaping mechanisms as well as potential of targeting identified pathways in combinations with existing chemo-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bourghardt Fagman
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yunyun Ma
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Caroline Vihav
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engstrom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changyan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Yao H, Song W, Cao R, Ye C, Zhang L, Chen H, Wang J, Shi Y, Li R, Li Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Shao R, Li L. An EGFR/HER2-targeted conjugate sensitizes gemcitabine-sensitive and resistant pancreatic cancer through different SMAD4-mediated mechanisms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5506. [PMID: 36127339 PMCID: PMC9489697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance limits its clinical implementation for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We previously generated an EGFR/HER2 targeted conjugate, dual-targeting ligand-based lidamycin (DTLL), which shows a highly potent antitumor effect. To overcome chemoresistance in PDAC, we aim to study DTLL efficacy when combined with gemcitabine and explore its mechanisms of action. DTLL in combination with gemcitabine show a superior inhibitory effect on the growth of gemcitabine-resistant/sensitive tumors. DTLL sensitizes gemcitabine efficacy via distinct action mechanisms mediated by mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). It not only prevents neoplastic proliferation via ATK/mTOR blockade and NF-κB impaired function in SMAD4-sufficient PDACs, but also restores SMAD4 bioactivity to trigger downstream NF-κB-regulated signaling in SMAD4-deficient tumors and to overcome chemoresistance. DTLL seems to act as a SMAD4 module that normalizes its function in PDAC, having a synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine. Our findings provide insight into a rational SMAD4-directed precision therapy in PDAC. Chemoresistance is a main limitation for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, the authors show that an antibody drug conjugate-like compound targeting both EGFR and HER2 overcomes gemcitabine resistance in PDAC preclinical models by mechanisms involving the tumour suppressor SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Song
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Academy of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Tianjin Municipal Health Commission, Tianjin, 300000, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hebing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Junting Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Haiyuncang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.
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Khan AA, Liu X, Yan X, Tahir M, Ali S, Huang H. An overview of genetic mutations and epigenetic signatures in the course of pancreatic cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:245-272. [PMID: 33423164 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is assumed to be an intimidating and deadly malignancy due to being the leading cause of cancer-led mortality, predominantly affecting males of older age. The overall (5 years) survival rate of PC is less than 9% and is anticipated to be aggravated in the future due to the lack of molecular acquaintance and diagnostic tools for its early detection. Multiple factors are involved in the course of PC development, including genetics, cigarette smoking, alcohol, family history, and aberrant epigenetic signatures of the epigenome. In this review, we will mainly focus on the genetic mutations and epigenetic signature of PC. Multiple tumor suppressor and oncogene mutations are involved in PC initiation, including K-RAS, p53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. The mutational frequency of these genes ranges from 50 to 98% in PC. The nature of mutation diagnosis is mostly homozygous deletion, point mutation, and aberrant methylation. In addition to genetic modification, epigenetic alterations particularly aberrant hypermethylation and hypomethylation also predispose patients to PC. Hypermethylation is mostly involved in the downregulation of tumor suppressor genes and leads to PC, while multiple genes also represent a hypomethylation status in PC. Several renewable drugs and detection tools have been developed to cope with this aggressive malady, but all are futile, and surgical resection remains the only choice for prolonged survival if diagnosed before metastasis. However, the available therapeutic development is insufficient to cure PC. Therefore, novel approaches are a prerequisite to elucidating the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying PC progression for healthier lifelong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali Khan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xinlong Yan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Sakhawat Ali
- College of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hua Huang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100124, China.
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7
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Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in the diagnosis and oncogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 501:55-65. [PMID: 33359452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, play a significant role as an extracellular messenger through their transporting cargo. Of particular interest are the potential roles they play in pancreatic cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma displays high chemo-resistance and metastatic ability, which may be influenced by cancer-derived exosomes carrying proteins, lipids and RNA. To date, among the most extensively examined exosomal molecular cargo there are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that, despite the increasing interest in their role and functions, are relatively poorly understood compared to other RNA transcripts. Nevertheless, we have witnessed an increasing interest for lncRNAs roles and functions in the past decade. For example, lncRNAs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosing pancreatic cancer and may have a role as therapeutics targets for precision medicine, but may also directly intervene in tumour progression features such as metastasis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and resistance of cancer cells towards chemotherapy agents. The function of lncRNAs within various cancer exosomes is still undefined. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on pancreatic cancer-derived exosome specific lncRNAs having prominent roles in genome integrity, pancreatic cancer progression and in other oncogenic hallmarks.
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8
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Gentiluomo M, Canzian F, Nicolini A, Gemignani F, Landi S, Campa D. Germline genetic variability in pancreatic cancer risk and prognosis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:105-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Screening and Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Expressed among Left and Right Colon Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8465068. [PMID: 32420374 PMCID: PMC7201700 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8465068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is the third most common malignancy globally and is further categorized as left colon adenocarcinoma (LCOAD) or right colon adenocarcinoma (RCOAD) depending on the location of the primary tumor. The therapeutic outcome and long-term prognosis for patients with COAD are less than satisfactory, and this may be associated with tumor location. Therefore, it is important to investigate the genetic differences in COAD at different sites. Patients and Methods. Public data associated with COAD were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software (version 3.5.3), and functional annotation of DEGs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, hub genes were identified and analyzed, and data mining using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) was conducted. Results A total of 286 DEGs were identified between LCOAD and RCOAD. Additionally, 10 hub genes associated with COAD at different locations were screened, namely, CDKN2A, IGF1R, MDM2, SMAD3, SLC2A1, GRM5, PLCB4, FGFR1, UBE2V2, and TNFRSF10B. The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) was significantly associated with pathological stage (P < 0.05). COAD patients with high expression levels of CDKN2A exhibited poorer overall survival (OS) times than those with low expression levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion CDKN2A expression was significantly different between LCOAD and RCOAD and was closely related to the prognosis of COAD. It is of great value for further understanding of the pathogenesis of LCOAD and RCOAD.
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10
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Iwatate Y, Hoshino I, Ishige F, Itami M, Chiba S, Arimitsu H, Yanagibashi H, Nagase H, Yokota H, Takayama W. Prognostic significance of p16 protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:83-91. [PMID: 32499915 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p16 gene, which is also known as CDKN2A, INK4A, or CDK4I, and its products that are known to be cell cycle inhibitors and tumor suppressors have been reported to be altered in various human tumor types. Altered p16 has been indicated to be correlated with negative p16 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, its association with the prognosis remains controversial because the findings of previous studies are inconsistent. The current study evaluated the relationship between the expression levels of p16 and the clinicopathological features associated with prognosis in patients with primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). From January 2013 to December 2017, tissues of 103 PDAC patients who had undergone elective pancreatic resection were obtained and assessed for p16 expression by IHC. No correlation was observed between p16 status and clinicopathological factors (P>0.05). Notably, negative p16 expression on IHC was not significantly associated with poor prognosis using the Kaplan-Meier method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Iwatate
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Isamu Hoshino
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishige
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Makiko Itami
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hidehito Arimitsu
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yanagibashi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hajime Yokota
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Wataru Takayama
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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11
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Desai P, Ann D, Wang J, Prabhu S. Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Advances in Nanoformulation-Based Therapies. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2019; 36:59-91. [PMID: 30806206 PMCID: PMC11058066 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2018025459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and has a 5-year life expectancy of ~8%. Currently, only a few drugs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for pancreatic cancer treatment. Despite available drug therapy and ongoing clinical investigations, the high prevalence and mortality associated with pancreatic cancer mean that there is an unmet chemopreventive and therapeutic need. From ongoing studies with various novel formulations, it is evident that the development of smart drug delivery systems will improve delivery of drug cargo to the pancreatic target site to ensure and enhance the therapeutic/chemoprevention efficacy of existing drugs and newly designed drugs in the future. With this in view, nanotechnology is emerging as a promising avenue to enhance drug delivery to the pancreas via both passive and active targeting mechanisms. Research in this field has grown extensively over the past decade, as is evident from available scientific literature. This review summarizes the recent advances that have brought nanotechnology-based formulations to the forefront of pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshita Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - David Ann
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Sunil Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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12
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Rose TL, Chism DD, Alva AS, Deal AM, Maygarden SJ, Whang YE, Kardos J, Drier A, Basch E, Godley PA, Dunn MW, Kim WY, Milowsky MI. Phase II trial of palbociclib in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer after failure of first-line chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:801-807. [PMID: 30293995 PMCID: PMC6189143 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of urothelial cancers (UC) harbor alterations in retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway genes that can lead to loss of Rb tumour suppressor function. Palbociclib is an oral, selective inhibitor of CDK 4/6 that restores Rb function and promotes cell cycle arrest. Methods In this phase II trial, patients with metastatic platinum-refractory UC molecularly selected for p16 loss and intact Rb by tumour immunohistochemistry received palbociclib 125 mg p.o. daily for 21 days of a 28-day cycle. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 4 months (PFS4) using a Simon’s two-stage design. Next-generation sequencing including Rb pathway alterations was conducted. Results Twelve patients were enrolled and two patients (17%) achieved PFS4 with insufficient activity to advance to stage 2. No responses were seen. Median PFS was 1.9 months (95% CI 1.8–3.7 months) and median overall survival was 6.3 months (95% CI 2.2–12.6 months). Fifty-eight percent of patients had grade ≥3 hematologic toxicity. There were no CDKN2A alterations found and no correlation of Rb pathway alterations with clinical outcome. Conclusions Palbociclib did not demonstrate meaningful activity in selected patients with platinum-refractory metastatic UC. Further development of palbociclib should only be considered with improved integral biomarker selection or in rational combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Rose
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David D Chism
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajjai S Alva
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan J Maygarden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Young E Whang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jordan Kardos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Drier
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ethan Basch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul A Godley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary W Dunn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew I Milowsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Pavlidis ET, Pavlidis TE. Current Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Pancreatic Cancer, the Role of Metastasis Associated Proteins (MTA): A Review. J INVEST SURG 2018; 31:54-66. [PMID: 28060554 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1269854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/aim: To focus on current molecular and genetic aspects and MTA proteins, since pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignant with poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is essential step, contributing to potential curative resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed search of relevant articles published up to August 2016 was performed to identify current information about pancreatic cancer regarding molecular biomarkers, with emphasis on carcinogenesis, novel therapeutic targets, and MTA proteins. RESULTS Understanding the mechanisms involved in the process of carcinogenesis at the molecular level and the recognition of various oncogenes has opened new horizons for both diagnosis and targeted therapy. Metastasis associated (MTA) proteins (MTA1, MTA2, MTA3) comprise a well-established family of biomarkers. The oncogene MTA1 and its expression product MTA1 protein are the most important and adequately studied in the current research. It defines the growth, local invasiveness, lymphatic spread, and metastatic capacity of various malignancies such as colorectal or gastric cancer including also pancreatic cancer. This protein is associated with malignant potential and biological behavior. Consequently, it could contribute to cancer detection since the first stages of carcinogenesis, as well as in prediction of its malignant differentiation grade. The pre-operative information of the possibility of lymph node involvement may also affect the attempt and the extent of curative resection and lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS Carcinogenesis and implicated oncogenes, either activators or repressors, concentrate much research interest, as well as being useful as biomarkers and for targeted therapy. MTA proteins could become useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in current management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios T Pavlidis
- a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School , Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Theodoros E Pavlidis
- a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School , Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki , Greece
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14
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Zhang H, Li X, Meng W, Zhang L, Zhu X, Bai Z, Yan J, Zhou W. Overexpression of p16ink4a regulates the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2614-2618. [PMID: 29207089 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and etiology of pancreatic cancer remain to be fully elucidated; therefore, associated investigations are required to improve the outcome and prognosis of patients. In the present study, the effects of the overexpression of p16ink4a on the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway were investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, Bxpc‑3 and Miapaca‑2, characterized by low expression of p16ink4a, were transfected with the pc‑DNA3.0‑p16ink4a plasmid. After 24 h, Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of p16ink4a, β‑catenin, which is a key molecule in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, c‑myc and cyclin D1, which are molecules downstream of β‑catenin. The expression of p16ink4a was significantly upregulated in the transfected cells. Consequently, the expression of β‑catenin was inhibited, whereas the expression levels of c‑myc and cyclin D1 were not altered significantly. The increased expression of p16ink4a may affect the activity of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling through modulation of the expression of β‑catenin. The results of the present study provide information for the future development of targeted treatments for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xun Li
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhu
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wence Zhou
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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15
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Tewari M, Swain JR, Dixit VK, Shukla HS. Molecular Aberrations in Periampullary Carcinoma. Indian J Surg Oncol 2017; 8:348-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-017-0645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Yamamoto KN, Yachida S, Nakamura A, Niida A, Oshima M, De S, Rosati LM, Herman JM, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Haeno H. Personalized Management of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients through Computational Modeling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3325-3335. [PMID: 28381541 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) results in a variety of treatment responses. Rapid autopsy studies have revealed a subgroup of PDAC patients with a lower propensity to develop metastatic disease, challenging the common perception that all patients die of widely metastatic disease, but questions remain about root causes of this difference and the potential impact on treatment strategies. In this study, we addressed these questions through the development of a mathematical model of PDAC progression that incorporates the major alteration status of specific genes with predictive utility. The model successfully reproduced clinical outcomes regarding metastatic patterns and the genetic alteration status of patients from two independent cohorts from the United States and Japan. Using this model, we defined a candidate predictive signature in patients with low metastatic propensity. If a primary tumor contained a small fraction of cells with KRAS and additional alterations to CDKN2A, TP53, or SMAD4 genes, the patient was likely to exhibit low metastatic propensity. By using this predictive signature, we computationally simulated a set of clinical trials to model whether this subgroup would benefit from locally intensive therapies such as surgery or radiation therapy. The largest overall survival benefit resulted from complete resection, followed by adjuvant chemoradiation therapy and salvage therapies for isolated recurrence. While requiring prospective validation in a clinical trial, our results suggest a new tool to help personalize care in PDAC patients in seeking the most effective therapeutic modality for each individual. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3325-35. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyo N Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Departments of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsushi Niida
- Division of Health Medical Computational Science, Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Rosati
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, and the Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroshi Haeno
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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17
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Yang Z, Hu J, Li D, Pan X. Adenovirus with p16 gene exerts antitumor effect on laryngeal carcinoma Hep2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1425-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Pan FP, Zhou HK, Bu HQ, Chen ZQ, Zhang H, Xu LP, Tang J, Yu QJ, Chu YQ, Pan J, Fei Y, Lin SZ, Liu DL, Chen L. Emodin enhances the demethylation by 5-Aza-CdR of pancreatic cancer cell tumor-suppressor genes P16, RASSF1A and ppENK. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:1941-9. [PMID: 26782786 PMCID: PMC4774670 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) is currently acknowledged as a demethylation drug, and causes a certain degree of demethylation in a variety of cancer cells, including pancreatic cancer cells. Emodin, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is an effective monomer extracted from rhubarb and has been reported to exhibit antitumor activity in different manners in pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we examined whether emodin caused demethylation and increased the demethylation of three tumor-suppressor genes P16, RASSF1A and ppENK with a high degree of methylation in pancreatic cancer when combined with 5-Aza-CdR. Our research showed that emodin inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dot-blot results showed that emodin combined with 5-Aza-CdR significantly suppressed the expression of genome 5mC in PANC-1 cells. In order to verify the effect of methylation, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR (BSP) combined with TA were selected for the cloning and sequencing. Results of MSP and BSP confirmed that emodin caused faint demethylation, and 5-Aza-CdR had a certain degree of demethylation. When emodin was combined with 5-Aza-CdR, the demethylation was more significant. At the same time, fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot analysis results confirmed that when emodin was combined with 5-Aza-CdR, the expression levels of P16, RASSF1A and ppENK were increased more significantly compared to either treatment alone. In contrast, the expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNMT3a were more significantly reduced with the combination treatment than the control or either agent alone, further proving that emodin in combination with 5-Aza-CdR enhanced the demethylation effect of 5-Aza-CdR by reducing the expression of methyltransferases. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that emodin in combination with 5-Aza-CdR enhanced the demethylation by 5-Aza-CdR of tumor-suppressor genes p16, RASSF1A and ppENK by reducing the expression of methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Pan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Kun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - He-Qi Bu
- Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Qiang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Ping Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jiang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Quan Chu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Zhang Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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19
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Pancreatic cancer: Current research and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:123-32. [PMID: 26794394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the survival rate advancements in different types of cancer in the last 40 years, the perspective for pancreatic cancer patients has seen no substantial changes. Indeed, the five year survival rate remains around 5%. Nevertheless, in the last decade we have witnessed an increased interest in pancreatic cancer biology and this has produced a substantial increment in our knowledge on pancreatic cancer progression. The big challenge is now to translate this knowledge in better outcomes for patients. The aim of this review is to describe the latest discoveries and advancements in pancreatic cancer research and to discuss future directions.
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20
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Abstract
Cancer is caused by the accumulation of inherited and/or acquired alterations in specific genes. The recent decline in the cost of DNA sequencing has allowed tumor sequencing to be conducted on a large scale, which, in turn, has led to an unprecedented understanding of the genetic events that drive neoplasia. This understanding, when integrated with meticulous histologic analyses and with clinical findings, has direct clinical implications. The recent sequencing of all of the major types of cystic and noncystic neoplasms of the pancreas has revealed opportunities for molecular diagnoses and for personalized treatment. This review summarizes the results from these recent studies focusing on the clinical relevance of genomic data.
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21
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Zhang H, Chen L, Bu HQ, Yu QJ, Jiang DD, Pan FP, Wang Y, Liu DL, Lin SZ. Effects of emodin on the demethylation of tumor-suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3015-23. [PMID: 25891176 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative isolated from Rheum palmatum, has been reported to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells through different modes of action; yet, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that emodin exerts its antitumor effect by participating in the regulation of the DNA methylation level. Our research showed that emodin inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dot-blot results showed that 40 µM emodin significantly inhibited genomic 5 mC expression in the PANC-1 cells, and mRNA-Seq showed that different concentrations of emodin could alter the gene expression profile in the PANC-1 cells. BSP confirmed that the methylation levels of P16, RASSF1A and ppENK were decreased, while concomitantly the unmethylated status was increased. RT-PCR and western blotting results confirmed that the low expression or absence of expression of mRNA and protein in the PANC-1 cells was re-expressed following treatment with emodin. In conclusion, our study for the first time suggests that emodin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth, which may be related to the demethylation of tumor-suppressor genes. The related mechanism may be through the inhibition of methyltransferase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - He-Qi Bu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jiang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ping Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Zhang Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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22
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Zhu Z, Liu T, Han F, Zhan SD, Wang CY. Mutations in the p16 gene in DMBA-induced pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic cancer in rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:208-14. [PMID: 25865695 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and pancreatic cancer in rats provide a classic model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer. However, this model has not been characterized genetically, and in particular, the major genetic alterations in the p16 gene are unknown. METHODS Lesions of PanIN and pancreatic cancer were induced with DMBA implantation in 40 rats, and control pancreatic tissue was obtained from 10 age-matched rats without exposure to DMBA. Pancreatic tissue was harvested three months after DMBA implantation and DNA was extracted. Homozygous deletions and point mutations of the p16 (exons 1 and 2) gene were detected by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. RESULTS DMBA implantation in the 40 rats induced 26 PanINs and 9 carcinomas. The overall frequency of p16 alterations in the pancreatic tissue of these rats was 42.86% (15/35), and the changes were point mutations, not homozygous deletions. p16 mutations were present in 30.77% (8/26) of the rats with PanIN and 77.78% (7/9) of the rats with carcinoma (P<0.05). The increasing incidence of p16 alterations was detected in 20.00% (1/5) of PanIN-1, 28.57% (2/7) of PanIN-2 and 35.71% (5/14) of PanIN-3 lesions. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that p16 alteration is a common event in the carcinogenesis of this model and that the mutation pattern is analogous to that of human lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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23
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Hidalgo M, Cascinu S, Kleeff J, Labianca R, Löhr JM, Neoptolemos J, Real FX, Van Laethem JL, Heinemann V. Addressing the challenges of pancreatic cancer: future directions for improving outcomes. Pancreatology 2015; 15:8-18. [PMID: 25547205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic tumours, is a devastating malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis, as shown by a 1-year survival rate of around 18% for all stages of the disease. The low survival rates associated with PDAC primarily reflect the fact that tumours progress rapidly with few specific symptoms and are thus at an advanced stage at diagnosis in most patients. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop accurate markers of pre-invasive pancreatic neoplasms in order to facilitate prediction of cancer risk and to help diagnose the disease at an earlier stage. However, screening for early diagnosis of prostate cancer remains challenging and identifying a highly accurate, low-cost screening test for early PDAC for use in clinical practice remains an important unmet need. More effective therapies are also crucial in PDAC, since progress in identifying novel therapies has been hampered by the genetic complexity of the disease and treatment remains a major challenge. Presently, the greatest step towards improved treatment efficacy has been made in the field of palliative chemotherapy by introducing FOLFIRINOX (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin) and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel. Strategies designed to raise the profile of PDAC in research and clinical practice are a further requirement in order to ensure the best treatment for patients. This article proposes a number of approaches that may help to accelerate progress in treating patients with PDAC, which, in turn, may be expected to improve the quality of life and survival for those suffering from this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of General Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - J-Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Neoptolemos
- National Institutes of Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit and Cancer Research UK Liverpool Clinical Trials Unit Director, University of Liverpool and Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francisco X Real
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Van Laethem
- Department of Gastroenterology-GI Cancer Unit, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Munich, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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24
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Georgiadou D, Sergentanis TN, Sakellariou S, Filippakis GM, Zagouri F, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Psaltopoulou T, Lazaris AC, Patsouris E, Zografos GC. Cyclin D1, p16(INK) (4A) and p27(Kip1) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessing prognostic implications through quantitative image analysis. APMIS 2014; 122:1230-9. [PMID: 25053516 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of cyclin D1, p16(INK) (4A) and p27(Kip1) expression has been documented in several human malignancies; however, their prognostic potential in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is still unclear. This study aimed to assess the correlation of the aforementioned molecules with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Sixty patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection at a single institution; immunohistochemical staining of the studied markers was quantified by Ιmage analysis system. Cyclin D1 overexpression was positively associated with grade, neural infiltration and vascular invasion, whereas p27 positively correlated with age. Higher cyclin D1 expression indicated poorer survival (adjusted HR = 9.75, 95%CI: 1.48-64.31, p = 0.018, increment: one unit in H-score), whereas a marginal trend toward an association between p16 positivity and improved survival was observed (adjusted HR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.32-1.05, p = 0.072 regarding positive vs negative cases). No significant association with overall survival was noted regarding p27. In conclusion, cyclin D1 overexpression and possibly p16 loss of expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma seem to be adverse prognostic factors, whereas p27 expression did not seem to possess such prognostic properties. Further validation of the present findings in studies encompassing larger samples seems to be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Georgiadou
- 3rd Surgical Clinic of George Gennimatas General Hospital, Mesogeion Ave 154, Athens, 156 69, Greece
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25
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Li ZG, Zhang W, Qiu ZC, Xia KH, Ji Y, Li L, Lian J, An J. Jiedu Huayu Jianpi Fang induces demethylation and increased expression of p16 and PTEN genes in gastric dysplasia in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1247-1255. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i9.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of Jiedu Huayu Jianpi Fang (JHJF) on the methylation status and expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in rats with gastric dysplasia (GD), and to explore the therapeutic effect of JHJF on GD.
METHODS: A low concentration of N-methyl -N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-based modeling method was adopted to induce GMD, and model rats were randomly divided into a model control group, a retinoic acid treatment group, and a JHJF treatment group. Normal rats treated with JHJF were used as positive controls. Methylation specific PCR was used to detect the methylation status of p16 and PTEN genes in gastric mucosal cells, and real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of p16 and PTEN.
RESULTS: The rates of p16 and PTEN gene methylation in the model control group were both 33.33% (6/18), higher than those in the normal control group 20% (2/10), but the differences were not significant. In the JHJF treatment group, the rates of p16 and PTEN gene methylation were both 0% (0/15), significantly lower than those in the model control group (33.33%, 6/18). The expression levels of p16 and PTEN mRNAs (P < 0.001, P < 0.05) and proteins (P < 0.01 for both) were significantly higher in the JHJF treatment group than in the model control groups.
CONCLUSION: JHJF can induce demethylation and increase expression of the p16 and PTEN genes in GD in rats. JHJF has a potential value for the treatment of GD.
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Wood LD. Pancreatic cancer genomes: toward molecular subtyping and novel approaches to diagnosis and therapy. Mol Diagn Ther 2014; 17:287-97. [PMID: 23757204 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neoplasms represent a broad range of clinical entities, many of which have drastic effects on the lives of patients. Recently, high-throughput sequencing analyses have been performed in many pancreatic neoplasms, providing deep insights into the underlying biology of these neoplasms as well as novel approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the molecular alterations underlying pancreatic neoplasms as well as the clinical impact of these alterations for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Weinberg 2242, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA,
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Reid MD, Saka B, Balci S, Goldblum AS, Adsay NV. Molecular genetics of pancreatic neoplasms and their morphologic correlates: an update on recent advances and potential diagnostic applications. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:168-80. [PMID: 24436263 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp0fkdp7envkev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the most clinically and biologically relevant advances in molecular/genetic characteristics of various pancreatic neoplasms, with morphologic correlation. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing of numerous benign and malignant pancreatic tumors, along with the plethora of highly sensitive molecular studies now available for analyzing these tumors, provide mounting evidence to support the long-held belief that cancer is essentially a genetic disease. These genetic discoveries have not only helped to confirm the age-old, morphology-based classifications of pancreatic neoplasia but have shed new light on their mechanisms. Many of these molecular discoveries are currently being used in preoperative diagnosis. RESULTS Mutations in KRAS, P16/CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4/DPC4 are commonly seen in ductal neoplasia but not in nonductal tumors; ductal adenocarcinomas with SMAD4/DPC4 loss are associated with widespread metastasis and poor prognosis. GNAS and RNF43 mutations have been discovered in most intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms, providing critical molecular fingerprints for their diagnosis. Mutation in DAXX/ATRX is only seen in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, making it a useful potential marker in distinguishing these tumors from mimics. CONCLUSIONS When combined with morphologic observations, molecular studies will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis and morphomolecular signatures associated with specific neoplasms and provide new horizons for precision medicine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Saka
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
| | | | - N. Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
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Surana R, Sikka S, Cai W, Shin EM, Warrier SR, Tan HJG, Arfuso F, Fox SA, Dharmarajan AM, Kumar AP. Secreted frizzled related proteins: Implications in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:53-65. [PMID: 24316024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt (wingless-type) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor progression becaluse of its effect on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) are extracellular inhibitors of Wnt signaling that act by binding directly to Wnt ligands or to Frizzled receptors. In recent years, aberrant expression of SFRPs has been reported to be associated with numerous cancers. As gene expression of SFRP members is often lost through promoter hypermethylation, inhibition of methylation through the use of epigenetic modifying agents could renew the expression of SFRP members and further antagonize deleterious Wnt signaling. Several reports have described epigenetic silencing of these Wnt signaling antagonists in various human cancers, suggesting their possible role as tumor suppressors. SFRP family members thus come across as potential tools in combating Wnt-driven tumorigenesis. However, little is known about SFRP family members and their role in different cancers. This review comprehensively covers all the available information on the role of SFRP molecules in various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Surana
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sakshi Sikka
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanpei Cai
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudha R Warrier
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Hong Jie Gabriel Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6845 Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon A Fox
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Arun M Dharmarajan
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6845 Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, 6845 Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Liau JY, Liao SL, Hsiao CH, Lin MC, Chang HC, Kuo KT. Hypermethylation of the CDKN2A gene promoter is a frequent epigenetic change in periocular sebaceous carcinoma and is associated with younger patient age. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:533-9. [PMID: 24440092 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Periocular sebaceous carcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm with significant morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood. It is only rarely associated with Muir-Torre syndrome. Previous studies from Asian countries, have suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a role in the pathogenesis and overexpression of p16(INK4a), a surrogate marker of HPV infection, have also been reported. However, data from western countries seem contradictory. In order to clarify and explore the molecular and epigenetic basis of HPV, CDKN2A status and role of microsatellite instability in the development of periocular sebaceous carcinoma, 24 cases of periocular sebaceous carcinoma were analyzed for the expression of p16(INK4a) and mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) via immunohistochemistry. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genechip HPV typing were used to detect HPV infection and decide its genotype when present. PCR amplification using a consensus primer pair was also performed to detect β-HPV. The methylation status of CDKN2A promoter region was studied by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. HPV-positivity was demonstrated in only one of our cases (HPV 16), while another case showed p16(INK4a) overexpression. All cases showed preserved expression of mismatch repair proteins. CDKN2A promoter hypermethylation was noted in nearly half of our cases (11/24) and was associated with younger patient age (P = .013). Our results showed that periocular sebaceous carcinoma is rarely associated with HPV and microsatellite instability. Higher frequency of CDKN2A promoter hypermethylation in younger patients implies a significant epigenetic role in tumor development in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Yu Liau
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lang Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Hsiao
- Department of Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ching Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Hospital, Department of Health, New Taipei City 24213, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease caused by the accumulation of somatic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In the last decade, rapid advances in sequencing and bioinformatic technology led to an explosion in sequencing studies of cancer genomes, greatly expanding our knowledge of the genetic changes underlying a variety of tumor types. Several of these studies of cancer genomes have focused on pancreatic neoplasms, and cancers from the pancreas are some of the best characterized tumors at the genetic level. Pancreatic neoplasms encompass a wide array of clinical diseases, from benign cysts to deadly cancers, and the genetic alterations underlying neoplasms of the pancreas are similarly diverse. This new knowledge of pancreatic cancer genomes has deepened our understanding of tumorigenesis in the pancreas and has opened several promising new avenues for novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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31
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Zhang L, Gao J, Li Z, Gong Y. Neuronal pentraxin II (NPTX2) is frequently down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in pancreatic cancers. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2608-14. [PMID: 22806544 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene silencing via promoter hypermethylation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancers. Neuronal pentraxin II (NPTX2) has been observed to be hypermethylated in pancreatic cancers. Methylation of NPTX2 might provide a novel diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancers. AIM The objective of this study is to investigate the abnormal patterns of DNA methylation of NPTX2 in pancreatic cancers, and its role in the transcriptional silencing of NPTX2. METHODS NPTX2 expression was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the methylation status of NPTX2 was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the NPTX2 protein expression. The pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, histone deacetylase inhibitors, either alone or in combination. RESULTS The MSP analysis revealed that the promoter region of NPTX2 gene was largely unmethylated in normal pancreatic tissues, while NPTX2 was frequently hypermethylated in pancreatic cancer cells and in primary pancreatic carcinomas. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the mean mRNA expression level of NPTX2 in the pancreatic cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (0.96 ± 0.91 vs. 2.78 ± 1.42, P < 0.001). Consistent with RT-PCR detection, treatment with 5Aza-dC resulted in different degrees of induction of NPTX2 protein in the various cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the NPTX2 protein is down-regulated in human primary pancreatic cancers and in pancreatic cancer cell lines. This study provides the first evidence that the down-regulation of NPTX2 tightly correlates with its promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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32
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Kile ML, Baccarelli A, Hoffman E, Tarantini L, Quamruzzaman Q, Rahman M, Mahiuddin G, Mostofa G, Hsueh YM, Wright RO, Christiani DC. Prenatal arsenic exposure and DNA methylation in maternal and umbilical cord blood leukocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1061-6. [PMID: 22466225 PMCID: PMC3404653 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is an epigenetic toxicant and could influence fetal developmental programming. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between arsenic exposure and DNA methylation in maternal and umbilical cord leukocytes. METHODS Drinking-water and urine samples were collected when women were at ≤ 28 weeks gestation; the samples were analyzed for arsenic using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. DNA methylation at CpG sites in p16 (n = 7) and p53 (n = 4), and in LINE-1 and Alu repetitive elements (3 CpG sites in each), was quantified using pyrosequencing in 113 pairs of maternal and umbilical blood samples. We used general linear models to evaluate the relationship between DNA methylation and tertiles of arsenic exposure. RESULTS Mean (± SD) drinking-water arsenic concentration was 14.8 ± 36.2 μg/L (range: < 1-230 μg/L). Methylation in LINE-1 increased by 1.36% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 2.21%] and 1.08% (95% CI: 0.07, 2.10%) in umbilical cord and maternal leukocytes, respectively, in association with the highest versus lowest tertile of total urinary arsenic per gram creatinine. Arsenic exposure was also associated with higher methylation of some of the tested CpG sites in the promoter region of p16 in umbilical cord and maternal leukocytes. No associations were observed for Alu or p53 methylation. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to higher levels of arsenic was positively associated with DNA methylation in LINE-1 repeated elements, and to a lesser degree at CpG sites within the promoter region of the tumor suppressor gene p16. Associations were observed in both maternal and fetal leukocytes. Future research is needed to confirm these results and determine if these small increases in methylation are associated with any health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Kile
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Cancer stem-like cells enriched in Panc-1 spheres possess increased migration ability and resistance to gemcitabine. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1595-604. [PMID: 21673909 PMCID: PMC3111620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies with poor prognosis. Previously, we found that a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cell line could propagate to form spheres. Here we characterized the malignant phenotypes of the pancreatic cancer stem CD44+/CD24+ cells, which were enriched under sphere forming conditions as analyzed by flow cytometry. These cells demonstrated increased resistance to gemcitabine and increased migration ability. Moreover, these cells exhibited epithelial to mesenchymal transition characterized by a decreased level of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an increased level of the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Notably, abnormal expression of Bmi-1, ABCG2, Cyclin D1 and p16 were found in Panc-1 CSCs. Our results suggest that targeted inhibition of CSCs represents a novel therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance and metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
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Diagnosis and prognostication of ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas based on genome-wide DNA methylation profiling by bacterial artificial chromosome array-based methylated CpG island amplification. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:780836. [PMID: 21197409 PMCID: PMC3010700 DOI: 10.1155/2011/780836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish diagnostic criteria for ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (PCs), bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array-based methylated CpG island amplification was performed using 139 tissue samples. Twelve BAC clones, for which DNA methylation status was able to discriminate cancerous tissue (T) from noncancerous pancreatic tissue in the learning cohort with a specificity of 100%, were identified. Using criteria that combined the 12 BAC clones, T-samples were diagnosed as cancers with 100% sensitivity and specificity in both the learning and validation cohorts. DNA methylation status on 11 of the BAC clones, which was able to discriminate patients showing early relapse from those with no relapse in the learning cohort with 100% specificity, was correlated with the recurrence-free and overall survival rates in the validation cohort and was an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling may provide optimal diagnostic markers and prognostic indicators for patients with PCs.
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Xu J, Jin C, Hao S, Luo G, Fu D. Pancreatic cancer: gene therapy approaches and gene delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:73-88. [PMID: 19857184 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903321454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Due to the absence of early diagnosis, the highly invasive and metastatic features and the lack of effective therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is poor. Gene therapy is currently regarded as a potential and promising therapeutic modality for pancreatic cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article summarizes an update of gene therapy approaches and reviews the latest progress in gene delivery systems that have been tested on pancreatic cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The treatment effectiveness of gene combination therapy is better than that of the regulation of single-gene or single gene therapy approaches. Naked DNA is limited because of degradation by intracellular and extracellular nucleases. Virus vectors show high transfection efficiency but are limited due to immunogenicity, inflammatory response and potential carcinogenicity. Non-viral vectors, such as cationic polymers or inorganic nanoparticles, show an important feature that they can be easily modified, and the progress of materials science will provide more and better non-viral vectors, accordingly improving the efficiency and safety of gene therapy, which will make them the most promising vectors for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Fudan University, Pancreatic Disease Institution, Huashan Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The dismal prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is due in part to a lack of molecular information regarding disease development. Established cell lines remain a useful tool for investigating these molecular events. Here we present a review of available information on commonly used pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines as a resource to help investigators select the cell lines most appropriate for their particular research needs. Information on clinical history; in vitro and in vivo growth characteristics; phenotypic characteristics, such as adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis; and genotypic status of commonly altered genes (KRAS, p53, p16, and SMAD4) was evaluated. Identification of both consensus and discrepant information in the literature suggests careful evaluation before selection of cell lines and attention be given to cell line authentication.
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Synergistic action of Smad4 and Pten in suppressing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma formation in mice. Oncogene 2009; 29:674-86. [PMID: 19901970 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of SMAD4/DPC4 are found in about 60% of human invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs); yet, the manner in which SMAD4 deficiency enhances tumorigenesis remains elusive. Using a Cre-LoxP approach, we generated a mutant mouse carrying a targeted deletion of Smad4 in the pancreas. We showed that the absence of Smad4 alone did not trigger pancreas tumor formation; however, it increased the expression of an inactivated form of Pten, suggesting a role of Pten in preventing Smad4-/- cells from undergoing malignancy. To investigate this, we disrupted both Pten and Smad4. We showed that Pten deficiency initiated widespread premalignant lesions, and a low tumor incidence that was significantly accelerated by Smad4-deficiency. The absence of Smad4 in a Pten-mutant background enhanced cell proliferation and triggered transdifferentiation from acinar, centroacinar and islet cells, accompanied by activation of Notch1 signaling. We showed that all tumors developed in the Smad4/Pten-mutant pancreas exhibited high levels of pAKT and mTOR, and that about 50 and 83% of human pancreatic cancers examined showed increased pAKT and pmTOR, respectively. Besides the similarity in gene expression, the pAKT and/or pmTOR-positive human PDACs and mouse pancreatic tumors also shared some histopathological similarities. These observations indicate that Smad4/Pten-mutant mice mimic the tumor progression of human pancreatic cancers that are driven by activation of the AKT-mTOR pathway, and uncovered a synergistic action of Smad4 and Pten in repressing pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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38
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Expression and Methylation Pattern of p16 in Neuroblastoma Tumorigenesis. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 16:1-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kumari A, Srinivasan R, Vasishta RK, Wig JD. Positive regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression and telomerase activity by DNA methylation in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1051-9. [PMID: 19194757 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM We sought to determine the role of telomerase and its catalytic subunit hTERT in pancreatic cancer and evaluate the epigenetic regulation of hTERT by promoter methylation. METHODS Thirty paired samples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and adjacent normal tissue and 12 chronic pancreatitis samples were studied. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction were performed to analyze hTERT expression, telomerase activity, and methylation status of gene promoters, respectively. RESULT hTERT and telomerase activity were upregulated in pancreatic cancer compared with paired normal tissues and samples of pancreatitis. hTERT expression correlated with telomerase activity (P \ .05) and in turn correlated positively with hTERT promoter methylation (P \ .001) and p16 promoter methylation. hTERT transcript expression and telomerase activity both conferred a worse outcome by univariate and multivariate analysis (P \ .05). CONCLUSION hTERT expression and telomerase activity are predictors of poor outcome in pancreatic cancer. hTERT gene expression is positively regulated by promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Kumari
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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40
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Carvajal RD, Tse A, Shah MA, Lefkowitz RA, Gonen M, Gilman-Rosen L, Kortmansky J, Kelsen DP, Schwartz GK, O'Reilly EM. A phase II study of flavopiridol (Alvocidib) in combination with docetaxel in refractory, metastatic pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2009; 9:404-9. [PMID: 19451750 PMCID: PMC4053191 DOI: 10.1159/000187135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) harbors frequent alterations in p16, resulting in cell cycle dysregulation. A phase I study of docetaxel and flavopiridol, a pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, demonstrated encouraging clinical activity in PC. This phase II study was designed to further define the efficacy and toxicity of this regimen in patients with previously treated PC. METHODS Patients with gemcitabine-refractory, metastatic PC were treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m(2) followed by flavopiridol 80 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Tumor measurements were performed every two cycles. A Simon two-stage design was used to evaluate the primary endpoint of response. RESULTS Ten patients were enrolled, and 9 were evaluable for response. No objective responses were observed; however, 3 patients (33%) achieved transient stable disease, with one of these patients achieving a 20% reduction in tumor size. Median survival was 4.2 months, with no patients alive at the time of analysis. Adverse events were significant, with 7 patients (78%) requiring >or=1 dose reduction for transaminitis (11%), grade 4 neutropenia (33%), grade 3 fatigue (44%), and grade 3 diarrhea (22%). CONCLUSIONS The combination of flavopiridol and docetaxel has minimal activity and significant toxicity in this patient population. These results reflect the challenges of treating patients with PC in a second-line setting where the risk/benefit equation is tightly balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Carvajal
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Archie Tse
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Manish A. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Robert A. Lefkowitz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Lisa Gilman-Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | | | - David P. Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
| | - Eileen M. O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021
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Bu XM, Zhao CH, Zhang N, Gao F, Lin S, Dai XW. Hypermethylation and aberrant expression of secreted fizzled-related protein genes in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3421-4. [PMID: 18528941 PMCID: PMC2716598 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the methylation status and aberrant expression of some secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) genes in pancreatic cancer and explore their role in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Methylation status and expression of SFRP genes were detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSPCR) and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) respectively.
RESULTS: The frequencies of methylation for SFRP genes 1, 2, 4, 5 were 70%, 48.3%, 60% and 76.7% in pancreatic cancer samples, and 21.7%, 20%, 10% and 36.7% in matched cancer adjacent normal tissue samples, respectively (χ2 = 28.23, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 1; χ2 = 10.71, P = 0.001 for SFRP gene 2; χ2 = 32.97, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 4; χ2 = 19.55, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 5). Expression loss of SFRP genes 1, 2, 4 and 5 was found in 65%, 40%, 55% and 71.7% of 60 pancreatic cancer samples, and 25%, 15%, 18.3% and 31.7% of matched cancer adjacent normal tissue samples, respectively (χ2 = 19.39, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 1; χ2 = 9.40, P = 0.002 for SFRP gene 2; χ2 = 17.37, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 4; χ2 = 19.22, P < 0.0001 for SFRP gene 5). SFRP gene 1 was methylated but not expressed in PC-3 and PANC-1, SFRP gene 2 was methylated but not expressed in PANC-1 and CFPAC-1, SFRP gene 4 was methylated but not expressed in PC-3, and SFRP gene 5 was methylated but not expressed in CFPAC-1.
CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation and aberrant expression of SFRP genes are common in pancreatic cancer, which may be involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Bozikas A, Marsman WA, Rosmolen WD, van Baal JWPM, Kulik W, ten Kate FJW, Krishnadath KK, Bergman JJGHM. The effect of oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid and high-dose proton pump inhibitors on the histology of Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21:346-54. [PMID: 18477258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids may play a role in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE). Bile composition can be influenced by oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). We prospectively investigated the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) supplemented with UDCA in vivo in patients with BE. Patients with no or low-grade dysplasia who were clinically asymptomatic on PPI were eligible for the study. In order to exclude the effects of acid reflux, all patients were initially treated with 40 mg esomeprazole (ESO) twice daily for 6 months and continued on this dose till the end of the study (t = 12 months). During a period of 6 months (t = 6 month - t = 12 month) patients were treated with oral UDCA (600 mg twice daily). Patients underwent endoscopy at t = 0 months, t = 6 months and t = 12 months with multiple biopsies of the distal and proximal BE segment, normal squamous and gastric cardia. In addition, pH was measured at t = 0 months and t = 6 months using a BRAVO wireless pH capsule. Bile was sampled at the beginning of the UDCA treatment and 6 months later (t = 6 month and t = 12 month). All biopsies were reviewed for the extent of metaplasia, dysplasia, and acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, proliferation (Ki67), differentiation (villin, cytokeratins 7 and 20) and inflammation (COX-2) were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Nine patients (mean age 60 years, median BE length 7 cm) were included, of whom six had no dysplasia and three had low-grade dysplasia. pH measurements revealed a normal acid exposure in most patients at t = 0 and t = 6 months. In addition, bile composition analysis demonstrated the efficacy of UDCA. Combining the results of both phases of the study, no significant changes were seen in any of the histological or IHC parameters. Differentiation and proliferation parameters showed no significant changes. In this study, in BE patients who were clinically asymptomatic on PPI, increasing the PPI dose to the maximum for 6 months followed by the addition of UDCA for 6 months did not result in significant histological or IHC changes in their BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bozikas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ni Z, Bao MX, Liu NZ, Zhao Q, Qin H, Yang Y, Qiu YJ, Wang TT. Relationship between tumor suppressor gene RUNX3 expression and cell proliferation and apoptosis in colonic cancer cell line Lovo. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:711-715. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i7.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and methylation status of tumor suppressor gene RUNX3 in human colon cancer cell line Lovo and explore the effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on the proliferation and apoptosis of Lovo cells and the expression of RUNX3 gene.
METHODS: Human colon cancer cell line Lovo was treated with 5-Aza-CdR, a specific methyltransferase inhibitor, at the concentrations of 0.4, 4 and 40 μmol/L for 3 d, and then cultured in RPMI 1640 medium for 5 d. The activation of Lovo cells was respectively observed by Tetrazolium salt colorimetric (MTT) assay before and after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The change in expression of RUNX3 mRNA was observed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The methylation status of gene promoter was determined by methylation-specific PCR (MSP).
RESULTS: Lovo cells treated with 5-Aza-CdR (0.4, 4, 40 μmol/L) displayed a slowed growth rate in different degrees in contrast with those in the control group and their growth rates decreased accordingly with the increase of 5-Aza-CdR concentration. There were significant increases in RUNX3 mRNA expression (0.46 ± 0.06, 0.71 ± 0.06, 0.84 ± 0.07 vs 0, P < 0.01) and apoptotic rates of Lovo cells (10.95% ± 2.09%, 17.61% ± 1.51%, 26.60% ± 1.89% vs 2.92% ± 0.93%, P < 0.01) after 5-Aza-CdR treatment in comparison with those in the control group. The level of RUNX3 mRNA expression and the apoptotic rates of Lovo cells were increased in correlation with 5-Aza-CdR concentration (F = 168.4, F = 145.7, P < 0.01). Methylation of RUNX3 promoter region was confirmed in Lovo cells of control group and detected partly in 5-Aza-CdR-treated group.
CONCLUSION: 5-Aza-CdR is able to reverse the methylation status of RUNX3 promoter region. The re-expression of RUNX3 gene can inhibit Lovo cell growth and partly induce Lovo cell apoptosis.
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Salek C, Benesova L, Zavoral M, Nosek V, Kasperova L, Ryska M, Strnad R, Traboulsi E, Minarik M. Evaluation of clinical relevance of examining K-ras, p16 and p53 mutations along with allelic losses at 9p and 18q in EUS-guided fine needle aspiration samples of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3714-20. [PMID: 17659731 PMCID: PMC4250643 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i27.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish an optimum combination of molecular markers resulting in best overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for evaluation of suspicious pancreatic mass.
METHODS: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) was performed on 101 consecutive patients (63 males, 38 females, 60 ± 12 years; 81 with subsequently diagnosed pancreatic cancer, 20 with chronic pancreatitis) with focal pancreatic mass. Samples were evaluated on-site by an experienced cytopathologist. DNA was extracted from Giemsa stained cells selected by laser microdissection and the presence of K-ras, p53 and p16 somatic mutations was tested by cycling-gradient capillary electrophoresis (CGCE) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques. In addition, allelic losses of tumor suppressor genes p16 (INK4, CDKN2A) and DPC4 (MADH4, SMAD4) were detected by monitoring the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 9p and 18q, respectively.
RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of EUS-guided FNA were 75% and 85%, positive and negative predictive value reached 100%. The remaining 26% samples were assigned as inconclusive. Testing of molecular markers revealed sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 100% for K-ras mutations (P < 0.001), 24% and 90% for p53 mutations (NS), 13% and 100% for p16 mutations (NS), 85% and 64% for allelic losses at 9p (P < 0.001) and 78% and 57% for allelic losses at 18q (P < 0.05). When tests for different molecular markers were combined, the best results were obtained with K-ras + LOH at 9p (92% and 64%, P < 0.001), K-ras + LOH at 18q (92% and 57%, P < 0.001), and K-ras + LOH 9q + LOH 18q (96% and 43%, P < 0.001). When the molecular markers were used as complements to FNA cytology to evaluate inconclusive samples only, the overall sensitivity of cancer detection was 100% in all patients enrolled in the study.
CONCLUSION: EUS-guided FNA cytology combined with screening of K-ras mutations and allelic losses of tumor suppressors p16 and DPC4 represents a very sensitive approach in screening for pancreatic malignancy. Molecular markers may find its use particularly in cases where FNA cytology has been inconclusive.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Capillary
- Endosonography
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
- Mutation
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/diagnosis
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Smad4 Protein/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salek
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics and Oncology, Genomac International Ltd., Bavorska 856, 15541 Prague 5, Czech Republic
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Bu XM, Zhao CH, Zhang N, Wang W, Li Y, Dai XW. Role of multiple genes methylation in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1416-1419. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i14.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine methylation status of RASSF1A, p16, SOCS-1 and hMLH1 genes and explore the roles of their concurrent methylation in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: DNA in pancreatic cancer and cancer-adjacent tissues was extracted by saturated NaCl method. The methylation status of these genes was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP).
RESULTS: The methylation rates of RASSF1A, p16, SOCS-1 and hMLH1 were 36.4%, 13.6%, 13.6% and 4.5% in cancer-adjacent tissues and 59.1%, 40.9%, 31.8% and 18.2% in pancreatic cancer, respectively. The methylation rate of p16 in pancreatic cancer was significantly higher than that in the cancer-adjacent tissues (χ2 = 4.13, P < 0.05). Two or more genes concurrent methylation was found in 45.5% pancreatic cancer, significantly higher than that in the cancer-adjacent tissues (9.1%, χ2 = 7.33, P < 0.01). No methylation of these genes was found in 31.8% pancreatic cancer.
CONCLUSION: Multiple genes concurrent methylation is an early event in some cases of pancreatic cancer, in which it plays an important role.
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