1
|
Elbashir I, Aldoos NF, Mathew S, Al Thani AA, Emara MM, Yassine HM. Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and vaccine availability of viral acute gastroenteritis in the middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1193-1211. [PMID: 36240530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is the cause of considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly among children under five years in underdeveloped countries. Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases are attributed to viral etiologies, including rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus. This paper aimed to determine the prevalence rate of different viral etiologies of AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Moreover, this paper explored rotavirus phylogenetic relatedness, compared VP7 and VP4 antigenic regions of rotavirus with vaccine strains, and explored the availability of vaccines in the MENA region. The literature search identified 160 studies from 18 countries from 1980 to 2019. The overall prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were 29.8 %, 13.9 %, 6.3 %, 3.5 %, and 3.2 % of tested samples, respectively. The most common rotavirus genotype combinations in the MENA region were G1P[8], G9P[9], and G2P[4], whereas GII.4 was the predominant norovirus genotype all of which were reported in almost all the studies with genotyping data. The comparison of VP7 and VP4 between circulating rotavirus in the MENA region and vaccine strains has revealed discrete divergent regions, including the neutralizing epitopes. Rotavirus vaccine was introduced to most of the countries of the MENA region; however, only a few studies have assessed the effectiveness of vaccine introduction. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the prevalence of the different viral agents of AGE in the MENA region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa Elbashir
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noor F Aldoos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Zhang W, Zhai J, Chen X, Qi Y. Prevalence of bovine rotavirus among cattle in mainland China: A meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105727. [PMID: 35988882 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine rotavirus is the primary pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and can be transmitted vertically through the placenta. It mainly presents with clinical signs such as depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the prevalence of BRV infection in mainland China. We conducted a literature search on the prevalence of BRV infection in pigs between Jan 1, 1979 and Dec 31, 2021 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trials, VIP, CNKI, and WanFang database. Selections were made based on the title and the abstract of the paper, Search strings included if they reported the cattle samples of more than 15 cattle and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of BRV. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other hosts. Finally, we extracted the number of cattle with BRV infection from the obtained studies and provided information that permitted us to estimate the prevalence of BRV infection in cattle in mainland China. RESULTS The data of 29 articles (including data on 10677 cattle) are compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle in China was 46%(6635/10677), the pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle from Northeast China (40%) was significantly lower than those from other regions. In addition, the prevalence of BRV was associated with publication time of paper, detection methods, age of cattle, and clinical symptoms(diarrhea, etc.). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BRV infection is common among cattle in China. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out further research and monitor the prevalence of BRV infection. Furthermore, powerful and effective regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of BRV among cattle populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- Shanxi Province Engineering & Technology Research Center of Shanbei Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Shanxi Province, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Xuelong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
| | - Yanping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali S, Khan S, Khan SN, Rauf M, Khan MF, Majid A, Dawar FU, Akbar NU, Ullah R, Bari A, Khan MY. Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e244365. [PMID: 34932615 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Khan
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S N Khan
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M Rauf
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M F Khan
- University of Hazara Dhodial, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A Majid
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - F U Dawar
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - N Ul Akbar
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - R Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Bari
- King Saud University Riyadh, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Y Khan
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdon
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Epidemiological, molecular, and clinical features of rotavirus infections among pediatrics in Qatar. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1177-1190. [PMID: 33411172 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a major cause of diarrhea in developing and developed countries. Rotavirus (RV) is a leading cause of severe pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Here we report on the prevalence of circulating genotypes in association with demographics and clinical manifestations outcomes in Qatar. A total of 231 RV-positive fecal samples were collected from children suffering from AGE during 3 years study period between June 2016 and June 2019. The age of the subjects ranged between 2 months and 14 years (median of 16 months). The VP4 and VP7 were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA7.0. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to determine significant differences for comparisons of general categorical variables. RV infections were most common in children between 1 and 3 years of age (49%), followed by those < 1 year and > 3 years of age (33% and 28%, respectively). RV infections were more frequent in males than females, with a ratio of 1.4:1. RV infections occurred throughout the year, with a noticeable increase in summer (42.8%) and a drop in winter (20.1%). RV genotypes G3P[8] (30.8%), G2P[8] (12.3%), G4P[8] (11.7%), and G1P[8] (10.4%) were the common genotypes during the study period. The G3P[8] strain detected in our study revealed similarities to the equine-like G3P[8] (10.3%; 24/231) (KT988229.1), Wa-like genomic constellation (9%; 21/231) (MF563894.1), and DS-1-like strains (6.4%; 15/231) (LC386081.1). Based on the Vesikari score system, severe clinical illness including diarrhea and vomiting (average frequency: 4 to 5 times/day) was recorded for G3P[8] group, followed by G9P[8], G4P[8], and G1P[8]. Higher incidence for G3P[8], G2P[8], G4P[8], and G1P[8] were reported in Qatari subjects compared to other nationalities. The multinational status of a small country explains the wide diversity of circulating RV genotypes in Qatar. The highest prevalence and severe illnesses were recorded to G3P[8], which is different from other surrounding countries/global levels.
Collapse
|
5
|
Akinola MT, Uba A, Umar AF, Agbo EB. Asymptomatic Rotavirus infections among children in Maiduguri, Borno state, Northeast, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2020; 19:198-202. [PMID: 32820733 PMCID: PMC7694705 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_55_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus remains one of the main causative agents of gastroenteritis in young children. This happens, especially in countries (e.g., Nigeria) that have not yet introduced the vaccine into the national immunization program. A significant prevalence of Rotavirus infection both in children and adults without major symptoms has earlier been reported. This study aimed at defining the prevalence of asymptomatic Rotavirus infection from apparently healthy children in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 269 stool samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy children <15 years of age from July 2017 to June 2018. All samples were screened using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for the presence of Rotavirus antigen. The Rotavirus-positive samples were further subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine their RNA electropherotypes. Results: A total of 59 stool samples (19.9%) were Rotavirus positive with peaks observed in the cold dry season, among male children, and 6–10 years of age group. A total of 50 randomly selected Rotavirus-positive samples were subjected to PAGE, and none of the samples showed either long or short profiles. Conclusion: This study shows that Rotavirus can be shed into environments without any signs and symptoms. In view of this, the Rotavirus vaccine should be considered a priority and be introduced in the existing national immunization program in Nigeria, particularly in Borno State.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monilade T Akinola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Auwalu Uba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed F Umar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ediga B Agbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bennour H, Bouazizi A, Fodha I, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Ben Hamida-Rebai M, Jerbi A, Dhiflaoui A, Abdelberi S, Abbassi F, Abroug S, Khlifa M, Fathallah A, Boujaafar N, Trabelsi A. Unexpected predominance of rotavirus G9P[8] strain in Tunisian adult diarrheal patients. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:280-289. [PMID: 32003707 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Group A Rotavirus (RVA) is known to be a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children but its role as a potential pathogen in immunocompetent adults is probably underestimated.Aim. To compare RVA infections in patients from different age groups.Methodology. Fecal samples were collected from patients aged from birth to 65 years, hospitalized or consulting for AGE between 2015 and 2017. All samples were screened by RT-PCR for the detection of VP6 gene specific of RVA. RVA-positive samples were VP7 and VP4 genotyped using multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR. Full-length VP7 gene of G9-positive strains were sequenced and submitted for phylogenetic analysis.Results. Of 1371 stool specimens collected from children (<5 years; n=454), older children (5 to <15 years; n=316) and adults (15-65 years; n=601), 165 (12.0 %) were RVA-positive. RVA detection rates were significantly higher in children and adults than in older children (15.8 % and 12.1 Vs 6.3 %, respectively; P<0.001). While RVA infections were mostly detected during the coldest months in children, they were observed all year-round in patients aged >5 years. Although G1P[8] remained the most prevalent combination (41.7 %) detected in children, G9P[8] strains widely predominated in adults (58.1 %), followed by G2P[4] (12.9 %). All characterized G9 strains clustered in the modern lineage III.Conclusion. RVA play an important role in AGE not only in children but also in adults. The findings of a wide G9 predominance in patients >5 years highlights the need for continuing surveillance in both pediatric and mature populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bennour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Asma Bouazizi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ben Hamida-Rebai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jerbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ameni Dhiflaoui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Shada Abdelberi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fairouz Abbassi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Abroug
- Pediatric Unit, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Khlifa
- Pediatric Unit, Regional Hospital of Msaken, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Akila Fathallah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Parasitology Department, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Boujaafar
- Microbiology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bennour H, Fodha I, Bouazizi A, Ben Hamida-Rebaï M, Jerbi A, Fredj MBH, Lakhal S, Dhiflaoui A, Abdelberi S, Abbassi F, Boujaafar N, Fathallah A, Abroug S, Khlifa M, Trabelsi A. Molecular characterization of group A rotavirus among children aged under 5 years in Tunisia, 2015-2017. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1240-1243. [PMID: 31237533 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report the molecular characterization of human group A rotaviruses (RVAs) circulating in Tunisia. Stool specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age who had been hospitalized or were consulting for gastroenteritis in Tunisian hospitals between 2015 and 2017. All samples were screened by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of the VP6 gene specific for RVA. RVA-positive samples were further analysed for G/P genotyping by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Among 454 tested samples, 72 (15.8 %) were positive for RVA. G1P[8] was the most prevalent detected strain (41.7%), followed by G9P[8] (32.8%), G2P[4] (7.5%), G12P[8] (7.5%), G1P[6] (3.0%), G2P[8] (1.5%) and G3P[8] (1.5%), with mixed infections in 4.5 % of cases. In the absence of a national anti-rotavirus vaccination strategy, RVAs remain the primary aetiological agent for gastroenteritis in Tunisian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bennour
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Asma Bouazizi
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ben Hamida-Rebaï
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jerbi
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Samia Lakhal
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ameni Dhiflaoui
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Shada Abdelberi
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fairouz Abbassi
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Akila Fathallah
- Parasitology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Abroug
- Pediatric Unit, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Khlifa
- Pediatric Unit, Regional Hospital of Msaken, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections LR14SP02, Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Badur S, Öztürk S, Pereira P, AbdelGhany M, Khalaf M, Lagoubi Y, Ozudogru O, Hanif K, Saha D. Systematic review of the rotavirus infection burden in the WHO-EMRO region. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2754-2768. [PMID: 30964372 PMCID: PMC6930073 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1603984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis imposes a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization defines the Eastern Mediterranean region (WHO-EMRO) as a diverse area in terms of socioeconomic status and health indicators. Rotavirus vaccination has been introduced, at least partially, in 19 out of the 22 EM countries; however, vaccine coverage remains low, and data on rotavirus disease burden is scarce.Available data on rotavirus prevalence, seasonality, vaccination status, and genotype evolution was systematically compiled following a literature review that identified 165 relevant WHO-EMRO epidemiology studies published between 1990 and 2017.Although the infectious agents responsible for acute gastroenteritis vary over time, rotavirus remained the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, as seen in 76.3% of reviewed publications. Younger children (<2 years old) were at higher risk and thus increased vaccination coverage and surveillance systems are required to reduce the rotavirus gastroenteritis burden in WHO-EMRO countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Badur
- MENA, Medical & Clinical Emerging Markets, GSK, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Öztürk
- MENA, Medical & Clinical Emerging Markets, GSK, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Priya Pereira
- Global Medical Affairs Rota/MMRV, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | | | - Mansour Khalaf
- EM Central Vaccines Medical/Clinical, GSK, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youness Lagoubi
- EM Central Vaccines Medical/Clinical, GSK, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Onur Ozudogru
- EM Central Vaccines Medical/Clinical, GSK, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kashif Hanif
- EM Central Vaccines Medical/Clinical, GSK, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Debasish Saha
- Epidemiology/Health Economics EM, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boni-Cisse C, Meite S, Mlan AB, Zaba F, N'Guessan R, Lepri NA, Lartey B. Genotypic characterization of rotavirus in children under 5 years circulating in Côte D'Ivoire from 2010 to 2013. Virol J 2018; 15:78. [PMID: 29699581 PMCID: PMC5922014 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under five years of age in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the surveillance of rotavirus strains prior to vaccine introduction in all applicable countries. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics as well as to determine the circulating genotypes of rotaviruses in Côte d’Ivoire prior to vaccine introduction. Methods The study included children under five years of age who met the inclusion criteria after informed consent had been sort from their parents or guardians. Rotavirus VP6 antigens were detected for each stool sample using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Genotyping of positive EIA samples was performed by reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assays. Results A total of 684 children were recruited. Children aged between 6 and 11 months were the most represented with 34%. Rotavirus VP6 antigens were found in 27.1% (186/684) of samples tested. Commonly detected G genotypes included G12 (46.6% (82/176) and G1 (13.1% (23/176) whilst P[8] (49.8% (91/183) was the most predominant P genotype. Rotavirus G12P[8] was the most predominant strain circulating in Côte d’Ivoire within the period of study and constituted 26.6% of all strains detected. Conclusion The monitoring of circulating strains will help guide decision-makers in the choice of vaccine. Genotypic variability of circulating rotavirus strains over the years implies there is a need for continuous rotavirus strain surveillance even after vaccine introduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Boni-Cisse
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Sindou Meite
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alice Britoh Mlan
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Flore Zaba
- Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Nicaise Aka Lepri
- Expanded Program on Immunization of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bélinda Lartey
- NMIMR West African Regional Rotavirus Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaspard P, Pothier P, Roth C, Larocca S, Heck B, Ambert-Balay K. Viral prevalence and laboratory investigations of gastroenteritis in institutions for dependent people. Med Mal Infect 2017; 47:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Kreidieh K, Charide R, Dbaibo G, Melhem NM. The epidemiology of Norovirus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a systematic review. Virol J 2017; 14:220. [PMID: 29126448 PMCID: PMC5681772 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is considered the second leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews assessing the role of NoV in AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Consequently, we conducted an extensive systematic literature review on articles studying NoV in the 24 countries of the MENA region during the past 15 years (2000-2015). The methods and reporting were set according to the 2015 PRISMA-P and based on the elements from the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). We retrieved 38 studies meeting our predefined inclusion criteria and were used to extract full data. Studies reporting on NoV were conducted in 15 out of the 24 countries of the region. The reported NoV infection rates in MENA countries ranged between 0.82% and 36.84%. The majority of studies were clinical observational studies assessing NoV rates mainly among children. Participants were recruited from in- and outpatient clinics. NoV infection was reported all year round with with peaks observed mainly during cold months. GII.4 was the predominant genotype detected in stool of participants as reported by 16 out of 25 studies (64%). Overall, there is an increasing recognition of NoV as an important causative agent of AGE across all age groups in the MENA region. Further studies are needed to assess the national and the regional burden of NoV among different age groups, its molecular diversity and seasonal variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kreidieh
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Charide
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fidhow AM, Samwel A, Ng’ang’a Z, Oundo J, Nyangao J, Wences A. Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of rotavirus infection among children < 5 yrs hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in North Eastern, Kenya, 2012. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28:3. [PMID: 30167031 PMCID: PMC6113712 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.28.1.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years worldwide. This study aimed to characterize the circulating genotypes of rotavirus and to determine risk factors of rotavirus infection in North Eastern, Kenya before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. METHODS we conducted a cross sectional study among children < 5 years old hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis at the study hospital. Rotavirus was detected in stool specimens and further characterized using PAGE and RT-PCR. Socio-demographic and risk factor information was collected using a standard questionnaire. RESULTS we enrolled 237 children into the study hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Of these, 41 (17%) tested positive for group A rotavirus in stool specimens. Age < 2 years, unboiled tap water, underweight and low birth weight were identified as independent risk factors of rotavirus infection. Majority 8 (57%) of the detected rotavirus RNA profiles were long electropherotypes. G3, G9 and P4 were the predominant genotypes identified. CONCLUSION Rotavirus is an important aetiology of acute gastroenteritis among children under five years in this region. Risk factors common in other regions and rotavirus vaccine preventable genotypes are responsible for infection. We recommend the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, coupled with good infant nutrition, safe water supply and maternal hygienic practices during infant feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Fidhow
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program,
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kenya
| | - Amwayi Samwel
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program,
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Arvelo Wences
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program,
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
- Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zaraket H, Charide R, Kreidieh K, Dbaibo G, Melhem NM. Update on the epidemiology of rotavirus in the Middle East and North Africa. Vaccine 2017; 35:6047-6058. [PMID: 28986034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Consequently, we conducted a systematic literature review on articles studying RV in the 25 countries of the MENA region during the past 15years (2000-2015). The methods and reporting were set according to the 2015 preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) and based on the elements from the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Our literature search identified 169 studies meeting our predefined inclusion criteria. Studies reporting on RV were conducted in 19 out of the 24 countries of the MENA region. The largest number of studies was reported in Turkey (n=32), Iran (n=31), Saudi Arabia (n=19) and Egypt (n=17). The majority of studies reporting on RV gastroenteritis rates were clinical observational studies. In 115 studies out of 169, RV was reported among in-patients whereas 35 studies reported RV among outpatients. The predominantly reported RV genotype in the region was G1[P8] followed by G2[P4] and G9[P8]. The majority of studies (n=108) were conducted among children less than 5years of age whereas the remaining studies reported on AGE among other age groups and rarely adults. In MENA countries, RV infection was reported all year round with peaks described in cold as well as hot months. This systematic review provides a current update on the epidemiology of RV-associated gastroenteritis in countries of the MENA region and draws attention to the major gaps existing in the continuous monitoring of RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Charide
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khalil Kreidieh
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M Melhem
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agutu MT, Ongus J, Kombich J, Kamenwa R, Nyangao J, Kagira J, Ogutu AA, Bitek A. Prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in a hospital setting, Nairobi Kenya in post vaccination era: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 26:38. [PMID: 28451016 PMCID: PMC5398238 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.38.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 611 000 children die from rotavirus gastroenteritis, and two million are hospitalized, worldwide. In Kenya, the impact of recent rotavirus vaccinations on morbidities has not been estimated. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and identity of rotavirus strains isolated from rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in vaccinated children presenting with acute gastroenteritis. Methods Two hundred and ninety eight specimen from children presented at Gertrude Childrens’ Hospital from January to June 2012 were tested by EIA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) for rotavirus antigens. Molecular characterization was conducted on rotavirus-positive specimens. Extracted viral RNA was separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the specific rotavirus VP4 (P-types) and VP7 (G-types) determined. Results The prevalence rate of rotavirus was 31.5% (94/298). Of the rotavirus dsRNA, 57 (60.1%) gave visible RNA profiles, 38 (40.4%) assigned long electropherotypes while 19 (20.2%) were short electropherotypes. The strains among the vaccinated were G3P [4], G12P [6], G3P [6], G9P [4], G mixed G9/3P [4] and G1/3P [4]. Specifically, the G genotypes were G9/3 (5.3%), G9 (4.3%), G3 (4.3%), G12 (2.1%) and mixed G1/3 (1.1%). The P genotypes detected were P [4] (5.3%) and P [6] (5.3%). Conclusion The present study demonstrates diversity in circulating genotypes with emergence of genotypes G3, G9, G12 and mixed genotypes G9/3 and recommends that vaccines should be formulated with a broad range of strains to include G9 and G12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Theresa Agutu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Julliette Ongus
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - John Kagira
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pourasgari F, Kaplon J, Karimi-Naghlani S, Fremy C, Otarod V, Ambert-Balay K, Mirjalili A, Pothier P. The molecular epidemiology of bovine rotaviruses circulating in Iran: a two-year study. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3483-3494. [PMID: 27654669 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine group A rotavirus (bovine RVA) is recognized as a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in newborn calves. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the genotypes of circulating bovine RVA in newborn diarrheic calves. Two hundred fifty-three stool samples of diarrheic calves up to 1 month old were collected from 42 industrial dairy farms in two Iranian provinces during March 2010 to February 2012. All collected samples were screened for the presence of bovine RVA by RT-PCR, and the G and P genotypes were determined by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR assay. The results of RT-PCR indicated that 49.4 % (125 out of 253) of the samples were positive for bovine RVA. The G and P genotyping of a subset of positive samples (n = 85) by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR revealed that G6 (55.3 %) and G10 (43.5 %) and P[5] (51.8 %) and P[11] (27 %) were the most prevalent G and P genotypes, respectively. G6P[5] was the dominant genotype (35.3 %), followed by G10P[5], G10P[11] and G6P[11], with prevalence rates of 16.5 %, 15.3 % and 10.6 %, respectively. Sequence analysis of 20 VP7 and four VP4 genes showed highest nucleotide sequence identity with the corresponding genes of strains RVA/Cow-tc/GBR/UK/1973/G6P7[5] and RVA/Cow-tc/USA/B223/XXXX/G10P[11]. The results of this study reveal the diversity of G and P genotypes in bovine RVA samples from diarrheic Iranian calves and expands our knowledge of bovine RVA infections in the Middle East. These results also highlight the importance of producing of an effective rotavirus vaccine and its inclusion in the national cattle immunization program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Pourasgari
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Kaplon
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
- AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | | | - Céline Fremy
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
- Queen's Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
- AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Pierre Pothier
- Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France.
- AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ali Z, Harastani H, Hammadi M, Reslan L, Ghanem S, Hajar F, Sabra A, Haidar A, Inati A, Rajab M, Fakhouri H, Ghanem B, Baasiri G, Gerbaka B, Zaraket H, Matar GM, Dbaibo G. Rotavirus Genotypes and Vaccine Effectiveness from a Sentinel, Hospital-Based, Surveillance Study for Three Consecutive Rotavirus Seasons in Lebanon. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161345. [PMID: 27571515 PMCID: PMC5003350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis (GE) in children. Longitudinal data about changes in RV genotype distribution and vaccine effectiveness (VE) are scarce. This study was conducted in Lebanon over 3 consecutive RV seasons to estimate the rate of RVGE hospitalization, identify RV genotypes, determine the seasonal and geographical variations, and calculate RV VE. Materials and Methods This prospective, multicenter, hospital-based surveillance study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 and enrolled children (<5 years) admitted for GE. Socio-demographic and clinical data about the current episode of GE at admission were collected. Genotypes were determined from stool samples testing positive for RV by PCR. Results Of 1,414 cases included in the final analysis, 83% were <2 years old and 55.6% were boys. Median duration of hospitalization was 4 days and 91.6% of GE cases were severe (Vesikari score ≥11). PCR testing showed that 30.3% of subjects were RV-positive of which 62.1% had fever versus 71.1% of RV-negative subjects (P = 0.001). RV was predominantly detected in the cold season from November till March (69.9%). G and P genotype pairs for all RV-positive stool specimens showed a predominance of G1P[8] in 36% (n = 154) of specimens, G9P[8] in 26.4% (n = 113), and G2P[4] in 17.8% (n = 76). RV-negative subjects were more likely to be RV-vaccinated (21%) compared to the RV-positive subjects (11.3%) (P<0.001), with a vaccine breakthrough rate of 18.8%. The ratio of RV1-vaccinated for each RV5-vaccinated subject was 7.8 and VE against RV disease was 68.4% (95%CI, 49.6%-80.2%). Conclusion RV is a major cause of GE requiring hospitalization of children under 5 years of age in Lebanon. A few genotypes predominated over the three RV seasons studied. Mass RV vaccination will likely decrease the burden of hospitalization due to RV. VE is similar to what has been observed for other middle-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houda Harastani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moza Hammadi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Soha Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Hajar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Sabra
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amjad Haidar
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adlette Inati
- Department of Pediatrics, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Rajab
- Department of Pediatrics, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Fakhouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics, Nabatieh Governmental Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | | | - Bernard Gerbaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: ;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang S, Yin J, Yang J, Tian L, Li D, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xu W, Zhou X. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of group A rotavirus in acute diarrhea patients in pre-vaccination era in southwest China. J Med Virol 2016; 89:71-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunxian Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology; MOH of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Yin
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Kunming People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- The first people's Hospital of Yunnan province; Kunming People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology; MOH of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology; MOH of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Kunming People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology; MOH of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moussa A, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Fodha I, BenHamida-Rebaï M, Kacem S, Argoubi A, Bennour H, Boujaafar N, Trabelsi A. Distribution of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes circulating in Tunisia from 2009 to 2014: Emergence of the genotype G12. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1028-1037. [PMID: 27375269 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) represents the most important aetiological agent of diarrhoea in children worldwide. From January 2009 to December 2014, a multi-centre study realized through 11 Tunisian cities was undertaken among children aged <5 years consulting or hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis. A total of 1127 faecal samples were collected. All samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of RVA antigen. RVA-positive samples were further analyzed by PAGE and used for G/P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Globally, 270 specimens (24 %) were RVA-positive, with peaks observed annually between November and March. Nine different electropherotypes could be visualized by PAGE, six with a long profile (173 cases) and two with a short one (seven cases). Mixed profiles were detected in two cases. Among the 267 VP7 genotyped strains, the predominant G- genotype was G1 (39.6 %) followed by G3 (22.2 %), G4 (13 %), G9 (11.5 %), G2 (5.2 %) and G12 (5.2 %). Among the 260 VP4 genotyped strains, P[8] genotype was the predominant (74.5 %) followed by P[6] (10.4 %) and P[4] (5.5 %). A total of 257 strains (95.2 %) could be successfully G- and P-genotyped. G1P[8] was the most prevalent combination (34.4 %), followed by G3P[8] (16.3 %), G9P[8] (10.3 %), G4P[8] (8.9 %), G2P[4] (4 %), G12P[6] (2.6 %) and G12P[8] (1.9 %). Uncommon G/Pgenotype combinations, mixed infections and untypeable strains were also detected. This is the first report, in Tunisia, of multiple detection of an emerging human RVA strain, G12 genotype. This study highlighted the need for maintaining active surveillance of emerging strains in Northern Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Moussa
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriam BenHamida-Rebaï
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Kacem
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Argoubi
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Bennour
- LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Boujaafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,LR14SP02, Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Human Viral Infections, Laboratory of Microbiology, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amood AL-Kamarany M, Al-Areqi L, Mujally A, Alkarshy F, Nasser A, Jumaan AO. Diarrheal Diseases Hospitalization in Yemen before and after Rotavirus Vaccination. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:8485417. [PMID: 27437161 PMCID: PMC4942629 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8485417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to assess the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on diarrheal diseases hospitalization and to identify the rotavirus genotypes most prevalent before and after vaccine introduction among children ≤ 5 years of age. Rotarix™ ® rotavirus vaccine is currently licensed for infants in Yemen and was introduced in 2012. The vaccination course consists of two doses. The first dose is administrated at 6 weeks of age and the second dose is completed by 10 weeks. Based on a longitudinal observational study, we assessed the impact of vaccination on rotavirus hospitalization before and after vaccination among children ≤ 5 years of age at the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz, Yemen. Prevaccination covered January 2009-July 2012 during which 2335 fecal samples were collected from children ≤ 5 years old. Postvaccination covered January 2013-December 2014 during which 1114 fecal samples were collected. Rotavirus was detected by Enzyme Linkage Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The incidence of rotavirus hospitalization decreased from 43.79% in 2009 to 10.54% in 2014. Hospitalization due to rotavirus diarrhea was reduced by 75.93%. Vaccine coverage increased from 23% in 2012 to 72% in 2014. Also, the results showed that the most predominant genotypes in prevaccination period were G2P[4] (55.0%), followed by G1P[8] (15.0%), while in postvaccination period G1P[8] (31%) was the predominant genotype, followed by G9P[8] (27.5%). In conclusion, rotavirus vaccination in Yemen resulted in sharp reduction in diarrheal hospitalization. A successful rotavirus vaccination program in Yemen will rely upon efficient vaccine delivery systems and sustained vaccine efficacy against diverse and evolving rotavirus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amood AL-Kamarany
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy and Tropical Medicine Center, Hodeidah University, P.O. Box 3114, Hodeidah, Yemen
- Program of Health and Drug, Tihama Foundation for Drug Studies and Research, Hodeidah, Yemen
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hassine-Zaafrane M, Kaplon J, Ben Salem I, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Sakly N, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Detection and genotyping of group A rotaviruses isolated from sewage samples in Monastir, Tunisia between April 2007 and April 2010. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1443-53. [PMID: 26248601 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To ascertain the viral load, the distribution of G and P types of group A rotaviruses (RV-A) in sewage samples and to compare strains in clinical, animal and environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS During our study from April 2007 to April 2010, 518 samples of raw and treated sewage were collected from two biological sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in the Monastir region, Tunisia. RV-A was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 375 (72·4%) sewage samples. According to the quantification results of RV-A, it appears that the viral load in raw and treated sewage of the two STPs was quite similar (P = 0·735). The genotyping of RV-A strains detected in sewage samples showed a great diversity with 10 G types and 8 P types. Most of them were described as common in humans, but we also detected genotypes commonly found in animals. All the genotypes detected in two previous studies performed in our laboratory on clinical and bovine samples were also found in environmental samples. However, some genotypes commonly found in animal were only found in sewage samples. CONCLUSION The comparison of environmental, clinical and animal data suggests that STPs may convey not only human sewage but also animal wastes, both of them contaminated with numerous RV-A strains which are not efficiently eliminated by the sewage treatment process and may spread to surface waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates the potential release of human and animal RV-A into water sources, representing a public health risk, by inducing gastroenteritis in population, but also by increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission and formation of reassortant viruses which could get a higher infectious potential. Our findings also suggest that monitoring of sewage may provide an additional tool to determine the epidemiology of RV-A circulating in a given community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hassine-Zaafrane
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J Kaplon
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - I Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - N Sakly
- Laboratory of Immunology, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - P Pothier
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - M Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - K Ambert-Balay
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gaspard P, Ambert-Balay K, Mosnier A, Aho-Glélé S, Roth C, Larocca S, Simon L, Talon D, Rabaud C, Pothier P. Burden of gastroenteritis outbreaks: specific epidemiology in a cohort of institutions caring for dependent people. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
22
|
Kiulia NM, Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC, Obara MA, Medema G, Rose JB. Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters. Pathogens 2015; 4:229-55. [PMID: 25984911 PMCID: PMC4493472 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children globally. Waterborne transmission of RV and the presence of RV in water sources are of major public health importance. In this paper, we present the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for RV (GloWPa-Rota model) to estimate the global distribution of RV emissions to surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first model to do so. We review the literature to estimate three RV specific variables for the model: incidence, excretion rate and removal during wastewater treatment. We estimate total global RV emissions to be 2 × 1018 viral particles/grid/year, of which 87% is produced by the urban population. Hotspot regions with high RV emissions are urban areas in densely populated parts of the world, such as Bangladesh and Nigeria, while low emissions are found in rural areas in North Russia and the Australian desert. Even for industrialized regions with high population density and without tertiary treatment, such as the UK, substantial emissions are estimated. Modeling exercises like the one presented in this paper provide unique opportunities to further study these emissions to surface water, their sources and scenarios for improved management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maureen A Obara
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Benmessaoud R, Jroundi I, Nezha M, Moraleda C, Tligui H, Seffar M, Alvarez-Martínez MJ, Pons MJ, Chaacho S, Hayes EB, Vila J, Alonso PL, Bassat Q, Ruiz J. Aetiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute moderate-to-severe diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age hospitalized in a referral paediatric hospital in Rabat, Morocco. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:84-92. [PMID: 25432162 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.079830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to describe the aetiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the principal causes of acute infectious diarrhoea requiring hospitalization among children under 5 years of age in Rabat, Morocco. A prospective study was conducted from March 2011 to March 2012, designed to describe the main pathogens causing diarrhoea in hospitalized children >2 months and less than 5 years of age. Among the 122 children included in the study, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and rotavirus were the main aetiological causes of diarrhoea detected. Twelve (9.8 %) children were referred to an intensive care unit, while two, presenting infection by EAEC, and EAEC plus Shigella sonnei, developed a haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Additionally, six (4.9 %) deaths occurred, with EAEC being isolated in four of these cases. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli and rotavirus play a significant role as the two main causes of severe diarrhoea, while other pathogens, such as norovirus and parasites, seem to have a minimal contribution. Surveillance and prevention programmes to facilitate early recognition and improved management of potentially life-threatening diarrhoea episodes are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Benmessaoud
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imane Jroundi
- École Nationale de Santé Publique (ENSP), Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mouane Nezha
- Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat (HER), Centre Hôspitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Cinta Moraleda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Houssain Tligui
- Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat (HER), Centre Hôspitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Myriam Seffar
- Hôpital d'Enfants de Rabat (HER), Centre Hôspitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Miriam J Alvarez-Martínez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saad Chaacho
- Centre Hôspitalier Universitaire (CHU) Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edward B Hayes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro L Alonso
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rotavirus Diarrhea among Children in Taiz, Yemen: Prevalence-Risk Factors and Detection of Genotypes. Int J Pediatr 2014; 2014:928529. [PMID: 25197286 PMCID: PMC4145802 DOI: 10.1155/2014/928529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are a great public health problem; they are among the most causes leading to morbidity and mortality of infants and children particularly in developing countries and even in developed countries. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate of Rotavirus infection, its genotypes, and risk factors among children with diarrhea in Taiz, Yemen. 795 fecal samples were collected from children (less than 5 years old), suffering from diarrhea and attending the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz , Yemen, from November 2006 to February 2008. Rotavirus was detected by enzyme linkage immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on stool specimens of children. Genotypes of Rotavirus were characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed that 358 (45.2%) were Rotavirus-positive and the most prevalent genotypes were G2P[4] (55%), followed by G1P[8] (15%). In addition, Rotavirus was found through the whole year; however, higher frequency during the summer season (53.4%) and lower frequency during the winter season (37.1%).
Collapse
|
26
|
BEN SALEM-BEN NEJMA I, HASSINE ZAAFRANE M, HASSINE F, SDIRI-LOULIZI K, BEN SAID M, AOUNI M, MZOUGHI R. Etiology of Acute Diarrhea in Tunisian Children with Emphasis on Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and Identification of E. coli Virulence Markers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 43:947-60. [PMID: 25909062 PMCID: PMC4401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal diseases can be caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. This paper provides a preliminary image of diarrhea with regards to etiology and epidemiologic factors in Tunisian children less than five years of age. METHODS Overall, 124 diarrhoeal stools were collected from patients suffering from acute diarrhea and 54 stool samples from healthy children. All stools were examined for the presence of enteric pathogens. RESULTS In diarrheagenic children, 107 pathogenic bacteria were isolated (12 Salmonella spp. (9.7%) and 95 diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains (76.6%): 29 enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC) (23.4%), 15 enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) (12.1%), 17 enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) (13.7%), 26 enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) (21%) and 2 enterohemoragic E.coli (EHEC) (1.6%). However, in the control group, 23 pathogenic E.coli strains were isolated (42.6%): 8 EAEC (14.8%), 12 EIEC (22.2%) and 3 EPEC (5.5%). Among diarrheagenic E.coli (DEC), only ETEC strains were significantly recovered from diarrheagenic children than from healthy controls (P < 0.0003). Group A rotavirus was identified in 33.9% (n=42) of diarrheagenic children and in 11.1% among the control group (n=6). Concerning norovirus, 8.9% (n=11) of the samples collected from diarrheagenic children and 9.2% (n=5) from the control group were positive. The prevalence of rotaviruses and Salmonella spp were also significantly higher in patients with diarrhea than in controls (P = 0.002 and P < 0.019, respectively). Finally, enteropathogenic parasites (Entamoeba coli and cryptosporidium Oocystes) were isolated from 4.8% and 9.2% of diarrheagenic and control children, respectively. CONCLUSION These results provide baseline data about the relative importance of different enteropathogens in Tunisian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen BEN SALEM-BEN NEJMA
- 1. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of MonastirTU-5000 Monastir, Tunisia,* Corresponding Author:
| | - Mouna HASSINE ZAAFRANE
- 1. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of MonastirTU-5000 Monastir, Tunisia,3. National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, CHU of Dijon, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, University of Bourgogne21000 Dijon France
| | - Fredj HASSINE
- 4. Polyclinique CNSS Sousse- Khzema Sousse4000-Tunisia
| | - Khira SDIRI-LOULIZI
- 3. National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, CHU of Dijon, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, University of Bourgogne21000 Dijon France
| | - Moncef BEN SAID
- 3. National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, CHU of Dijon, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, University of Bourgogne21000 Dijon France
| | - Mahjoub AOUNI
- 1. Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of MonastirTU-5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ridha MZOUGHI
- 2. Laboratory of Hygiene, 5 Rue de Kairouan 4000 SousseTunisia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hassine-Zaafrane M, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Kaplon J, Ben Salem I, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Molecular detection of human noroviruses in influent and effluent samples from two biological sewage treatment plants in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:125-31. [PMID: 24818568 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for numerous cases of waterborne and foodborne gastroenteritis every year. They are released in the sewage and their detection in this environment can reflect the epidemiology of the viral strains circulating in the community. A three-year (2007-2010) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human NoVs using RT-PCR in 518 sewage samples collected at the entrance and exit of two biological sewage treatment plants located in Monastir region, Tunisia. In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the most prevalent GI and GII NoV strains, in order to obtain a rough estimate of the efficacy of disinfection treatments and to compare the results with clinical data documented in the same area during the same period. This work confirms the wide circulation and the genetic diversity of NoVs in Tunisia and the widespread distribution of NoV variants in both raw and treated wastewater. Indeed, NoV was detected in 192 (37.1%) sewage samples, among them mixed infections with group A rotavirus were detected in 125 (65.1%) cases. The genotypes of the GI NoVs were GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, and GI of unassigned genotype (GI.UA), and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.12. This study enhances the currently poor environmental virological data gathered in Tunisia, demonstrates the benefit of environmental surveillance as a tool to determine the epidemiology of NoVs circulating in a given community, and underlines the need for the design and support of similar long-term studies in our country, in order to compensate for the absence of a national surveillance system for gastroenteric viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Hassine-Zaafrane
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hassine-Zaafrane M, Ben Salem I, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Kaplon J, Bouslama L, Aouni Z, Sakly N, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of group A bovine rotaviruses from Tunisian calves with diarrhoea. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1387-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hassine-Zaafrane
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses; Laboratory of Virology; CHU of Dijon; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray; University of Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - I. Ben Salem
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - K. Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses; Laboratory of Virology; CHU of Dijon; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray; University of Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - J. Kaplon
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses; Laboratory of Virology; CHU of Dijon; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray; University of Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - L. Bouslama
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - Z. Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - N. Sakly
- Laboratory of Immunology; University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba; Monastir Tunisia
| | - P. Pothier
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses; Laboratory of Virology; CHU of Dijon; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray; University of Bourgogne; Dijon France
| | - M. Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - K. Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses; Laboratory of Virology; CHU of Dijon; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray; University of Bourgogne; Dijon France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hassine-Zaafrane M, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Kaplon J, Salem IB, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in Tunisian children (2007-2010). J Med Virol 2013; 85:1100-10. [PMID: 23532785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis can be a life-threatening disease in infants and young children, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to continue the epidemiological surveillance of norovirus (NoV) infections in Tunisian children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Surveillance was initiated in January 2003, to monitor potential variations in strains over time, in terms of frequency and diversity of NoV genotypes, and more particularly the potential emergence of new GII.4 variants following the 2004 Hunter variant. From April 2007 to April 2010, a total of 407 stool specimens were collected from sporadic cases (238 inpatients and 169 outpatients). Furthermore, 28 stool samples were collected from children involved in 3 gastroenteritis outbreaks. Stool specimens were screened for NoV genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) by RT-PCR. NoV strains were genotyped, and variants identified, based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the polymerase and capsid genes. NoVs were detected in 38 sporadic cases (9.3%) and 21 epidemic cases (75%). Great diversity was observed throughout the period, with seven distinct NoV genotypes characterized in sporadic cases, and three in outbreaks. GIIb/II.3 and GII.4 were predominant globally, with fluctuations of their prevalence over time. Interestingly, the Hunter variant, which was the unique GII.4 variant observed from 2003 to April 2007 in the region of Monastir, was replaced by the 2006b variant. NoV is an important enteropathogen responsible for viral gastroenteritis among infants and children in Tunisia, and the infecting strains between 2007 and 2010 were different from those in previous years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Hassine-Zaafrane
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Benhafid M, Elomari N, Elqazoui M, Meryem AI, Rguig A, Filali-Maltouf A, Elaouad R. Diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in children under 5 years of age admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Morocco, June 2006 to May 2009. J Med Virol 2012; 85:354-62. [PMID: 23074038 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus vaccine was introduced in Morocco during 2010. In anticipation of introducing rotavirus vaccines, the Ministry of Health in Morocco established a rotavirus surveillance network in June 2006 at four hospitals in Morocco to obtain baseline data on rotavirus disease burden and prevalent strains. From June 2006 to May 2009, stool samples were collected from children under 5 years of age admitted for diarrhea to four sentinel hospitals serving different regions of Morocco. Rotaviruses were detected in stools using enzyme immunoassay, then genotyped by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Samples with adequate stool in which the P or G types could not be determined by RT-PCR were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. Overall, 42% (579 of 1,388) of the stools samples tested were positive for rotavirus. Genotyping of 548 (95%) samples demonstrated that G1P[8] (55%) was the most prevalent strain, followed by G9P[8] (11.3%), G2P[4] (9.1%), G4P[8] (0.9%), and G3P[8] (0.4%). Several other strains were identified including G1P[4] (0.2%), G1P[6] (0.9%), G2P[6] (4.3%), G2P[8] (0.2%), G3P[6] (0.4%), G3P[4] (0.2%), and G9P[6] (0.2%). A high prevalence of mixed infections was found (15% of all samples) of which G1G2P[8] (4%) and G1G3P[8] (3.6%) accounted for the majority. Considerable diversity of rotavirus genotypes was present among strains circulating in Morocco prior to the introduction of the vaccine. This study highlighted the need for maintaining active surveillance to monitor changes in rotavirus disease burden and strain dynamics and to detect changes over time that could impact the effectiveness of the vaccination program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Benhafid
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Benhafid M, Rguig A, Trivedi T, Elqazoui M, Teleb N, Mouane N, Maltouf AF, Parashar U, Patel M, Aouad RE. Monitoring of rotavirus vaccination in Morocco: establishing the baseline burden of rotavirus disease. Vaccine 2012; 30:6515-20. [PMID: 22959990 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Clinical trials for two rotavirus vaccines recommended by the WHO for global use since 2009 have successfully demonstrated the safety and efficacy of these vaccines in a wide range of countries. To control the burden of severe and fatal diarrheal disease, the Ministry of Health of Morocco introduced the single strain rotavirus vaccine into their national immunization program in 2010. METHODS We employed a standard WHO case definition to identify children under 5 hospitalized with AGE at four hospitals from June 2006 to May 2010 to establish baseline burden of rotavirus disease before introduction of vaccine. Stool samples were collected and tested for rotavirus using a standard enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Overall, 40% (741 of 1841) of the children hospitalized with AGE tested positive for rotavirus, making it the single most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among children in Morocco. Applying this prevalence to the estimates of diarrheal hospitalizations and deaths in Morocco, we estimate that rotavirus annually causes 19,646 hospitalizations and 1604 deaths in children under 5 years of age. DISCUSSION On the basis of these surveillance data, we estimate that 1 in 389 Moroccan children died and 1 in 32 was hospitalized due to rotavirus before their fifth birthday. A considerable proportion of these deaths and hospitalizations should be preventable through vaccination, and the 4 years of stable prevaccine surveillance in Morocco will be a tremendously useful platform for assessing potential changes in the epidemiology of rotavirus disease and measuring impact of the new rotavirus vaccine program in Morocco.
Collapse
|