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Marras L, Bertolino G, Sanna A, Carraro V, Coroneo V. Legionella spp. Monitoring in the Water Supply Systems of Accommodation Facilities in Sardinia, Italy: A Two-Year Retrospective Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6722. [PMID: 37754582 PMCID: PMC10530320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Travel-associated Legionnaires' disease is a significant public health concern worldwide. A high number of cases are reported every year among travellers who stay at guest houses, hotels, and spas. Indeed, hot water systems, showers, and air-conditioning systems can be contaminated by Legionella, which grows at 25-42 °C. Studies have shown that in Sardinia, especially during the summer months, the water circulation in the hotels' pipes is exposed to extremely high temperatures. As a result, this study was conducted to assess the colonization of hotel water systems by Legionella in Sardinia, concerning a recent EU directive 2020/2184 for drinking water with a limit of 1000 CFU /L. Methods. A total of 112 accommodation facilities were analyzed, of which 61.3% were found to be colonized with Legionella, and out of a total of 807 samples, 32.5% were positive for Legionella presence. The results showed a higher number of positive samples in the summer season. This was also associated with the higher concentration presence of >1000 CFU/L in the samples. Consequently, this study confirms that local hotel operators should improve their water safety and prevention plans, especially in spring and summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Marras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bertolino
- Pharmaceutical Department, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Adriana Sanna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Carraro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Coroneo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Zacharias N, Waßer F, Freier L, Spies K, Koch C, Pleischl S, Mutters NT, Kistemann T. Legionella in drinking water: the detection method matters. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:884-894. [PMID: 37515560 PMCID: wh_2023_035 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Legionella concentrations in drinking water have been regulated for decades and are evaluated with regard to their concentrations in drinking water plumbing systems (DWPS). The respective action levels differ at the international level. In Germany, the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) specifies the application of ISO 11731 for the detection of legionella in drinking water and gives a binding recommendation for the methods to be used for culturing and evaluation. Effective from 01 March 2019, the UBA recommendation was revised. The utilized culture media in the culture approach were altered, consequently affecting the spectrum of legionella colonies detected in drinking water. Using data from a routine legionella monitoring of a large laboratory, over a period of 6 years and 17,270 individual drinking water samples, allowed us to assess the impact of the alteration on the assessment of DWPS. By comparing the amount of action level exceedances before and after the method change, it could be demonstrated that exceedances are reported significantly more often under the new method. Consequently, the corresponding action level for evaluation of legionella contamination and the resulting risk to human health needs to be revised to avoid the misleading impression of increased health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zacharias
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany E-mail:
| | - Felix Waßer
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Lia Freier
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Kirsten Spies
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleischl
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, Bonn 53115, Germany; Centre for Development Research, University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, Bonn 53113, Germany
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3
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Lombardi A, Borriello T, De Rosa E, Di Duca F, Sorrentino M, Torre I, Montuori P, Trama U, Pennino F. Environmental Monitoring of Legionella in Hospitals in the Campania Region: A 5-Year Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085526. [PMID: 37107807 PMCID: PMC10138562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legionella is a pathogen that colonizes soils, freshwater, and building water systems. People who are most affected are those with immunodeficiencies, so it is necessary to monitor its presence in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of Legionella in water samples collected from hospitals in the Campania region, Southern Italy. A total of 3365 water samples were collected from January 2018 to December 2022 twice a year in hospital wards from taps and showers, tank bottoms, and air-treatment units. Microbiological analysis was conducted in accordance with the UNI EN ISO 11731:2017, and the correlations between the presence of Legionella and water temperature and residual chlorine were investigated. In total, 708 samples (21.0%) tested positive. The most represented species was L. pneumophila 2-14 (70.9%). The serogroups isolated were 1 (27.7%), 6 (24.5%), 8 (23.3%), 3 (18.9%), 5 (3.1%), and 10 (1.1%). Non-pneumophila Legionella spp. represented 1.4% of the total. Regarding temperature, the majority of Legionella positive samples were found in the temperature range of 26.0-40.9 °C. An influence of residual chlorine on the presence of the bacterium was observed, confirming that chlorine disinfection is effective for controlling contamination. The positivity for serogroups other than serogroup 1 suggested the need to continue environmental monitoring of Legionella and to focus on the clinical diagnosis of other serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lombardi
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tonia Borriello
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Duca
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Sorrentino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Torre
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Trama
- General Directorate of Health, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale C3, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zhan XY, Yang JL, Sun H, Zhou X, Qian YC, Huang K, Leng Y, Huang B, He Y. Presence of Viable, Clinically Relevant Legionella Bacteria in Environmental Water and Soil Sources of China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0114021. [PMID: 35438512 PMCID: PMC9241679 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of pathogenic Legionella in the environmental soil and water of China has not been documented yet. In this study, Legionella was detected in 129 of 575 water (22.43%) and 41 of 442 soil samples (9.28%) by culture. Twelve Legionella species were identified, of which 11 were disease-associated. Of the Legionella-positive samples, 109 of 129 (84.50%) water and 29 of 41 (70.73%) soil were positive for L. pneumophila, which accounted for about 75% of Legionella isolates in both water and soil, suggesting L. pneumophila was the most frequent species. Soil showed a higher diversity of Legionella spp. as compared with water (0.6279 versus 0.4493). In contrast, serogroup (sg) 1 was more prevalent among L. pneumophila isolates from water than from soil (26.66% versus 12.21%). Moreover, many disease-associated sequence types (STs) of L. pneumophila were found in China. Intragenic recombination was acting on L. pneumophila from both water and soil. Phylogeny, population structure, and molecular evolution analyses revealed a probable existence of L. pneumophila isolates with a special genetic background that is more adaptable to soil or water sources and a small proportion of genetic difference between water and soil isolates. The detection of viable, clinically relevant Legionella demonstrates soil as another source for harboring and dissemination of pathogenic Legionella bacteria in China. Future research should assess the implication in public health with the presence of Legionella in the soil and illustrate the genetic and pathogenicity difference of Legionella between water and soil, particularly the most prevalent L. pneumophila. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Legionella spp. is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease (LD), and L. pneumophila is the most common one. Most studies have focused on L. pneumophila from water and clinical samples. However, the soil is another important reservoir for this bacterium, and the distribution of Legionella spp. in water and soil sources has not been compared and documented in China yet. Discovering the distribution of Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila in the two environments may help a deep understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular evolution of the bacterium. Our research systematically uncovered the distributions of Legionella spp. in different regions and sources (e.g., water and soil) of China. Moreover, phylogeny, population structure, and molecular evolution study revealed the possible existence of L. pneumophila with a special genetic background that is more adaptable to soil or water sources, and genetic difference may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhan
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Lei Yang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honghua Sun
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefu Zhou
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Chao Qian
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Huang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Leng
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bihui Huang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong He
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Filice S, Sciuto EL, Scalese S, Faro G, Libertino S, Corso D, Timpanaro RM, Laganà P, Coniglio MA. Innovative Antibiofilm Smart Surface against Legionella for Water Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050870. [PMID: 35630315 PMCID: PMC9144790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila contamination of water systems is a crucial issue for public health. The pathogen is able to persist in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to and clog filters and pipes in a water system, reducing its lifespan and, in the case of hospital buildings, increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. The implementation of water management is considered to be the main prevention measure and can be achieved from the optimization of water system architecture, notably introducing new materials and strategies to contrast Legionella biofilm proliferation and so prolong the water system functionality. In this research, we propose a new smart surface against L. pneumophila biofilm formation. This is based on an innovative type of coating consisting of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC, commercially named Nexar™) deposited on top of a polypropylene (PP) coupon in a sandwich filter model. The covering of PP with s-PBC results in a more hydrophilic, acid, and negatively charged surface that induces microbial physiological inhibition thereby preventing adhesion and/or proliferation attempts of L. pneumophila prior to the biofilm formation. The antibiofilm property has been investigated by a Zone of Inhibition test and an in vitro biofilm formation analysis. Filtration tests have been performed as representative of possible applications for s-PBC coating. Results are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Filice
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Emanuele Luigi Sciuto
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Scalese
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Faro
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Via S. Maria La Grande 5, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebania Libertino
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Domenico Corso
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Rosario Manuel Timpanaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Torre Biologica 3p, AOU ‘G. Martino’, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, S.N.C., 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Anna Coniglio
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Ottava Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.F.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (M.A.C.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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6
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A Tale of Four Danish Cities: Legionella pneumophila Diversity in Domestic Hot Water and Spatial Variations in Disease Incidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052530. [PMID: 35270223 PMCID: PMC8909801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Denmark has one of the highest Legionnaires' disease notification rates within Europe, averaging 4.7 cases per 100,000 population annually (2017 to 2020). The relatively high incidence of disease is not uniform across the country, and approximately 70% of all domestically acquired cases in Denmark are caused by Legionella pneumophila (LP) strains that are considered less virulent. The aim of this study was to investigate if colonization rates, levels of colonization, and/or types of LP present in hot water systems were associated with geographic differences in Legionnaires' disease incidence. Domestic water systems from four cities in Denmark were analyzed via culture and qPCR. Serogrouping and sequence typing was performed on randomly selected isolates. Single nucleotide polymorphism was used to identify clonal relationship among isolates from the four cities. The results revealed a high LP colonization rate from 68% to 87.5% among systems, composed primarily of non-serogroup 1. LP serogroup 1 reacting with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3/1 was not identified in any of the systems tested, while MAb 3/1 negative serogroup 1 strains were isolated from 10 systems (9.6%). We hypothesize that a combination of factors influences the incidence rate of LD in each city, including sequence type and serogroup distribution, colonization rate, concentration of Legionella in Pre-flush and Flush samples, and potentially building characteristics such as water temperature measured at the point of use.
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Talapko J, Frauenheim E, Juzbašić M, Tomas M, Matić S, Jukić M, Samardžić M, Škrlec I. Legionella pneumophila-Virulence Factors and the Possibility of Infection in Dental Practice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020255. [PMID: 35208710 PMCID: PMC8879694 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is defined as a bacterium that can cause severe pneumonia. It is found in the natural environment and in water, and is often found in water tanks. It can be an integral part of biofilms in nature, and the protozoa in which it can live provide it with food and protect it from harmful influences; therefore, it has the ability to move into a sustainable but uncultured state (VBNC). L. pneumophila has been shown to cause infections in dental practices. The most common transmission route is aerosol generated in dental office water systems, which can negatively affect patients and healthcare professionals. The most common way of becoming infected with L. pneumophila in a dental office is through water from dental instruments, and the dental unit. In addition to these bacteria, patients and the dental team may be exposed to other harmful bacteria and viruses. Therefore, it is vital that the dental team regularly maintains and decontaminates the dental unit, and sterilizes all accessories that come with it. In addition, regular water control in dental offices is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Erwin Frauenheim
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Matej Tomas
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Suzana Matić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Melita Jukić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- General Hospital Vukovar, Županijska 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Marija Samardžić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Knežević M, Rončević D, Vukić Lušić D, Mihelčić M, Kogoj R, Keše D, Glad M, Cenov A, Ožanič M, Glažar Ivče D, Šantić M. Decreasing Pasteurization Treatment Efficiency against Amoeba-Grown Legionella pneumophila—Recognized Public Health Risk Factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031099. [PMID: 35162120 PMCID: PMC8834526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legionellae are gram-negative bacteria most commonly found in freshwater ecosystems and purpose-built water systems. In humans, the bacterium causes Legionnaires’ disease (LD) or a Pontiac fever. In this study, the different waters (drinking water, pool water, cooling towers) in which Legionella pneumophila has been isolated were studied to assess the possible risk of bacterial spreading in the population. The influence of physical and chemical parameters, and interactions with Acanthamoeba castellanii on L. pneumophila, were analyzed by Heterotrophic Plate Count, the Colony-forming units (CFU) methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Sequence-Based Typing (SBT) analysis. During the study period (2013–2019), a total of 1932 water samples were analyzed, with the average annual rate of Legionella-positive water samples of 8.9%, showing an increasing trend. The largest proportion of Legionella-positive samples was found in cooling towers and rehabilitation centers (33.9% and 33.3%, respectively). Among the isolates, L. pneumophila SGs 2–14 was the most commonly identified strain (76%). The survival of Legionella was enhanced in the samples with higher pH values, while higher electrical conductivity, nitrate, and free residual chlorine concentration significantly reduced the survival of Legionella. Our results show that growth in amoeba does not affect the allelic profile, phenotype, and morphology of the bacterium but environmental L. pneumophila becomes more resistant to pasteurization treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Knežević
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Dobrica Rončević
- Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Studies, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Darija Vukić Lušić
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.G.); (A.C.)
- Center for Advanced Computing and Modeling, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-(0)51-358-755
| | - Mirna Mihelčić
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Rok Kogoj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Darja Keše
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Marin Glad
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Department of Environmental Health, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Mateja Ožanič
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Daniela Glažar Ivče
- Branch Office Rab, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Palit 143a, 51280 Rab, Croatia;
| | - Marina Šantić
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (M.Š.)
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9
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Wee BA, Alves J, Lindsay DSJ, Klatt AB, Sargison FA, Cameron RL, Pickering A, Gorzynski J, Corander J, Marttinen P, Opitz B, Smith AJ, Fitzgerald JR. Population analysis of Legionella pneumophila reveals a basis for resistance to complement-mediated killing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7165. [PMID: 34887398 PMCID: PMC8660822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the most common cause of the severe respiratory infection known as Legionnaires' disease. However, the microorganism is typically a symbiont of free-living amoeba, and our understanding of the bacterial factors that determine human pathogenicity is limited. Here we carried out a population genomic study of 902 L. pneumophila isolates from human clinical and environmental samples to examine their genetic diversity, global distribution and the basis for human pathogenicity. We find that the capacity for human disease is representative of the breadth of species diversity although some clones are more commonly associated with clinical infections. We identified a single gene (lag-1) to be most strongly associated with clinical isolates. lag-1, which encodes an O-acetyltransferase for lipopolysaccharide modification, has been distributed horizontally across all major phylogenetic clades of L. pneumophila by frequent recent recombination events. The gene confers resistance to complement-mediated killing in human serum by inhibiting deposition of classical pathway molecules on the bacterial surface. Furthermore, acquisition of lag-1 inhibits complement-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils, and promoted survival in a mouse model of pulmonary legionellosis. Thus, our results reveal L. pneumophila genetic traits linked to disease and provide a molecular basis for resistance to complement-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Wee
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Joana Alves
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Diane S. J. Lindsay
- Bacterial Respiratory Infections Service (Ex Mycobacteria), Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Ann-Brit Klatt
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiona A. Sargison
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Ross L. Cameron
- grid.413893.40000 0001 2232 4338NHS National Services Scotland, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Amy Pickering
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Jamie Gorzynski
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Jukka Corander
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pekka Marttinen
- grid.500231.50000 0004 0530 9461Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Bastian Opitz
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Smith
- Bacterial Respiratory Infections Service (Ex Mycobacteria), Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow, Scotland UK ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XCollege of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J. Ross Fitzgerald
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
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Budowa i znaczenie II systemu sekrecji białek w ekologii i patogenezie Legionella pneumophila. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pałeczki Legionella pneumophila pasożytują w komórkach odległych filogenetycznie gospodarzy, w środowisku wodnym w pierwotniakach, a w organizmie człowieka w makrofagach alweolarnych. Zdolność tych bakterii do wewnątrzkomórkowego namnażania się w komórkach fagocytujących, wyspecjalizowanych do niszczenia mikroorganizmów, ma podstawowe znaczenie dla rozwoju nietypowego zapalenia płuc zwanego chorobą legionistów. Umiejscowione na kilku różnych loci chromosomu bakteryjnego geny II systemu sekrecji L. pneumophila kodują co najmniej 25 białek, w tym enzymy o aktywności lipolitycznej, proteolitycznej, rybonukleazy oraz białka unikalne bakterii Legionella. W środowisku naturalnym T2SS L. pneumophila odgrywa decydującą rolę w ekologii tych drobnoustrojów determinując ich zdolność do przeżycia zarówno w postaci planktonicznej, jak i w strukturach biofilmu w słodkowodnych zbiornikach o niskiej temperaturze. Białka T2SS umożliwiają L. pneumophila zakażenie różnych gatunków pierwotniaków, a substraty tego systemu określają zakres pierwotniaczego gospodarza. Namnażanie się bakterii w różnorodnych pierwotniakach przyczynia się do ich rozsiewania oraz transmisji do antropogenicznych źródeł. Białka wydzielane za pomocą II systemu sekrecji determinują również zdolność L. pneumophila do zakażania mysich makrofagów alweolarnych i szpiku kostnego, ludzkich makrofagów linii U937 i THP-1 oraz komórek nabłonkowych pęcherzyków płucnych. Enzymy wydzielane za pomocą tego systemu, takie jak: proteazy, aminopeptydazy czy fosfolipazy umożliwiają pozyskanie substancji pokarmowych oraz powodują destrukcję tkanki płucnej myszy. W organizmie człowieka białka T2SS przyczyniają się do osłabienia wrodzonej odpowiedzi immunologicznej na zakażenie L. pneumophila przez hamowanie indukcji prozapalnych cytokin (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 oraz IL-8).
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11
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Cytotoxicity, Intracellular Replication, and Contact-Dependent Pore Formation of Genotyped Environmental Legionella pneumophila Isolates from Hospital Water Systems in the West Bank, Palestine. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040417. [PMID: 33915921 PMCID: PMC8066006 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease. Due to the hot climate and intermittent water supply, the West Bank, Palestine, can be considered a high-risk area for this often fatal atypical pneumonia. L. pneumophila occurs in biofilms of natural and man-made freshwater environments, where it infects and replicates intracellularly within protozoa. To correlate the genetic diversity of the bacteria in the environment with their virulence properties for protozoan and mammalian host cells, 60 genotyped isolates from hospital water systems in the West Bank were analyzed. The L. pneumophila isolates were previously genotyped by high resolution Multi Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA-8(12)) and sorted according to their relationship in clonal complexes (VACC). Strains of relevant genotypes and VACCs were compared according to their capacity to infect Acanthamoeba castellanii and THP-1 macrophages, and to mediate pore-forming cytotoxicity in sheep red blood cells (sRBCs). Based on a previous detailed analysis of the biogeographic distribution and abundance of the MLVA-8(12)-genotypes, the focus of the study was on the most abundant L. pneumophila- genotypes Gt4(17), Gt6 (18) and Gt10(93) and the four relevant clonal complexes [VACC1, VACC2, VACC5 and VACC11]. The highly abundant genotypes Gt4(17) and Gt6(18) are affiliated with VACC1 and sequence type (ST)1 (comprising L. pneumophila str. Paris), and displayed seroroup (Sg)1. Isolates of these two genotypes exhibited significantly higher virulence potentials compared to other genotypes and clonal complexes in the West Bank. Endemic for the West Bank was the clonal complex VACC11 (affiliated with ST461) represented by three relevant genotypes that all displayed Sg6. These genotypes unique for the West Bank showed a lower infectivity and cytotoxicity compared to all other clonal complexes and their affiliated genotypes. Interestingly, the L. pneumophila serotypes ST1 and ST461 were previously identified by in situ-sequence based typing (SBT) as main causative agents of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) in the West Bank at a comparable level. Overall, this study demonstrates the site-specific regional diversity of L. pneumophila genotypes in the West Bank and suggests that a combination of MLVA, cellular infection assays and hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis allows an improved genotype-based risk assessment.
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Mojtahedi SY, Rahbarimanesh A, Noorbakhsh S, Shokri H, Jamali-Moghadam-Siyahkali S, Izadi A. Urinary antigene and PCR can both be used to detect Legionella pneumophila in children's hospital-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8120. [PMID: 31354920 PMCID: PMC6615363 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of more than 95% cases of severe Legionella pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonias in different hospital wards is an important medical and pharmaceutical concern. This study aimed to detect Legionella with two methods: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detection of urine antigenic test (UAT) in patients suffering from nosocomial pneumonia admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of children hospitals. This study was conducted in PICU wards of Rasool Akram and Bahrami children hospitals, Tehran, Iran during 2013-2014. In patients diagnosed with hospital-acquired pneumonia, intratracheal secretion samples for PCR and urine sample for UAT were taken. Simultaneously, PCR and urinary antigen test were conducted using commercial kits. The results of urinary antigen test and PCR were analyzed by SPSS v.19 for statistical comparison. In this study, 96 patients aging 2.77 years on average with two age peaks of less than 1 year and 7-8 year were enrolled. More than half of the patients were under 1 year old. The most common underlying diseases were seizure, Acute Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, Down syndrome and metabolic syndromes. The positivity rate of Legionella urinary antigen test was 16.7% and positivity rate of PCR test was 19.8%. There were no significant associations between the results obtained by both assays with age, gender or underlying diseases. In conclusion, PCR is a better detection method for Legionella infection than urinary antigen test, but the difference between the two methods was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Yousef Mojtahedi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Bahrami Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Rahbarimanesh
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Bahrami Hospital, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samileh Noorbakhsh
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shokri
- Bahrami Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Izadi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious disease, Tehran University of Medical science, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Laganà P, Facciolà A, Palermo R, Delia S. Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis within an Italian University Hospital-Results of 15 Years of Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1103. [PMID: 30925660 PMCID: PMC6480113 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legionnaires' disease is normally acquired by inhalation of legionellae from a contaminated environmental source. Water systems of large and old buildings, such as hospitals, can be contaminated with legionellae and therefore represent a potential risk for the hospital population. In this study, we demonstrated the constant presence of Legionella in water samples from the water system of a large university hospital in Messina (Sicily, Italy) consisting of 11 separate pavilions during a period of 15 years (2004⁻2018). In total, 1346 hot water samples were collected between January 2004 and December 2018. During this period, to recover Legionella spp. from water samples, the standard procedures reported by the 2000 Italian Guidelines were adopted; from May 2015 to 2018 Italian Guidelines revised in 2015 (ISS, 2015) were used. Most water samples (72%) were positive to L. pneumophila serogroups 2⁻14, whereas L. pneumophila serogroup 1 accounted for 18% and non-Legionellapneumophila spp. Accounted for 15%. Most of the positive samples were found in the buildings where the following critical wards are situated: (Intensive Care Unit) ICU, Neurosurgery, Surgeries, Pneumology, and Neonatal Intensive Unit Care. This study highlights the importance of the continuous monitoring of hospital water samples to prevent the potential risk of nosocomial legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Laganà
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Branch of Messina, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 3p, AOU 'G. Martino, Via C. Valeria, s.n.c., 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Palermo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Santi Delia
- Regional Reference Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Legionellosis, Branch of Messina, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Torre Biologica 3p, AOU 'G. Martino, Via C. Valeria, s.n.c., 98125 Messina, Italy.
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14
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De Filippis P, Mozzetti C, Messina A, D'Alò GL. Prevalence of Legionella in retirement homes and group homes water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:715-724. [PMID: 29957436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although historically the focus has been placed above all on hospital infections and travel-associated outbreaks, most of the cases of Legionella infection are sporadic and occur in community-dwellers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence and load of Legionella in hot water systems of non-healthcare facilities that host closed communities. Furthermore, we tried to verify the association between Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPCs) and presence of Legionella. METHODS We collected hot water and biofilm samples from the showerheads of retirement homes and group homes. Samples were tested by culture method for the presence of Legionella. Confirmation and identification were carried out through Latex test and PCR. We determined the HPCs at 22 and 37 °C by the pour plate method. Statistics performed through STATA. RESULTS We collected 140 hot water and biofilm samples, 95 from 26 retirement homes and 35 from 9 group homes. Legionella was found in 36.8% samples collected from retirement homes and only in 10.3% group homes' samples (p = 0.01). Legionella was identified more frequently in water than in biofilm (29.8% vs 16.9%); just in one case the pathogen was found in the biofilm only. L. pneumophila sg 1 was the pathogen more frequently isolated (65.8%), with an average load of 2720 CFU/L (SD = 8393 CFU/L). We have often noticed a high microbial contamination (67% of HPCs >200 CFU/mL) and identified a higher prevalence of Legionella for intermediate values of HPC 22 °C (p = 0.011). 32% of people hosted in retirement homes were exposed to Legionella. CONCLUSIONS Colonization of water-systems of retirement homes and group homes is anything but occasional, and in our survey it mainly affects the former, moreover often due to L. pneumophila sg 1. The search for the pathogen in the biofilm has proved to be of little use. The relationship between HPC and Legionella deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia De Filippis
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Mozzetti
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Messina
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Loreto D'Alò
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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He J, Huang F, Chen H, Chen Q, Zhang J, Li J, Chen D, Chen J. Recombinant Mip-PilE-FlaA dominant epitopes vaccine candidate against Legionella pneumophila. Immunol Lett 2017; 186:33-40. [PMID: 28366526 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the main causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, which is a severe multi-system disease with pneumonia as the primary manifestation. We designed a recombinant Mip-PilE-FlaA dominant epitopes vaccine against Legionella pneumophila to prevent the disease and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective immunity. The protein structures of Mip, PilE and FlaA were analyzed using a computer, and the gene sequences of the dominant epitopes of the three proteins were selected to construct and optimize the vaccine. The optimized mip, pilE, flaA and recombinant mip-pilE-flaA gene sequences were cloned, expressed and purified. The purified proteins were used as dominant epitopes vaccines to immunize BALB/c mice and determine the protective immunity and immunogenicity of these purified proteins. The identification confirmed that the recombinant mip-pilE-flaA was successfully cloned and expressed. ELISA revealed that the Mip-PilE-FlaA group produced the highest IgG response, and this protein may considerably improve the production of some cytokines in BALB/c mice. Histopathology analyses of lungs from mice immunized with Mip-PilE-FlaA revealed a certain protective effect. Our work demonstrated that the recombinant dominant epitopes of Mip-PilE-FlaA exhibited strong immunogenicity and immune protection, and this protein may be an efficient epitopes vaccine candidate against Legionella pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei He
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Huang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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17
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He J, Zhang J, He Y, Huang F, Li J, Chen Q, Chen D, Chen J. Construction of recombinant Mip-FlaA dominant epitope vaccine against Legionella pneumophila and evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective immunity. Immunol Res 2015; 64:272-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Martín M, Salazar P, Jiménez C, Lecuona M, Ramos MJ, Ode J, Alcoba J, Roche R, Villalonga R, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM, González-Mora JL. Rapid Legionella pneumophila determination based on a disposable core-shell Fe₃O₄@poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles immunoplatform. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 887:51-58. [PMID: 26320785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric magnetoimmunoassay, based on the use of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles and screen-printed carbon electrodes, was developed for the selective determination of Legionella pneumophila SG1. A specific capture antibody (Ab) was linked to the poly(dopamine)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs@pDA-Ab) and incubated with bacteria. The captured bacteria were sandwiched using the antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Ab-HRP), and the resulting MNPs@pDA-Ab-Legionella neumophila-Ab-HRP were captured by a magnetic field on the electrode surface. The amperometric response measured at -0.15 V vs. Ag pseudo-reference electrode of the SPCE after the addition of H2O2 in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) was used as transduction signal. The achieved limit of detection, without pre-concentration or pre-enrichment steps, was 10(4) Colony Forming Units (CFUs) mL(-1). The method showed a good selectivity and the MNPs@pDA-Ab exhibited a good stability during 30 days. The possibility of detecting L. pneumophila at 10 CFU mL(-1) level in less than 3 h, after performing a membrane-based preconcentration step, was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martín
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Atlántica Biomédica S.L., Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Salazar
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Informática y Equipamiento Médico de Canarias S.A., Tenerife, Spain; Laboratory of Nanotechnology on Surfaces, Institute of Materials Science of Seville (CSIC-Univ. Sevilla), Calle Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Atlántica Biomédica S.L., Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Lecuona
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mª José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesús Ode
- Unit Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julia Alcoba
- Unit Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rossany Roche
- Informática y Equipamiento Médico de Canarias S.A., Tenerife, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis González-Mora
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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