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Al-Iede M, Ayyad DM, Etoom RA, Aldameiry RH, Toubasi AA. The prevalence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pediatric populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s00431-024-05672-7. [PMID: 38970703 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
There is scarcity in the data about MRSA prevalence and risk factors among the pediatric population. This research explores the global prevalence and risk factors of MRSA among the pediatric population. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched. Our primary goal was to assess the prevalence of MRSA colonization and its related risk factors in the general pediatric population. A total of 124 studies encompassing 44 million participants were included in this meta-analysis, and the overall pooled estimated global prevalence of MRSA colonization in pediatric was 5% [95% CI 4-5%]. Female sex (OR = 4.17; 95% CI, 3.31-5.27), recent surgery (OR = 3.79; 95% CI, 2.20-6.52), recent hospitalization (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.78-3.86), and antibiotic use (OR = 2.42; 95% CI, 1.58-3.72) were significantly associated with higher odds of MRSA colonization. CONCLUSION Future research should build on these findings by emphasizing ongoing efforts to combat MRSA in pediatric settings and implementing targeted interventions. WHAT IS KNOWN • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a threat to public health. It is noteworthy to mention that the prevalence of MRSA strains has not been adequately quantified in many countries, especially in the pediatric population. The pediatric population is a pivotal source of MRSA and may play a central role in its distribution in both community and healthcare settings. A notable study underscores the gravity of the situation, estimating a tenfold increase in the incidence of MRSA infection among children in the USA between 1999 and 2008. WHAT IS NEW • Here we present the first global systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA among the pediatric population. A total of 124 studies encompassing 44 million participants were included in this analysis. The overall pooled estimated global prevalence of MRSA colonization in the pediatric population was 5% [95% CI 4-5%]. The prevalence was the highest in Asia and lowest in Europe. Female sex, recent surgery, recent hospitalization, and antibiotic use were significantly associated with higher odds of MRSA colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaha Al-Iede
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Dania M Ayyad
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Rasha A Etoom
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Rawaby H Aldameiry
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A Toubasi
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Yang L, Dharmaratne P, Zhu C, Sapugahawatte DN, Rahman N, Barua N, Li C, Kwok KO, Luo M, Liyanapathirana V, Ip M. Global epidemiology of asymptomatic colonisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the upper respiratory tract of young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:267-274. [PMID: 38296611 PMCID: PMC10958260 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the global prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation, and determine the associated risk factors, antibiotic resistance and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the upper respiratory tract of young children. DESIGN Four bibliometric databases were searched for publications between 2010 and 2022 according to the protocol registered in PROSPERO. Cross-sectional or cohort studies describing the prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation of S. aureus and MRSA in young children were included. Data extraction and analysis were carried out by two reviewers independently according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. SETTING AND STUDIES We included studies where children without respiratory tract infection or Staphylococcal infection were recruited from the community, children's institutions (ie, nurseries, kindergartens, daycare centres and preschools) and healthcare centre visits and assessed for asymptomatic colonisation with S. aureus and MRSA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation of S. aureus and MRSA of young children globally. RESULTS In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 416 young children, the pooled global prevalence of asymptomatic S. aureus colonisation was 25.1% (95% CI 21.4 to 28.8) and MRSA colonisation was 3.4% (95% CI 2.8 to 4.1). The clones of MRSA strains included healthcare-associated MRSA, community-associated MRSA and livestock-associated MRSA. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of increased MRSA colonisation globally among young children, underlining the critical role of asymptomatic carriers in MRSA transmission and the need for control measures. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD 42022328385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Priyanga Dharmaratne
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chendi Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Nannur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Nilakshi Barua
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Li
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kin On Kwok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingjing Luo
- Center for Synthetic Microbiome, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, CAS, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Patel A. Metal nanoparticles produced by plants with antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 82:e268052. [PMID: 36888798 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.268052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacteria that causes a variety of potentially fatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has made treatment even more difficult. In recent years, nanoparticles have been used as an alternative therapeutic agent for S. aureus infections. Among various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the method utilizing plant extracts from different parts of a plant, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, etc. is gaining widespread usage. Phytochemicals present in plant extract are an inexpensive, eco-friendly, natural material that act as reducing and stabilization agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of plant-fabricated nanoparticles against S. aureus is currently in trend. The current review discusses recent findings in the therapeutic application of phytofabricated metal-based nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patel
- King Khalid University, College of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in Bedridden Patients and Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111526. [PMID: 36358181 PMCID: PMC9686811 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, multidrug-resistant microorganisms are already responsible for community-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious public health risk worldwide because of the rapid spread and diversification of pandemic clones that are characterized by increasing virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with nasal, oral and rectal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA in bedridden patients and residents of long-term care facilities for the elderly (LTCFs) in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Nasal, oral and rectal swab isolates obtained from 226 LTCF residents or home-bedridden patients between 2017 and 2018 were submitted to susceptibility testing, detection of the mecA gene, SCCmec characterization, and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with the presence of S. aureus and MRSA. The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was 33.6% (n = 76) and 8% (n = 18), respectively. At the nine LTCFs studied, the prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 16.6% to 85.7% and that of MRSA from 13.3% to 25%. Living in an LTCF, male gender, a history of surgeries, and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index score were risk factors associated with S. aureus carriage, while MRSA carriage was positively associated with male gender. This study showed a high prevalence of S. aureus among elderly residents of small (<15 residents) and medium-sized (15−49 residents) LTCFs and a higher prevalence of MRSA in the oropharynx.
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Forrester JD, Cao S, Schaps D, Liou R, Patil A, Stave C, Sokolow SH, Leo GD. Influence of Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants of Health on Human Infection and Colonization with Antibiotic-Resistant and Antibiotic-Associated Pathogens: A Scoping Review. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2022; 23:209-225. [DOI: 10.1089/sur.2021.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Forrester
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Siqi Cao
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Diego Schaps
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond Liou
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Christopher Stave
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Lane Medical Library, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Giulio De Leo
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Li QQ, Luo J, Liu XQ, Kang OH, Kwon DY. Eleutheroside K Isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms Inhibits the Expression of Virulence-Related Exoproteins in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3980-3988. [PMID: 34557944 PMCID: PMC8486718 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA) is a representative pathogen that produces numerous virulence factors involving manifold cytotoxins and exotoxins. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Eleutheroside K (ETSK), a single compound isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax (A.) henryi (Oliv.) Harms, on the exotoxins secreted by MRSA. The transcription and translation of the exotoxins (α-hemolysin and staphylococcal enterotoxins) related to virulence in S. aureus were determined via quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effect of ETSK on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a result, ETSK at sub-MIC concentrations could reduce the protein expression of α-hemolysin and enterotoxin, and the expression of genes that regulate virulence factors was also inhibited. In addition, the TNF-inducing activity of S. aureus was attenuated by ETSK in a dose-dependent manner. These results revealed that ETSK not only reduced the protein and gene expression levels of related exotoxins but also suppressed the ability of S. aureus to induce macrophages to release cytokines. This study indicated that the inhibition of MRSA infection by ETSK may be achieved by reducing the virulence of S. aureus and highlighted the potential of ETSK as an innovative strategy for the prevention and treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Li
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410-208, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410-208, People's Republic of China
| | - Ok-Hwa Kang
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Yeul Kwon
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Ruiz-Ripa L, Fernández-Fernández R, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports. Pathogens 2021; 10:1000. [PMID: 34451464 PMCID: PMC8400700 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this conceptual review, we thoroughly searched for appropriate English articles on nasal staphylococci carriage among healthy people with no reported risk of colonization (Group A), food handlers (Group B), veterinarians (Group C), and livestock farmers (Group D) published between 2000 and 2021. Random-effects analyses of proportions were performed to determine the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, MRSA, MRSA-CC398, and MSSA-CC398, as well as the prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus from all eligible studies. A total of 166 eligible papers were evaluated for Groups A/B/C/D (n = 58/31/26/51). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in healthy humans of Groups A to D were 15.9, 7.8, 34.9, and 27.1%, and 0.8, 0.9, 8.6, and 13.5%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA-CC398 nasal carriage among healthy humans was as follows: Group A/B (<0.05%), Group C (1.4%), Group D (5.4%); and the following among Group D: pig farmers (8.4%) and dairy farmers (4.7%). The pooled prevalence of CC398 lineage among the MSSA and MRSA isolates from studies of the four groups were Group A (2.9 and 6.9%), B (1.5 and 0.0%), C (47.6% in MRSA), and D (11.5 and 58.8%). Moreover, MSSA-CC398 isolates of Groups A and B were mostly of spa-t571 (animal-independent clade), while those of Groups C and D were spa-t011 and t034. The MRSA-CC398 was predominately of t011 and t034 in all the groups (with few other spa-types, livestock-associated clades). The pooled prevalence of MSSA and MRSA isolates carrying the PVL encoding genes were 11.5 and 9.6% (ranges: 0.0-76.9 and 0.0-28.6%), respectively. Moreover, one PVL-positive MSSA-t011-CC398 isolate was detected in Group A. Contact with livestock and veterinary practice seems to increase the risk of carrying MRSA-CC398, but not in food handlers. Thus, this emphasizes the need for integrated molecular epidemiology of zoonotic staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (L.R.-R.); (R.F.-F.); (M.Z.)
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8
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Cavalcante FS, Saintive S, Carvalho Ferreira D, Rocha Silva AB, Guimarães LC, Braga BS, Dios Abad ED, Ribeiro M, Netto Dos Santos KR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from infected skin lesions present several virulence genes and are associated with the CC30 in Brazilian children with atopic dermatitis. Virulence 2021; 12:260-269. [PMID: 33356835 PMCID: PMC7808431 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus may affect up to 100% of these patients. Virulent and resistant isolates can worsen AD patient clinical condition and jeopardize the treatment. We aimed to detect virulence genes and to evaluate the biofilm production of S. aureus isolates from infected skin lesions of children with AD. Methicillin resistance was detected by phenotypic and molecular tests and the virulence genes were detected by PCR. Biofilm formation was assessed by bacterial growing on microtiter plates and later stained with safranin. Genotyping was performed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Among 106 AD patients, 55 (51.8%) had developed S. aureus cutaneous infections and 23 (41.6%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). All 55 isolates carried the fnbA, hla, icaA, sasG, and seu genes, and more than 70% presented cna, eap, ebpS, hlg, and pvl genes. Clonal complex (CC) 30 was the main lineage found (34.5%), especially among MRSA isolates (52.2%). The egc cluster and the bbp gene were significantly the most frequent in MRSA isolates and in USA1100/ST30/CC30 lineage. Most of the isolates (74.5%) were non-biofilm producers and many of them only started to produce it in the presence of fibrinogen. There was no significant association between S. aureus isolates features and the AD severity. This study demonstrated a high frequency of CC30 MRSA isolates presenting several virulence genes in infected skin lesions of AD children in Brazil, that may influence the severity of the disease and the treatments required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Saintive
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Veiga de Almeida , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Barbosa Rocha Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane de Dios Abad
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Virulence Factors Found in Nasal Colonization and Infection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates and Their Ability to Form a Biofilm. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 13:toxins13010014. [PMID: 33375552 PMCID: PMC7823648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospitalizations related to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are frequent, increasing mortality and health costs. In this way, this study aimed to compare the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of MRSA isolates that colonize and infect patients seen at two hospitals in the city of Niterói—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 147 samples collected between March 2013 and December 2015 were phenotyped and genotyped to identify the protein A (SPA) gene, the mec staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec), mecA, Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), icaC, icaR, ACME, and hla virulence genes. The strength of biofilm formation has also been exploited. The prevalence of SCCmec type IV (77.1%) was observed in the colonization group; however, in the invasive infection group, SCCmec type II was prevalent (62.9%). The Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), ST5/ST30, and ST5/ST239 analyses were the most frequent clones in colonization, and invasive infection isolates, respectively. Among the isolates selected to assess the ability to form a biofilm, 51.06% were classified as strong biofilm builders. Surprisingly, we observed that isolates other than the Brazilian Epidemic Clone (BEC) have appeared in Brazilian hospitals. The virulence profile has changed among these isolates since the ACME type I and II genes were also identified in this collection.
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The History of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2020:1721936. [PMID: 33082892 PMCID: PMC7563066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1721936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of MRSA in the 1960s, a gradual increase in infections by resistant bacteria has been observed. Clinical manifestations may vary from brand to critical condition due to host risk factors, as well as pathogen virulence and resistance. The high adaptability and pathogenic profile of MRSA clones contributed to its spread in hospital and community settings. In Brazil, the first MRSA isolates were reported in the late 1980s, and since then different genetic profiles, such as the Brazilian epidemic clone (BEC) and other clones considered a pandemic, became endemic in the Brazilian population. Additionally, Brazil's MRSA clones were shown to be able to transfer genes involved in multidrug resistance and enhanced pathogenic properties. These events contributed to the rise of highly resistant and pathogenic MRSA. In this review, we present the main events which compose the history of MRSA in Brazil, including numbers and locations of isolation, as well as types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) found in the Brazilian territory.
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Neto EDA, Guerrero J, Snyder RE, Pereira RFA, de Fátima Nogueira de Freitas M, Silva-Santana G, Riley LW, Aguiar-Alves F. Genotypic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing children and adolescents in daycare centers, an outpatient clinic, and hospitals in a major Brazilian urban setting. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115058. [PMID: 32380359 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization is a major risk factor for infection. Studies have suggested an epidemiologic shift in the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains that circulate in Brazil. We conducted cross-sectional studies of MRSA carriage among 1) children and adolescents in community daycare centers, 2) an outpatient clinic, and 3) hospitals in a large Brazilian metropolitan setting. There were 1.500 study subjects, 500 from each locale: 768 (51.2%) carried S. aureus whereas 150 (10%) of these were colonized with MRSA. The most common lineages were the Southwest Pacific (SWP) and the Pediatric clones in all three groups. Roughly 50% of SWP carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (p < 0.01) genes while 63.3% of the Pediatric clones were resistant or intermediately resistant to erythromycin (p < 0.01). This study describes a clonal change of the Brazilian epidemic clone (BEC) to the Pediatric and SWP lineages in Brazil. This finding has implications for clinical management of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Domingos André Neto
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia (LEMB), Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino (LURA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Mário Viana, 523 - Santa Rosa - Niteroi, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaclyn Guerrero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California. 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert E Snyder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California. 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Renata Freire Alves Pereira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia (LEMB), Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino (LURA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Mário Viana, 523 - Santa Rosa - Niteroi, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia aplicados, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303 - Centro, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Nogueira de Freitas
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia (LEMB), Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino (LURA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Mário Viana, 523 - Santa Rosa - Niteroi, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giorgio Silva-Santana
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia (LEMB), Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino (LURA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Mário Viana, 523 - Santa Rosa - Niteroi, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia aplicados, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303 - Centro, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California. 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Fábio Aguiar-Alves
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Biotecnologia (LEMB), Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino (LURA), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Mário Viana, 523 - Santa Rosa - Niteroi, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia aplicados, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Marquês do Paraná, 303 - Centro, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..
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Mork RL, Hogan PG, Muenks CE, Boyle MG, Thompson RM, Sullivan ML, Morelli JJ, Seigel J, Orscheln RC, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Gehlert SJ, Burnham CAD, Rzhetsky A, Fritz SA. Longitudinal, strain-specific Staphylococcus aureus introduction and transmission events in households of children with community-associated meticillin-resistant S aureus skin and soft tissue infection: a prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 20:188-198. [PMID: 31784369 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Devising effective, targeted approaches to prevent recurrent meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infection requires an understanding of factors driving MRSA acquisition. We comprehensively defined household longitudinal, strain-level S aureus transmission dynamics in households of children with community-associated MRSA skin and soft tissue infection. METHODS From 2012-15, otherwise healthy paediatric patients with culture-confirmed, community-onset MRSA infections were recruited for the Household Observation of MRSA in the Environment (HOME) prospective cohort study from hospitals and community practices in metropolitan St Louis (MO, USA). Children with health-care-related risk factors were excluded, as determined by evidence of recent hospital admission, an invasive medical device, or residence in a long-term care facility. Household contacts (individuals sleeping in the home ≥four nights per week) and indoor dogs and cats were also enrolled. A baseline visit took place at the index patient's primary home, followed by four quarterly visits over 12 months. At each visit, interviews were done and serial cultures were collected, to detect S aureus from three anatomic sites of household members, two anatomic sites on dogs and cats, and 21 environmental surfaces. Molecular typing was done by repetitive-sequence PCR to define distinct S aureus strains within each household. Longitudinal, multivariable generalised mixed-effects logistic regression models identified factors associated with S aureus acquisition. FINDINGS Across household members, pets, and environmental surfaces, 1267 strain acquisition events were observed. Acquisitions were driven equally by 510 introductions of novel strains into households and 602 transmissions within households, each associated with distinct factors. Frequent handwashing decreased the likelihood of novel strain introduction into the household (odds ratio [OR] 0·86, credible interval [CrI] 0·74-1·01). Transmission recipients were less likely to own their homes (OR 0·77, CrI 0·63-0·94) and were more likely to share bedrooms with strain-colonised individuals (OR 1·33, CrI 1·12-1·58), live in homes with higher environmental S aureus contamination burden (OR 3·97, CrI 1·96-8·20), and report interval skin and soft tissue infection (OR 1·32, CrI 1·07-1·64). Transmission sources were more likely to share bath towels (OR 1·25, CrI 1·01-1·57). Pets were often transmission recipients, but rarely the sole transmission source. INTERPRETATION The household environment plays a key role in transmission, a factor associated with skin and soft tissue infection. Future interventions should inclusively target household members and the environment, focusing on straightforward changes in hand hygiene and household sharing behaviours. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Children's Discovery Institute, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Mork
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carol E Muenks
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary G Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryley M Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melanie L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John J Morelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Seigel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel C Orscheln
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Sarah J Gehlert
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie A Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Neves FPG, Marlow MA, Rezende-Pereira G, Pinheiro MG, Dos Santos AFM, de Fátima Nogueira de Freitas M, Barros RR, Aguiar-Alves F, Cardoso CAA, Riley LW. Differences in gram-positive bacterial colonization and antimicrobial resistance among children in a high income inequality setting. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:478. [PMID: 31142269 PMCID: PMC6540362 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) diseases disproportionately affect populations in middle/low-income countries. To assess if this disparity is reflected in colonization by these organisms, we compared their colonization frequency among children from different socioeconomic status (SES) communities in a city with high income inequality. Methods Between May–August 2014, we collected nasal and throat swabs to investigate S. aureus and BHS colonization among children who attended private and public pediatric clinics. Patients were classified as high SES, middle/low SES, and slum residents. We investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile, the SCCmec types and the presence of PVL genes among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We also examined the antimicrobial resistance profile and serogroups of BHS. Results Of 598 children, 221 (37%) were colonized with S. aureus, of which 49 (22%) were MRSA. MRSA colonization was higher in middle/low SES (n = 18; 14%) compared with high SES (n = 17; 6%) and slum (n = 14; 8%) residents (p = 0.01). All MRSA strains were susceptible to clindamycin, nitrofurantoin, and rifampin. The highest non-susceptibility frequency (42.9%) was observed to erythromycin. SCCmec type V was only found in isolates from high SES children; types I and II were found only in middle/low SES children. Ten (20%) MRSA isolates carried PVL genes. Twenty-four (4%) children were BHS carriers. All BHS (n = 8) found in high SES children and six (67%) isolates from slum patients belonged to group A. All group B streptococci were from middle/low SES children, corresponding to five (71%) of the seven BHS isolated in this group. BHS isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested. Conclusions Children from different SES communities had distinct bacterial colonization profiles, including MRSA carriage. Public health officials/researchers should consider SES when assessing disease transmission and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcos Gabriel Pinheiro
- Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fábio Aguiar-Alves
- Laboratório Universitário Rodolpho Albino, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Strommenger B, Layer F, Werner G. Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Workers in the Food Industry. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150186 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809671-0.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the common flora on the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and approximately 20–30% of humans are persistently colonized, mainly by mostly susceptible human-adapted isolates. In contrast, colonization with methicillin-resistant S. aureus is rare (approximately 1%), predominantly transient and associated with prior contact to the health care system. Additionally, in recent years livestock-associated S. aureus clones contributed to colonization in humans, especially in those working in close contact to farm animals. A considerable percentage of colonizing S. aureus isolates is equipped with enterotoxin genes. Humans carrying enterotoxigenic isolates represent a contamination source when handling food, thus generating a continuous risk of S. aureus food intoxication. Molecular characterization of isolates colonizing humans and obtained from food, respectively, enables the tracing of food-related outbreaks back to the source of food intoxication. We will summarize current knowledge about the S. aureus population colonizing humans, including those in close contact to animals and food, respectively. Additionally, we will review data on the molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates related to staphylococcal foodborne disease and the elucidation of staphylococcal foodborne outbreaks. Staphylococcal food poisoning is a common foodborne disease, mediated by the ingestion of enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus. For several outbreaks of foodborne S. aureus disease, colonized personnel could be identified as the source of food contamination. However, because of the widespread occurrence of enterotoxigenic strains as human colonizers and the often transient nature of colonization, the source of contamination cannot always be identified unambiguously. Therefore, compliance with hygiene measures is the most important requirement to prevent food contamination by both human colonization and environmental S. aureus reservoirs.
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Estimation of the incidence of MRSA patients: evaluation of a surveillance system using health insurance claim data. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 144:2260-7. [PMID: 27350233 PMCID: PMC4926269 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Because sentinel surveillance systems cannot obtain information about patients who visit non-sentinel medical facilities, the characteristics of patients identified by these systems may be biased. In this study, we evaluated the representativeness of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surveillance system using health insurance claim (HIC) data, which does not depend on physician notification. We calculated the age-specific incidence of MRSA patients using data from the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS) programme, which is based on sentinel surveillance systems, and inpatient HICs submitted to employee health insurance organizations in 2011, and then computed age-specific incidence ratios between the HIC and JANIS data. Age-specific MRSA incidence in both datasets followed J-shaped curves with similar shapes. For all age groups, the ratios between HIC and JANIS data were around 10. These findings indicate that JANIS notification of MRSA cases was not affected by patients’ age.
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16
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Rocha LC, Carvalho MOS, Nascimento VML, Dos Santos MS, Barros TF, Adorno EV, Reis JN, da Guarda CC, Santiago RP, Gonçalves MDS. Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Prognostic Markers in Children with Sickle Cell Disease from the Northeast of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:217. [PMID: 28261176 PMCID: PMC5309237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the nasopharynx and oropharynx microbiota in sickle cell disease (SCD) to identify the microorganisms, antibiotic sensitivity, prevalent serotypes, and association of with laboratorial markers. Oropharynx/nasopharynx secretions were investigated in 143 SCD children aging 6 months to 17 years. Pathogens were isolated using standard procedures, and laboratorial markers were performed by automated methods. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was isolated from nasopharynx and oropharynx of 64 and of 17 SCD children respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) was isolated from the nasopharynx and oropharynx of eight SCD patients. Serotypes of S. pneumoniae were 19F, 23F, and 14. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, and patients whose nasopharynx and oropharynx were colonized by S. pneumoniae had high concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and ferritin. S. pneumoniae isolated were not penicillin-resistant serotypes suggesting that the use of penicillin for prophylaxis and/or treatment of infections is safe. Our finding of colonization and laboratory evaluation in SCD patients suggests that microorganisms are involved in the modulation of chronic inflammatory. The association of colonized microorganisms and laboratorial markers suggest a new approach to these patients follow-up, and additional studies of microorganism colonization and their association with SCD patients' clinical outcome will improve control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Rocha
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia Bahia, Brazil
| | - Magda O S Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FiocruzBahia, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da BahiaBahia, Brazil; Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos - Universidade Federal da Bahia (HUPES-UFBA)Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Milena S Dos Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tânia F Barros
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Joice N Reis
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marilda de Souza Gonçalves
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz-FiocruzBahia, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da BahiaBahia, Brazil
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Living Conditions as a Driving Factor in Persistent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Among HIV-infected Youth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:1126-31. [PMID: 27254032 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has been linked to HIV-related sexual and social behaviors. MRSA risk factors may be different for HIV-infected children, adolescents and young adults. We investigated the association of MRSA colonization, persistent colonization and genotypes with potential risk factors among HIV-infected youth. METHODS For this case-control study, patients 24 years of age or younger attending 2 HIV reference centers were recruited from February to August 2012 and followed for 1 year. Nasal swabs were collected at enrollment and every 3 months. MRSA clones were characterized by staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec typing, spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. We compared MRSA colonization and persistent colonization with patient demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Among 117 participants, MRSA colonization frequency (calculated for each collection based on the number of positive cultures per patient) was 12.8% at the first collection. The average MRSA colonization frequency was 10.4%. Our results showed 11.1% were persistent carriers (subjects with more than 1 positive culture in at least 3). Crowding was the only factor associated with MRSA colonization (P = 0.018). Persistent carriers had significantly higher (4.2 times) odds of living in a crowded household (95% confidence interval-1.1-16.2). We observed high genetic diversity among MRSA isolates, with t002/ST5 and t318/ST30 being the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS MRSA colonization among HIV-infected youth is more closely related to living in a low-income or slum community than to HIV-related clinical factors. High genetic MRSA isolate diversity in our population suggests frequent transmission.
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Mobasherizadeh S, Shojaei H, Havaei SA, Mostafavizadeh K, Davoodabadi F, Khorvash F, Kushki AM, Daei-Naser A, Ghanbari F. Nasal carriage screening of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children of a developing country. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:144. [PMID: 27656613 PMCID: PMC5025912 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rapid emergence and spread of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has raised considerable public health concern in both developed and developing countries. The current study aimed to address the extent of this phenomenon in healthy preschool children of a developing country. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective study from April 2013 to March 2014 on 410 healthy 2-6 years old preschool children in Isfahan, Iran. Demographic medical data and nasal samples were collected from the participating children. Isolates were identified as S. aureus and MRSA based on microbiological and molecular tests, including the presence of eap and mecA genes. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA nasal carriage was 28% (115/410) and 6.1% (25/410), respectively. The identity of isolates was confirmed by molecular assay. The factors that were independently associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus were: Children crowding in day-care nurseries and income level of families. A total of 20/90 (22.2%) of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and all 25 CA-MRSA displayed multiple drug resistance to 3–8 antibiotics. Conclusions: The current report reflects issues and concerns that the high rate of colonization by CA-MRSA in Iranian healthy children provides obliging evidence that MRSA have established a foothold in the community and are emerging as important health threatening pathogens. It is suggested that we need more effective infection control measures to prevent transmission of nasal CA-MRSA in healthy preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mobasherizadeh
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hasan Shojaei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamyar Mostafavizadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fazlollah Davoodabadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzin Khorvash
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mehrabi Kushki
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Daei-Naser
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghanbari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kuroda T, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Shinzaki Y, Tamura N, Hobo S, Kuwano A. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and infection in Thoroughbred racehorses and veterinarians in Japan. Vet Rec 2016; 178:473. [PMID: 27114407 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been confirmed in hospitalised Thoroughbred racehorses at the hospitals of two training centres in Japan since 2009. To investigate the source of infection, the authors examined the rate of nasal MRSA colonisation in 600 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses, 53 veterinarians and 16 office staff at the racehorse hospitals of the two training centres. MRSA was not isolated from healthy Thoroughbred racehorses or hospital office staff. However, MRSA was isolated from 16 veterinarians (30.1 per cent), and the colonisation rate was significantly higher in veterinarians than in the office staff of the same hospitals. Also, 10 of the 16 MRSA strains (62.5 per cent) isolated from veterinarians were classified as type II by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and ST5 by multilocus sequence typing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that these 10 MRSA strains of SCCmec type II and ST5 were genetically identical or very similar to 9 MRSA strains isolated from infected horses hospitalised at these hospitals between 2009 and 2013. These results indicate that SCCmec type II and ST5 MRSA strains were probably transmitted between veterinarians and infected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuroda
- Clinical Science & Pathobiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tokami-Cho 321-4, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - Y Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400-4, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - H Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shiba 1400-4, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Y Shinzaki
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Misono 1028, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - N Tamura
- Clinical Science & Pathobiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tokami-Cho 321-4, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - S Hobo
- Department of Domestic Animal Internal Medicine, Clinical Veterinary Science, Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - A Kuwano
- Clinical Science & Pathobiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tokami-Cho 321-4, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
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Moritz ED, Hanson BM, Kates AE, Smith TC. Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from employees, children, and environmental surfaces in Iowa child daycare facilities. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:482-8. [PMID: 25752957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious agents have the potential to thrive in child daycare facilities. Asymptomatic Staphylococcus aureus carriage is a risk factor for developing infection and contributes to transmission. METHODS We collected swabs from 110 employees, 111 unexposed adults, 81 children, and 214 environmental surfaces at 11 Iowa daycare facilities. S aureus isolates were characterized using antibiotic resistance profiles and Staphylococcal protein A typing. Staphylococcal protein A types were grouped into cluster complexes using the Based Upon Repeat Pattern algorithm. RESULTS All isolates (from 38 employees, 37 unexposed adults, 16 children, and 19 surfaces) were characterized. Daycare employees were more likely to carry erythromycin-resistant S aureus than unexposed adults (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-12.7; P = .033). Isolates were genetically heterogeneous, although isolates from employees appeared more clonal than those from unexposed adults. Strains associated with ST8 were identified in 5 daycare facilities and 3 unexposed adults. CONCLUSIONS S aureus isolates collected from employees, children, and surfaces of daycare facilities are genetically heterogeneous, but contain strains associated with community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus. This suggests that daycare facilities can serve as reservoirs for community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus and facilitate genetic exchange. Employees may be at increased risk of carrying antibiotic-resistant strains, indicating more research is necessary into this occupational group.
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21
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Chui L, Li V. Technical and Software Advances in Bacterial Pathogen Typing. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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