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Reddy SB, Nagy N, Rönnberg C, Chiodi F, Lugaajju A, Heuts F, Szekely L, Wahlgren M, Persson KEM. Direct contact between Plasmodium falciparum and human B-cells in a novel co-culture increases parasite growth and affects B-cell growth. Malar J 2021; 20:303. [PMID: 34225761 PMCID: PMC8256226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum parasites cause malaria and co-exist in humans together with B-cells for long periods of time. Immunity is only achieved after repeated exposure. There has been a lack of methods to mimic the in vivo co-occurrence, where cells and parasites can be grown together for many days, and it has been difficult with long time in vitro studies. Methods and results A new method for growing P. falciparum in 5% CO2 with a specially formulated culture medium is described. This knowledge was used to establish the co-culture of live P. falciparum together with human B-cells in vitro for 10 days. The presence of B-cells clearly enhanced parasite growth, but less so when Transwell inserts were used (not allowing passage of cells or merozoites), showing that direct contact is advantageous. B-cells also proliferated more in presence of parasites. Symbiotic parasitic growth was verified using CESS cell-line and it showed similar results, indicating that B-cells are indeed the cells responsible for the effect. In malaria endemic areas, people often have increased levels of atypical memory B-cells in the blood, and in this assay it was demonstrated that when parasites were present there was an increase in the proportion of CD19 + CD20 + CD27 − FCRL4 + B-cells, and a contraction of classical memory B-cells. This effect was most clearly seen when direct contact between B-cells and parasites was allowed. Conclusions These results demonstrate that P. falciparum and B-cells undoubtedly can affect each other when allowed to multiply together, which is valuable information for future vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Rönnberg
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allan Lugaajju
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Heuts
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina E M Persson
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Szulkin A, Szatmári T, Hjerpe A, Dobra K. Chemosensitivity and resistance testing in malignant effusions with focus on primary malignant mesothelioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Pleura Peritoneum 2016; 1:119-133. [PMID: 30911616 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell based chemosensitivity and resistance testing is an attractive approach that offers functional measurement of drug response ex vivo with the ultimate goal to guide the choice of chemotherapy for various cancers. Thus, it has a great potential to select patients for the optimal treatment option, thereby offering a tool for personalized cancer therapy. Despite several decades of intensive scientific efforts ex-vivo tests are still not incorporated in the standard of care. Limited access to fresh tumor tissue, unsatisfactory models and single readout as endpoint constitute major hindrance. Thus, establishing and validating clinically useful and reliable model systems still remains a major challenge. Here we present malignant effusions as valuable sources for ex-vivo chemosensitivity and resistance testing. Accumulation of a malignant effusion in the pleura, peritoneum or pericardium is often the first diagnostic material for both primary malignant mesothelioma and a broad spectrum of metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from lung-, breast-, ovary- and gastro-intestinal organs as well as lymphoma. In contrast to biopsies, in these effusions malignant cells are easily accessible and often abundant. Effusion derived cells can occur dissociated or forming three-dimensional papillary structures that authentically recapitulate the biology of the corresponding tumor tissue and offer models for ex vivo testing. In addition, effusions have the advantage of being available prior to or concurrent with the pathological review, thus constituting an excellent source of viable cells for simultaneous molecular profiling, biomarker analysis and for establishing primary cells for studying tumor biology and resistance mechanisms. For a reliable test, however, a careful validation is needed, taking into account the inherited heterogeneity of malignant tumors, but also the complex interplay between malignant and benign cells, which are always present in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szulkin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hjerpe
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Szulkin A, Otvös R, Hillerdal CO, Celep A, Yousef-Fadhel E, Skribek H, Hjerpe A, Székely L, Dobra K. Characterization and drug sensitivity profiling of primary malignant mesothelioma cells from pleural effusions. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:709. [PMID: 25253633 PMCID: PMC4190467 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with malignant mesothelioma have a poor prognosis and only 40% respond to first line treatment; a combination of pemetrexed and cisplatin or carboplatin. We used primary malignant mesothelioma cells and an ex vivo chemosensitivity assay with future purpose to predict best choice of treatment. The clinical outcome of these patients might be predicted by measuring drug sensitivity. Methods Pleural effusions containing primary malignant mesothelioma cells were received from the diagnostic routine. We characterized and tested the chemosensitivity of 18 malignant samples and four benign samples from 16 different patients with pleural effusions. Cells were seeded in a 384-well plate for a robotized ex vivo testing of drug sensitivity to 32 different drugs. The primary cells were further characterized by immunocytochemistry to evaluate the proportion of malignant cells and to study the RRM1 and ERCC1 reactivity, two proteins associated with drug resistance. Results We observed great individual variability in the drug sensitivity. Primary cell isolates were affected by between one and ten drugs, and resistant to the remaining tested drugs. Actinomycin D and daunorubicin were the two drugs effective in most cases. Adjusting efficiency of individual drugs for varying proportion of tumor cells and to the average effect on benign cells correlated with effect of pemetrexed, cisplatin and survival time. General drug sensitivity, proportion of malignant cells and reactivity to RRM1 correlated to each other and to survival time of the patients. Conclusions The proportion of malignant cells and RRM1 reactivity in the pleural effusions correlate to drug sensitivity and survival time. The variability in response to the commonly used chemotherapies emphasizes the need for tests that indicate best individual choice of cytotoxic drugs. The efficiency of the obtained results should preferably be corrected for admixture of benign cells and effects of given drugs on benign cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-709) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katalin Dobra
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital F-46, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Piccinini F, Bevilacqua A, Lucarelli E. Automated image mosaics by non-automated light microscopes: the MicroMos software tool. J Microsc 2013; 252:226-50. [PMID: 24111790 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Light widefield microscopes and digital imaging are the basis for most of the analyses performed in every biological laboratory. In particular, the microscope's user is typically interested in acquiring high-detailed images for analysing observed cells and tissues, meanwhile being representative of a wide area to have reliable statistics. The microscopist has to choose between higher magnification factor and extension of the observed area, due to the finite size of the camera's field of view. To overcome the need of arrangement, mosaicing techniques have been developed in the past decades for increasing the camera's field of view by stitching together more images. Nevertheless, these approaches typically work in batch mode and rely on motorized microscopes. Or alternatively, the methods are conceived just to provide visually pleasant mosaics not suitable for quantitative analyses. This work presents a tool for building mosaics of images acquired with nonautomated light microscopes. The method proposed is based on visual information only and the mosaics are built by incrementally stitching couples of images, making the approach available also for online applications. Seams in the stitching regions as well as tonal inhomogeneities are corrected by compensating the vignetting effect. In the experiments performed, we tested different registration approaches, confirming that the translation model is not always the best, despite the fact that the motion of the sample holder of the microscope is apparently translational and typically considered as such. The method's implementation is freely distributed as an open source tool called MicroMos. Its usability makes building mosaics of microscope images at subpixel accuracy easier. Furthermore, optional parameters for building mosaics according to different strategies make MicroMos an easy and reliable tool to compare different registration approaches, warping models and tonal corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Piccinini
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Italy
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Lepetit-Coiffé M, Yudina A, Poujol C, de Oliveira PL, Couillaud F, Moonen CTW. Quantitative Evaluation of Ultrasound-Mediated Cellular Uptake of a Fluorescent Model Drug. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:523-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Flaberg E, Guven H, Savchenko A, Pavlova T, Kashuba V, Szekely L, Klein G. The architecture of fibroblast monolayers of different origin differentially influences tumor cell growth. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2274-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Otvös R, Skribek H, Kis LL, Gloghini A, Markasz L, Flaberg E, Eksborg S, Konya J, Gergely L, Carbone A, Szekely L. Drug sensitivity patterns of HHV8 carrying body cavity lymphoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:441. [PMID: 21992895 PMCID: PMC3224241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare KSHV/HHV8-associated high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of B-cell origin, characterized by serous effusions in body cavities. Most patients are HIV-infected men with severe immunosuppression and other HHV8-associated diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The prognosis for those infected is poor, with a median survival of less than 6 months in most cohorts. Sustained complete remission is rare. High-dose chemotherapy regimens are used to improve remission rate and survival. The aim of the present study was to compare the drug sensitivity pattern of the available primary effusion (body cavity based) lymphoma-derived cell lines in order to find additional, potentially effective drugs that are not included in current chemotherapy treatment protocols. Methods We have analyzed 11 cell lines against 27 frequently used cytostatic drugs in short term (3 days) survival assays using automated high throughput confocal microscopy. Results All cell lines showed a distinct, individual drug sensitivity pattern. Considering the in vitro used and clinically achieved drug concentration, Vinorelbine, Paclitaxel, Epirubicin and Daunorubicin were the most effective drugs. Conclusions We suggest that inclusion of the above drugs into PEL chemotherapy protocols may be justified. The heterogeneity in the drug response pattern however indicated that assay-guided individualized therapy might be required to optimize therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Otvös
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology-MTC and Center for Integrative Recognition in the Immune System-IRIS, Karolinska Institute, Box 280 SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Flaberg E, Markasz L, Petranyi G, Stuber G, Dicso F, Alchihabi N, Oláh È, Csízy I, Józsa T, Andrén O, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Klein G, Szekely L. High-throughput live-cell imaging reveals differential inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by human fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2793-802. [PMID: 20715102 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that cancer development requires changes both in the precancerous cells and in their microenvironment. To study one aspect of the microenvironmental control, we departed from Michael Stoker's observation (Stroker et al, J Cell Sci 1966;1:297-310) that normal fibroblasts can inhibit the growth of admixed cancer cells (neighbour suppression). We have developed a high-throughput microscopy and image analysis system permitting the examination of live mixed cell cultures growing on 384-well plates, at the single cell level and over time. We have tested the effect of 107 samples of low passage number (<5) primary human fibroblasts from pediatric and adult donors, on the growth of six human tumor cell lines. Three of the lines were derived from prostate carcinomas, two from lung carcinomas and one was an EBV transformed lymphoblastoid line. Labeled tumor cells were grown in the presence of unlabeled fibroblasts. The majority of the tested fibroblasts inhibited the proliferation of the tumor cells, compared to the control cultures where labeled tumor cells were co-cultured with unlabeled tumor cells. The proliferation inhibiting effect of the fibroblasts differed depending on their site of origin and the age of the donor. Inhibition required direct cell contact. Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts inhibited the growth of SV40-transformed 3T3 cells and human tumor cells, showing that the inhibitory effect could prevail across the species barrier. Our high-throughput system allows the quantitative analysis of the inhibitory effect of fibroblasts on the population level and the exploration of differences depending on the source of the normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Flaberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Recognition in the Immune System, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Eriksson SE, Prast-Nielsen S, Flaberg E, Szekely L, Arnér ESJ. High levels of thioredoxin reductase 1 modulate drug-specific cytotoxic efficacy. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1661-71. [PMID: 19766715 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is currently recognized as a plausible anticancer drug target. Here we analyzed the effects of TrxR1 targeting in the human A549 lung carcinoma cell line, having a very high basal TrxR1 expression. We determined the total cellular TrxR activity to be 271.4 +/- 39.5 nmol min(-1) per milligram of total protein, which by far exceeded the total thioredoxin activity (39.2 +/- 3.5 nmol min(-1) per milligram of total protein). Knocking down TrxR1 by approx 90% using siRNA gave only a slight effect on cell growth, irrespective of concurrent glutathione depletion (> or = 98% decrease), and no increase in cell death or distorted cell cycle phase distributions. This apparent lack of phenotype could probably be explained by Trx functions being maintained by the remaining TrxR1 activity. TrxR1 knockdown nonetheless yielded drug-specific modulation of cytotoxic efficacy in response to various chemotherapeutic agents. No changes in response upon exposure to auranofin or juglone were seen after TrxR1 knockdown, whereas sensitivity to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene or menadione became markedly increased. In contrast, a virtually complete resistance to cisplatin using concentrations up to 20 microM appeared upon TrxR1 knockdown. The results suggest that high overexpression of TrxR has an impact not necessarily linked to Trx function that nonetheless modulates drug-specific cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi E Eriksson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice is a highly prolific model of bacterial infection. Several in vivo imaging approaches have been used to study host cell dynamics in response to infection, including bioluminescence imaging, confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, The application of in vivo imaging to study transgenic mouse models is providing unprecedented opportunities to test specific molecular mechanistic theories about how the host immune response unfolds. In complementary studies, in vivo imaging can be performed using genetically engineered bacterial mutants to assess the impact of specific virulence factors in host cell invasion and pathogenesis. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general rationale for why in vivo imaging is important, provide an overview of various techniques highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each, and provide examples of how various imaging techniques have been used to study Listeria infection. Lastly, our goal is to make the reader aware of the tremendous potential these approaches hold for studying host-pathogen interactions.
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