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Fu H, Rong J, Chen Z, Zhou J, Collier T, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Tracers for Serotonin Receptors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10755-10808. [PMID: 35939391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) have crucial roles in various neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, making them attractive diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive nuclear molecular imaging technique and is an essential tool in clinical diagnosis and drug discovery. In this context, numerous PET ligands have been developed for "visualizing" 5-HTRs in the brain and translated into human use to study disease mechanisms and/or support drug development. Herein, we present a comprehensive repertoire of 5-HTR PET ligands by focusing on their chemotypes and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this Perspective summarizes recent 5-HTR-focused drug discovery, including biased agonists and allosteric modulators, which would stimulate the development of more potent and subtype-selective 5-HTR PET ligands and thus further our understanding of 5-HTR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jingyin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Thomas Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Mannheim JG, Cheng JCK, Vafai N, Shahinfard E, English C, McKenzie J, Zhang J, Barlow L, Sossi V. Cross-validation study between the HRRT and the PET component of the SIGNA PET/MRI system with focus on neuroimaging. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:20. [PMID: 33635449 PMCID: PMC7910400 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-020-00349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Siemens high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT - a dedicated brain PET scanner) is to this day one of the highest resolution PET scanners; thus, it can serve as useful benchmark when evaluating performance of newer scanners. Here, we report results from a cross-validation study between the HRRT and the whole-body GE SIGNA PET/MR focusing on brain imaging. Phantom data were acquired to determine recovery coefficients (RCs), % background variability (%BG), and image voxel noise (%). Cross-validation studies were performed with six healthy volunteers using [11C]DTBZ, [11C]raclopride, and [18F]FDG. Line profiles, regional time-activity curves, regional non-displaceable binding potentials (BPND) for [11C]DTBZ and [11C]raclopride scans, and radioactivity ratios for [18F]FDG scans were calculated and compared between the HRRT and the SIGNA PET/MR. Results Phantom data showed that the PET/MR images reconstructed with an ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm with time-of-flight (TOF) and TOF + point spread function (PSF) + filter revealed similar RCs for the hot spheres compared to those obtained on the HRRT reconstructed with an ordinary Poisson-OSEM algorithm with PSF and PSF + filter. The PET/MR TOF + PSF reconstruction revealed the highest RCs for all hot spheres. Image voxel noise of the PET/MR system was significantly lower. Line profiles revealed excellent spatial agreement between the two systems. BPND values revealed variability of less than 10% for the [11C]DTBZ scans and 19% for [11C]raclopride (based on one subject only). Mean [18F]FDG ratios to pons showed less than 12% differences. Conclusions These results demonstrated comparable performances of the two systems in terms of RCs with lower voxel-level noise (%) present in the PET/MR system. Comparison of in vivo human data confirmed the comparability of the two systems. The whole-body GE SIGNA PET/MR system is well suited for high-resolution brain imaging as no significant performance degradation was found compared to that of the reference standard HRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Mannheim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Ju-Chieh Kevin Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nasim Vafai
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elham Shahinfard
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carolyn English
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessamyn McKenzie
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jing Zhang
- Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Barlow
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Jonasson LS, Axelsson J, Riklund K, Boraxbekk CJ. Simulating effects of brain atrophy in longitudinal PET imaging with an anthropomorphic brain phantom. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:5213-5227. [PMID: 28561014 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6e1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET), the presence of volumetric changes over time can lead to an overestimation or underestimation of the true changes in the quantified PET signal due to the partial volume effect (PVE) introduced by the limited spatial resolution of existing PET cameras and reconstruction algorithms. Here, a 3D-printed anthropomorphic brain phantom with attachable striata in three sizes was designed to enable controlled volumetric changes. Using a method to eliminate the non-radioactive plastic wall, and manipulating BP levels by adding different number of events from list-mode acquisitions, we investigated the artificial volume dependence of BP due to PVE, and potential bias arising from varying BP. Comparing multiple reconstruction algorithms we found that a high-resolution ordered-subsets maximization algorithm with spatially variant point-spread function resolution modeling provided the most accurate data. For striatum, the BP changed by 0.08% for every 1% volume change, but for smaller volumes such as the posterior caudate the artificial change in BP was as high as 0.7% per 1% volume change. A simple gross correction for striatal volume is unsatisfactory, as the amplitude of the PVE on the BP differs depending on where in the striatum the change occurred. Therefore, to correctly interpret age-related longitudinal changes in the BP, we must account for volumetric changes also within a structure, rather than across the whole volume. The present 3D-printing technology, combined with the wall removal method, can be implemented to gain knowledge about the predictable bias introduced by the PVE differences in uptake regions of varying shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Jonasson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Center for Demographic and Aging Research, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
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van Velden FHP, Mansor SM, van Assema DME, van Berckel BNM, Froklage FE, Wang S, Schuit RC, Asselin MC, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R, Huisman MC. Comparison of HRRT and HR+ scanners for quantitative (R)-[11C]verapamil, [11C]raclopride and [11C]flumazenil brain studies. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:129-39. [PMID: 25028091 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to directly compare the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) (high-resolution brain) and HR+ (standard whole-body) positron emission tomography (PET) only scanners for quantitative brain studies using three tracers with vastly different tracer distributions. PROCEDURES Healthy volunteers underwent successive scans on HR+ and HRRT scanners (in random order) using either (R)-[(11)C]verapamil (n = 6), [(11)C]raclopride (n = 7) or [(11)C]flumazenil (n = 7). For all tracers, metabolite-corrected plasma-input functions were generated. RESULTS After resolution matching, HRRT-derived kinetic parameter values correlated well with those of HR+ for all tracers (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥0.78), having a good absolute interscanner test-retest variability (≤15 %). However, systematic differences can be seen for HRRT-derived kinetic parameter values (range -13 to +15 %). CONCLUSION Quantification of kinetic parameters based on plasma-input models leads to comparable results when spatial resolution between HRRT and HR+ data is matched. When using reference-tissue models, differences remain that are likely caused by differences in attenuation and scatter corrections and/or image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris H P van Velden
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Chow TW, Fam D, Graff-Guerrero A, Verhoeff NPG, Tang-Wai DF, Masellis M, Black SE, Wilson AA, Houle S, Pollock BG. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in semantic dementia after 6 months of memantine: an open-label pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:319-25. [PMID: 22674572 PMCID: PMC3467357 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To follow up on the increases we reported in normalized metabolic activity in salience network hubs from a 2-month open-label study of memantine in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS We repeated fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) after 6 months of drug use and subjected the data to Statistical Parametrical Mapping (SPM) analysis to reveal clusters of significant change from baseline. We also sought correlations between changes in behavioral disturbances on the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) and the PET signal. RESULTS Recruitment of one progressive nonfluent aphasia and one behavioral variant FTD precluded statistical analysis for any FTD subtype other than semantic dementia (SD). The baseline-to-6-month interval showed increased normalized metabolic activity in the left orbitofrontal cortex (p < 0.002) for five participants with SD. The 2-6-month interval revealed a late increase in normalized metabolic activity in the left insula (p < 0.013), right insula (p < 0.009), and left anterior cingulate (p < 0.005). The right anterior cingulate showed both an initial increase and a delayed further increase (2-6 months, p < 0.016). FBI scores worsened by 43.3%. One participant with SD opted not to continue memantine beyond 2 months yet showed similar FDG-PET increases. CONCLUSIONS Increases in normalized cortical metabolic activity in salience network hubs were sustained in SD over a 6-month period. Because one participant without medication also showed these changes, further investigation is recommended through a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with FDG-PET as an outcome measure.
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Uchida H, Chow TW, Mamo DC, Kapur S, Mulsant BH, Houle S, Pollock BG, Graff-Guerrero A. Effects of aging on 5-HT(2A) R binding: a HRRT PET study with and without partial volume corrections. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:1300-8. [PMID: 21351153 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored whether prior findings of reduction in serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT(2A) R) binding with age could be replicated and whether high resolution research tomography (HRRT) for positron emission tomography could compensate for partial volume effects in the presence of age-related brain atrophy, which has been a traditional concern for radioligand PET studies in the elderly. METHODS We derived 5-HT(2A) R nondisplaceable binding potentials (BP(ND) ) in frontal, temporal, anterior-cingulate, insula, caudate and putamen volumes of interest (VOIs) for 28 healthy subjects (mean ± SD age = 43.9 ± 17.0 years, range: 19-78 years) using HRRT. Partial volume correction (PVC) was performed in the VOI analysis. RESULTS The 5-HT(2A) R BP(ND) s decreased with age, a relationship best described by an exponential-decay regression. The BP(ND) s were found to be consistent before and after PVC, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.84 and 95% confidence interval = 0.78-0.88. CONCLUSIONS These new findings update current knowledge, in that the aging process is not always uniform across the life span and suggest that PVC may not be necessary with HRRT in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uchida
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hautzel H, Müller HW, Herzog H, Grandt R. Cognition-induced modulation of serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex: A controlled cross-over PET study of a delayed match-to-sample task using the 5-HT2a receptor antagonist [18F]altanserin. Neuroimage 2011; 58:905-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Yatham LN, Liddle PF, Lam RW, Zis AP, Stoessl AJ, Sossi V, Adam MJ, Ruth TJ. Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on brain 5-HT(2) receptors in major depression. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196:474-9. [PMID: 20513859 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.069567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain serotonin(2) (5-hydroxytryptamine(2); 5-HT(2)) receptors were considered potential targets for therapeutic efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), but pre-clinical studies showed that electroconvulsive shock up-regulates 5-HT(2) receptors in contrast to antidepressant medications, which down-regulate brain 5-HT(2) receptors. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in individuals with depression confirmed that antidepressant medications reduce brain 5-HT(2) receptors, but the effects of ECT on these receptors in individuals with depression are unknown. AIMS To determine if a course of ECT alters brain 5-HT(2) receptors in individuals with depression and whether such changes correlate with improvement in symptoms. METHOD Fifteen people with major depression, refractory to antidepressant therapy and referred for a course of ECT, had an [18F]setoperone scan during baseline drug-free washout period and another after a course of ECT. We assessed changes in brain 5-HT(2) receptors with ECT and their relationship to therapeutic outcome. RESULTS Widespread reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors was observed in all cortical areas with changes slightly more prominent in the right hemisphere. There was a trend for correlation between reduction in brain 5-HT(2) receptors in right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right medial frontal gyrus, and improvement in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Unlike in rodents, and similar to antidepressants, ECT reduces brain 5-HT(2) receptors in individuals with depression. The ability of ECT to further down-regulate brain 5-HT(2) receptors in antidepressant non-responsive individuals may explain its efficacy in those people with antidepressant refractory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N Yatham
- UBC Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, UBC Hospital, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A1, Canada.
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Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A, Menon M, Pollock BG, Kapur S, Vasdev N, Houle S, Mamo D. Is desire for social relationships mediated by the serotonergic system in the prefrontal cortex? An [(18)F]setoperone PET study. Soc Neurosci 2010; 5:375-83. [PMID: 20198536 DOI: 10.1080/17470911003589309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Social behavior and desire for social relationships have been independently linked to the serotonergic system, the prefrontal cortex, especially the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The goal of this study was to explore the role of serotonin 5HT(2A) receptors in these brain regions in forming and maintaining close interpersonal relationships. Twenty-four healthy subjects completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) prior to undergoing [(18)F]setoperone brain positron emission tomography (PET) to measure serotonin 5HT(2A) receptor availability within the OFC (BA 11 and 47) and ACC (BA 32). We explored the relationship between desire for social relationships, as measured by the TCI reward dependence (RD) scale, and 5HT(2A) receptor non-displaceable binding potential (BP(nd)) in these regions. Scores of RD were negatively correlated with 5HT(2A) BP(nd) in the ACC (BA 32, r = -.528, p = .012) and OFC (BA 11, r = -.489, p = .021; BA 47, r = -.501, p = .017). These correlations were corroborated by a voxel-wise analysis. These results suggest that the serotonergic system may have a regulatory effect on the OFC and ACC for establishing and maintaining social relationships.
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