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Ugale GM, Kalburgi NB, Bilichodmath S, Warad SB, Ugale MS, Koregol AC, Bijjargi SC. Betacellulin in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC05-9. [PMID: 26673371 PMCID: PMC4668513 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15275.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host immune response to bacterial dental plaque determines periodontal disease susceptibility by increasing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The Epidermal Growth Factor family cytokines stimulate proliferation and keratinization of cells in dermis and oral epithelium. Epidermal Growth Factor family consists of Amphiregulin, Betacellulin, Epiregulin, Epigen, Heparin binding Epidermal Growth Factor like growth factor and transforming Growth Factor-alpha. AIM The current study aimed to investigate expression of Betacellulin in chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and thereby assessing role of betacellulin in periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present study comprised of 90 participants, age ranges from 18 to 60-year-old, for the period of March 2010 to May 2011. Participants were categorized into three groups based Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CA Loss). Group 1 consisted 30 individuals with clinically healthy periodontium, Group-2 consisted 30 individuals with GI>1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Group-3 (Chronic Periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus) consisted 30 with GI >1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of Betacellulin was done in gingival tissue samples from all groups. RESULTS Data showed expression of Betacellulin were higher in chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy. A positive correlation found in Betacellulin expression and Probing Depth in chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION This footmark study impacts the role of Betacellulin in pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease which will help in exploration of novel immunotherapeutic strategies and immunological research activity in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri M Ugale
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, MIDSR Dental College and Hospital, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nagaraj B. Kalburgi
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, PMNM Dental Collegeand Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprasad Bilichodmath
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics, Rajarajeshwari Dental College, Bangalore, karnataka, India
| | - Shivaraj B. Warad
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh S. Ugale
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, MIMSR Medical College, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arati C. Koregol
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha C. Bijjargi
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, MIDSR Dental College, Latur, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Few Type 2 diabetes loci are considered confirmed and replicated across multiple populations. Some genes that have become accepted as contributors to diabetes risk include: calpain 10, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, ATP-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit Kir6.2, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha and hepatic transcription factor 1. While numerous reports of new diabetes loci enter the literature on a regular basis, this review focuses on selected novel associations reported within the last 12 months. In particular, we highlight recent reports of associations between Type 2 diabetes and the transcription factor 7-like 2 gene, associations with micro-opioid receptor and supressor of cytokine signaling 2 genes, and expression and functional analyses of adipokines vaspin and retinol binding protein 4. These new results provide insights into possible mechanisms influencing disease susceptibility and thus new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M Sale
- Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Center for Human Genomics, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Malhotra A, Igo RP, Thameem F, Kao WL, Abboud HE, Adler SG, Arar NH, Bowden DW, Duggirala R, Freedman BI, Goddard KA, Ipp E, Iyengar SK, Kimmel PL, Knowler WC, Kohn O, Leehey D, Meoni LA, Nelson RG, Nicholas SB, Parekh RS, Rich SS, Chen YDI, Saad MF, Scavini M, Schelling JR, Sedor JR, Shah VO, Taylor KD, Thornley-Brown D, Zager PG, Horvath A, Hanson RL. Genome-wide linkage scans for type 2 diabetes mellitus in four ethnically diverse populations-significant evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in African Americans: the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Research Group. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:740-7. [PMID: 19795399 PMCID: PMC2783577 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that in addition to environmental influences, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a strong genetic component. The goal of the current study is to identify regions of linkage for T2DM in ethnically diverse populations. METHODS Phenotypic and genotypic data were obtained from African American (AA; total number of individuals [N] = 1004), American Indian (AI; N = 883), European American (EA; N = 537), and Mexican American (MA; N = 1634) individuals from the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes. Non-parametric linkage analysis, using an average of 4404 SNPs, was performed in relative pairs affected with T2DM in each ethnic group. In addition, family-based tests were performed to detect association with T2DM. RESULTS Statistically significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 4q21.1 (LOD = 3.13; genome-wide p = 0.04) in AA. In addition, a total of 11 regions showed suggestive evidence for linkage (estimated at LOD > 1.71), with the highest LOD scores on chromosomes 12q21.31 (LOD = 2.02) and 22q12.3 (LOD = 2.38) in AA, 2p11.1 (LOD = 2.23) in AI, 6p12.3 (LOD = 2.77) in EA, and 13q21.1 (LOD = . 2.24) in MA. While no region overlapped across all ethnic groups, at least five loci showing LOD > 1.71 have been identified in previously published studies. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study provide evidence for the presence of genes affecting T2DM on chromosomes 4q, 12q, and 22q in AA; 6p in EA; 2p in AI; and 13q in MA. The strong evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in AA provides important information given the paucity of diabetes genetic studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Malhotra
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Farook Thameem
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Hanna E. Abboud
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sharon G. Adler
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Nedal H. Arar
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - Eli Ipp
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Paul L. Kimmel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Program Office, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C. Knowler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Orly Kohn
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Robert G. Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Yii-Der I. Chen
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Marina Scavini
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan (Italy)
| | | | | | | | - Kent D. Taylor
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Robert L. Hanson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
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Evaluation of a SNP map of 6q24-27 confirms diabetic nephropathy loci and identifies novel associations in type 2 diabetes patients with nephropathy from an African-American population. Hum Genet 2008; 124:63-71. [PMID: 18560894 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we performed a genome scan for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using 638 African-American (AA) affected sibling pairs from 247 families; non-parametric linkage analysis suggested evidence of linkage at 6q24-27 (LOD 2.26). To comprehensively evaluate this region, we performed a two-stage association study by first constructing a SNP map of 754 SNPs selected from HapMap on the basis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in 300 AAT2DM end-stage renal disease (ESRD) subjects, 311 AA controls, 43 European American controls and 45 Yoruba Nigerian samples (Set 1). Replication analyses were conducted in an independent population of 283 AA T2DM-ESRD subjects and 282 AA controls (Set 2). In addition, we adjusted for the impact of admixture on association results by using ancestry informative markers (AIMs). In Stage 1, 137 (18.2%) SNPs showed nominal evidence of association (P < 0.05) in one or more of tests of association: allelic (n = 33), dominant (n = 36), additive (n = 29), or recessive (n = 34) genotypic models, and 2- (n = 47) and 3-SNP (n = 43) haplotypic analyses. These SNPs were selected for follow-up genotyping. Stage 2 analyses confirmed association with a predicted 2-SNP "risk" haplotype in the PARK2 gene. Also, two intergenic SNPs showed consistent genotypic association with T2DM-ESRD: rs12197043 and rs4897081. Combined analysis of all subjects from both stages revealed nominal associations with 17 SNPs within genes, including suggestive associations in ESR1 and PARK2. This study confirms known diabetic nephropathy loci and identifies potentially novel susceptibility variants located within 6q24-27 in AA.
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Elbein SC. Evaluation of polymorphisms known to contribute to risk for diabetes in African and African-American populations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:415-9. [PMID: 17563458 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3281e2c99a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Populations of direct African ancestry have much greater genetic diversity than do other populations. African-American populations exhibit twice the prevalence of type 2 diabetes as compared with their Caucasian counterparts. African-American populations are likely to have unique genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. This review addresses current knowledge of susceptibility genes that are shared with other groups and those that are unique to populations of African descent. RECENT FINDINGS When compared with the plethora of Caucasian studies, relatively few studies have been conducted in African or African-American populations. The most exciting findings have been family-based linkage studies, which point to multiple regions that may harbor susceptibility genes. Recent work suggests that the major Caucasian locus, TCF7L2, plays a role in some African-based populations, whereas unique factors remain to be confirmed. SUMMARY Although progress has been made in finding the genetic cause of type 2 diabetes in African and African-American populations, at this time no variant can be considered unequivocally confirmed as a diabetes susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Elbein
- Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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