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Huang H, Li S, Tang Q, Zhu G. Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Evasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680955. [PMID: 34566954 PMCID: PMC8458828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor of the nasopharynx mainly characterized by geographic distribution and EBV infection. Metabolic reprogramming, one of the cancer hallmarks, has been frequently reported in NPCs to adapt to internal energy demands and external environmental pressures. Inevitably, the metabolic reprogramming within the tumor cell will lead to a decreased pH value and diverse nutritional supplements in the tumor-infiltrating micro-environment incorporating immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Accumulated evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming derived from NPC cells may facilitate cancer progression and immunosuppression by cell-cell communications with their surrounding immune cells. This review presents the dysregulated metabolism processes, including glucose, fatty acid, amino acid, nucleotide metabolism, and their mutual interactions in NPC. Moreover, the potential connections between reprogrammed metabolism, tumor immunity, and associated therapy would be discussed in this review. Accordingly, the development of targets on the interactions between metabolic reprogramming and immune cells may provide assistances to overcome the current treatment resistance in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinglai Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gangcai Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cao X, Song J, Xu J, Gong G, Yang X, Su Y, Wang L, Bai X, Hu M, Yin Y. Tumor Blood Flow Is a Predictor of Radiotherapy Response in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:567954. [PMID: 34422622 PMCID: PMC8377414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.567954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate tumor blood flow (TBF) as a predictor of radiotherapy response for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Method A total of 134 patients were divided into two groups, the complete response (CR) group and the partial response (PR) group based on RECIST 1.1 recommendations. The statistical difference was evaluated for pre- and mid- or post-treatment TBF and changes of TBF for tumors and metastatic lymph nodes between CR and PR, respectively. The receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to evaluate the accuracy of TBF in predicting the response of radiation therapy. The association between TBF and SUVmax was also investigated. Results The reduction of TBF in CR was significantly lower than that in PR for primary tumors (P <0.001) and metastatic lymph nodes (P <0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the reduction of TBF is an independent predictor of the response of radiation therapy for primary tumors (P <0.001) and metastatic lymph nodes (P <0.001). The accuracy of TBF reduction in predicting the response of radiation therapy was 0.817 in primary tumors and 0.924 in metastatic lymph nodes, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between the TBF values and SUVmax of primary tumors (r = -0.008, P = 0.954) and metastasis lymph nodes (r = -0.061, P = 0.652). Conclusion This study suggests that the reduction of TBF is a promising parameter for evaluating the response of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Song
- Medical Imageology, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guanzhong Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinhua Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaodong Bai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou N, Yu X, Zhang X, Li S, Lei Z, Hu R, Li H, Mao Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Li Y, Guo H, Irwin DM, Niu G, Tan H. Tumacrophage: macrophages transformed into tumor stem-like cells by virulent genetic material from tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82326-82343. [PMID: 29137267 PMCID: PMC5669893 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are regarded as tumor-enhancers as they have key roles in the subversion of adaptive immunity and in inflammatory circuits that promote tumor progression. Here, we show that cancer cells can subvert macrophages yielding cells that have gained pro-tumor functions. When macrophages isolated from mice or humans are co-cultured with dead cancer cell line cells, induced to undergo apoptosis to mimic chemotherapy, up-regulation of pro-tumor gene expression was identified. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cancer cells by macrophages resulted in their transformation into tumor stem (initiating)-like cells, as indicated by the expression of epithelial markers (e.g., cytokeratin) and stem cell markers (e.g., Oct4) and their capability to differentiate in vitro and self-renew in serum-free media. Moreover, we identified a subset of monocytes/macrophages cells in the blood of cancer (breast, ovarian and colorectal) patients undergoing chemotherapy that harbor tumor transcripts. Our findings uncover a new role for macrophages in tumor development, where they can be transformed into tumor-like cells, potentially by horizontal gene transfer of tumor-derived genes, thus, by taking advantage of chemotherapy, these transformed macrophages promote tumor metastasis by escaping immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- N & N Genetech Company, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ruobi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 305 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gang Niu
- N & N Genetech Company, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Huanran Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Terayama H, Hirai S, Naito M, Qu N, Katagiri C, Nagahori K, Hayashi S, Sasaki H, Moriya S, Hiramoto M, Miyazawa K, Hatayama N, Li ZL, Sakabe K, Matsushita M, Itoh M. Specific autoantigens identified by sera obtained from mice that are immunized with testicular germ cells alone. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35599. [PMID: 27752123 PMCID: PMC5067510 DOI: 10.1038/srep35599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are various autoimmunogenic antigens (AIs) in testicular germ cells (TGCs) recognized as foreign by the body's immune system. However, there is little information of TGC-specific AIs being available. The aim of this study is to identify TGC-specific AIs. We have previously established that immunization using viable syngeneic TGC can also induce murine experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) without using any adjuvant. This study is to identify TGC-specific AIs by TGC liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis that reacted with serum IgG from EAO mice. In this study, we identified 11 TGC-specific AIs that reacted with serum from EAO mice. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of seven TGC-specific AIs were significantly higher in only mature testis compared to other organs. Moreover, the recombinant proteins of identified 10 (except unnamed protein) TGC-specific AIs were created by using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and these antigencities were reconfirmed by Western blot using EAO serum reaction. These results indicated Atp6v1a, Hsc70t, Fbp1 and Dazap1 were candidates for TGC-specific AIs. Identification of these AIs will facilitate new approaches for understanding infertility and cancer pathogenesis and may provide a basis for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Terayama
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Katagiri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagahori
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Moriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Zhong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Sakabe
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Exposure of tumor-associated macrophages to apoptotic MCF-7 cells promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11966-82. [PMID: 26016502 PMCID: PMC4490423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160611966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been found to be associated with the progression and metastasis of breast cancer. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between TAMs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in breast cancer recurrence and metastasis, we used a co-culture model of macrophages and apoptotic human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells to investigate the effects of TAMs on MCF-7 in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages co-cultured with apoptotic MCF-7 had increased tumor growth and metastatic ability in a nude mouse transplantation assay. The macrophages exposed to apoptotic cells also induce an increase in the proportion of CD44+/CD24− cancer stem-like cells, as well as their proliferative ability accompanied with an increase in mucin1 (MUC1) expression. During this process, macrophages secreted increased amounts of interleukin 6 (IL-6) leading to increased phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), which likely explains the increased transcription of STAT3 target genes such as TGF-β1 and HIF-1α. Our results indicate that when cancer cells endure chemotherapy induced apoptosis, macrophages in their microenvironment can then activate cancer stem cells to promote cancer growth and metastasis by secreting IL-6, which activates STAT3 phosphorylation to regulate the transcription of its downstream target genes.
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Zheng D, Zhu G, Liao S, Yi W, Luo G, He J, Pei Z, Li G, Zhou Y. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway affects cell cycle and apoptosis of side population cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:182-188. [PMID: 26170996 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that certain types of cancer possess their own stem-like cells, and that one subset of these cells, termed the side population (SP), may have an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of SP cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have remained elusive. In the present study, it was hypothesized that dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway may influence SP and non-SP (NSP) phenotype. SP cells from the HK-1 NPC cell line were identified, and cancer stem cell markers were found to be highly expressed in SP cells compared with that of NSP cells. Freshly sorted SP cells demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, while the majority of NSP cells were in the proliferative phase. Following 48 h of culture subsequent to cell sorting, the differences in cell cycle distribution between the SP and NSP cells converged. In addition, the apoptotic ratio of NSP cells was higher than that of SP cells at 24 h following sorting, but had no significant differences 48 h following sorting. To elucidate the potential mechanism mediating the cell cycle and apoptosis in SP cells, the expression levels of key molecules in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were evaluated. PI3K and Akt were upregulated, while 14-3-3σ protein was downregulated in SP cells when freshly sorted (0 h). However, there was no significant difference in the expression of these molecules between SP and NSP cells following 48 h of culture. These results suggested that dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may be associated with the cell cycle and apoptosis of SP cells in NPC. However, further investigation is required to elucidate the detailed mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Zheng
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Guangchao Zhu
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liao
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Medical Experimental Center, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China ; Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Zheng Q, Yang H, Wei J, Tong JL, Shu YQ. The role and mechanisms of nanoparticles to enhance radiosensitivity in hepatocellular cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:569-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Adams A, Warner K, Nör JE. Salivary gland cancer stem cells. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:845-853. [PMID: 23810400 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the existence of a tumorigenic population of cancer cells that demonstrate stem cell-like properties such as self-renewal and multipotency. These cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC), are able to both initiate and maintain tumor formation and progression. Studies have shown that CSC are resistant to traditional chemotherapy treatments preventing complete eradication of the tumor cell population. Following treatment, CSC are able to re-initiate tumor growth leading to patient relapse. Salivary gland cancers are relatively rare but constitute a highly significant public health issue due to the lack of effective treatments. In particular, patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma or adenoid cystic carcinoma, the two most common salivary malignancies, have low long-term survival rates due to the lack of response to current therapies. Considering the role of CSC in resistance to therapy in other tumor types, it is possible that this unique sub-population of cells is involved in resistance of salivary gland tumors to treatment. Characterization of CSC can lead to better understanding of the pathobiology of salivary gland malignancies as well as to the development of more effective therapies. Here, we make a brief overview of the state-of-the-science in salivary gland cancer, and discuss possible implications of the cancer stem cell hypothesis to the treatment of salivary gland malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Adams
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States
| | - Kristy Warner
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, United States.
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9
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Yu F, Sim ACN, Li C, Li Y, Zhao X, Wang DY, Loh KS. Identification of a subpopulation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with cancer stem-like cell properties by high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:1903-11. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Adrian Chong Nyi Sim
- Department of Microbiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Otolaryngology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Xuening Zhao
- Department of General Health Care II; Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan; China
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
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10
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Hielscher A, McGuire T, Weisenburger D, Sharp JG. Matrigel modulates a stem cell phenotype and promotes tumor formation in a mantle cell lymphoma cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2013.33022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Li Q, Hu Y, Xi M, He L, Zhao L, Liu M. Sorafenib modulates the radio sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro in a schedule-dependent manner. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:485. [PMID: 23088517 PMCID: PMC3488336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high incidence and mortality. Radiotherapy and sorafenib have proven effective for HCC. Here, we investigated whether sorafenib modulated the response of HCC cells to irradiation in vitro, effect of timing of sorafenib, and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cell viability of the HCC cell lines, SMMC-7721 and Bel-7402, was examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2(4-sulfophenyl)-2 H-terazolium (MTT) assays. Clonogenic growth assays of SMMC-7721 and Bel-7402 were determined by colony formation assays. DNA damage was assessed by monitoring γ-HAX foci in irradiated cells with immunofluorescence microscopy, and cell cycle distribution changes were examined by flow cytometry. Effects of sorafenib (15 μM) added 30 min prior to radiation (pre-irradiation sorafenib) of SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402 or 24 h post-irradiation (post-irradiation sorafenib) on irradiated SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402 cells were compared to those of radiation alone or no treatment. RESULTS The effect of sorafenib was dependent on its time of addition in relationship to irradiation of cells. Pre-irradiation sorafenib did not significantly affect the viability of SMMC-7221 and BEL-7402 cells compared with irradiation treatment alone. In contrast, post-irradiation sorafenib increased the sensitivity of irradiated SMMC-7221 and BEL-7402 cells significantly in a time-dependent manner. Pre-irradiation sorafenib significantly increased the surviving fraction of SMMC-7221 and BEL-7402 cells in clonogenic assays whereas post-irradiation sorafenib significantly reduced the surviving fractions of SMMC-7221 and BEL-7402 cells. SMMC-7721 cells treated with sorafenib 30 min before irradiation had significantly fewer cells with γ-H2AX foci (23.8 ± 2.9%) than SMMC-7721 cells receiving radiation alone (59.9 ± 2.4; P < 0.001). Similarly, BEL-7402 cells receiving sorafenib prior to irradiation had significantly fewer cells with γ-H2AX foci (46.4 ± 3.8%) than those receiving radiation alone (25.0 ± 3.0%; P < 0.001). In addition, irradiation (6 Gy) caused a significant increase in the percentage of both SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402 cells in G2/M at 12 to 16 h post irradiation, which was markedly delayed by pre-irradiation sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib combined with irradiation exerted a schedule-dependent effect in HCC cells in vitro, which has significant implications for the combined use of sorafenib and radiotherapy for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SunYat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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12
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Ye XZ, Xu SL, Xin YH, Yu SC, Ping YF, Chen L, Xiao HL, Wang B, Yi L, Wang QL, Jiang XF, Yang L, Zhang P, Qian C, Cui YH, Zhang X, Bian XW. Tumor-associated microglia/macrophages enhance the invasion of glioma stem-like cells via TGF-β1 signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:444-53. [PMID: 22664874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of malignant glioma cells into the surrounding normal brain tissues is crucial for causing the poor outcome of this tumor type. Recent studies suggest that glioma stem-like cells (GSLCs) mediate tumor invasion. However, it is not clear whether microenvironment factors, such as tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM/Ms), also play important roles in promoting GSLC invasion. In this study, we found that in primary human gliomas and orthotopical transplanted syngeneic glioma, the number of TAM/Ms at the invasive front was correlated with the presence of CD133(+) GSLCs, and these TAM/Ms produced high levels of TGF-β1. CD133(+) GSLCs isolated from murine transplanted gliomas exhibited higher invasive potential after being cocultured with TAM/Ms, and the invasiveness was inhibited by neutralization of TGF-β1. We also found that human glioma-derived CD133(+) GSLCs became more invasive upon treatment with TGF-β1. In addition, compared with CD133(-) committed tumor cells, CD133(+) GSLCs expressed higher levels of type II TGF-β receptor (TGFBR2) mRNA and protein, and downregulation of TGFBR2 with short hairpin RNA inhibited the invasiveness of GSLCs. Mechanism studies revealed that TGF-β1 released by TAM/Ms promoted the expression of MMP-9 by GSLCs, and TGFBR2 knockdown reduced the invasiveness of these cells in vivo. These results demonstrate that TAM/Ms enhance the invasiveness of CD133(+) GSLCs via the release of TGF-β1, which increases the production of MMP-9 by GSLCs. Therefore, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for limiting the invasiveness of GSLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-zong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Third Military Medical University, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
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Chaudhury A, Hussey GS, Howe PH. 3'-UTR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of cancer metastasis: beginning at the end. RNA Biol 2011; 8:595-9. [PMID: 21654215 PMCID: PMC3360070 DOI: 10.4161/rna.8.4.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating such transitions have generated a lot of interest among cancer researchers. Much of this can be attributed to the apparent similarities in the molecular processes regulating embryonic EMT that can be recapitulated during tumor progression and metastasis. It appears that both embryonic and oncogenic EMT are regulated by an intricate interplay of transcriptional and post-transcriptional programs, and the recent discovery of a transcript-selective translational regulatory pathway controlling expression of EMT-associated mRNAs demonstrates the high fidelity and tight regulation associated with the process of EMT and metastatic progression. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1) is emerging as a critical and integral modulator of TGFβ-induced EMT and subsequent tumor metastasis. Through its RNA-binding ability, hnRNP E1 binds distinct 3'-UTR structural elements present in mRNA transcripts required for EMT and translationally silences their expression. Translational silencing, mediated by hnRNP E1, occurs specifically at the translation elongation step through effects on the eukaryotic elongation factor-1 A1 (eEF1A1), and is relieved by Akt2-mediated phosphorylation. Interestingly, modulation of either the steady-state expression or the posttranscriptional modification of hnRNP E1 has a temporo-spatial effect on translational repression, tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chaudhury
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Li GP, Wang H, Lai YK, Chen SC, Lin MCM, Lu G, Zhang JF, He XG, Qian CN, Kung HF. Proteomic profiling between CNE-2 and its strongly metastatic subclone S-18 and functional characterization of HSP27 in metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proteomics 2011; 11:2911-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chaudhury A, Chander P, Howe PH. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in cellular processes: Focus on hnRNP E1's multifunctional regulatory roles. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 16:1449-62. [PMID: 20584894 PMCID: PMC2905745 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2254110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) comprise a family of RNA-binding proteins. The complexity and diversity associated with the hnRNPs render them multifunctional, involved not only in processing heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) into mature mRNAs, but also acting as trans-factors in regulating gene expression. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1), a subgroup of hnRNPs, is a KH-triple repeat containing RNA-binding protein. It is encoded by an intronless gene arising from hnRNP E2 through a retrotransposition event. hnRNP E1 is ubiquitously expressed and functions in regulating major steps of gene expression, including pre-mRNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Given its wide-ranging functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm and interaction with multiple proteins, we propose a post-transcriptional regulon model that explains hnRNP E1's widespread functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chaudhury
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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