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Peeri NC, Liang PS, O'Connell K, Katzka DA, Kantor ED, Du M. Number of Older Biological Siblings and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Risk. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:S1542-3565(24)00307-0. [PMID: 38588764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States.1 Although CRC incidence has declined in individuals >50 years, incidence is rising in adults <50 years (early onset).1 By 2027, CRC is projected to become the leading cause of cancer mortality in US adults <50 years.2 To combat the rising incidence of early onset CRC (EOCRC), national guidelines recently lowered the screening age from 50 to 45 years for average-risk individuals.3 Understanding the risk profile of EOCRC can help combat the rising burden in young adults, especially in those ineligible for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C Peeri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter S Liang
- Department of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Health Care System, New York, New York.
| | - Kelli O'Connell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Katzka
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth D Kantor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Xu X, Kharazmi E, Tian Y, Mukama T, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Brenner H, Fallah M. Risk of prostate cancer in relatives of prostate cancer patients in Sweden: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003616. [PMID: 34061847 PMCID: PMC8168897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based guidance for starting ages of screening for first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) to prevent stage III/IV or fatal PCa is lacking in current PCa screening guidelines. We aimed to provide evidence for risk-adapted starting age of screening for relatives of patients with PCa. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this register-based nationwide cohort study, all men (aged 0 to 96 years at baseline) residing in Sweden who were born after 1931 along with their fathers were included. During the follow-up (1958 to 2015) of 6,343,727 men, 88,999 were diagnosed with stage III/IV PCa or died of PCa. The outcomes were defined as the diagnosis of stage III/IV PCa or death due to PCa, stratified by age at diagnosis. Using 10-year cumulative risk curves, we calculated risk-adapted starting ages of screening for men with different constellations of family history of PCa. The 10-year cumulative risk of stage III/IV or fatal PCa in men at age 50 in the general population (a common recommended starting age of screening) was 0.2%. Men with ≥2 FDRs diagnosed with PCa reached this screening level at age 41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 39 to 44), i.e., 9 years earlier, when the youngest one was diagnosed before age 60; at age 43 (41 to 47), i.e., 7 years earlier, when ≥2 FDRs were diagnosed after age 59, which was similar to that of men with 1 FDR diagnosed before age 60 (41 to 45); and at age 45 (44 to 46), when 1 FDR was diagnosed at age 60 to 69 and 47 (46 to 47), when 1 FDR was diagnosed after age 69. We also calculated risk-adapted starting ages for other benchmark screening ages, such as 45, 55, and 60 years, and compared our findings with those in the guidelines. Study limitations include the lack of genetic data, information on lifestyle, and external validation. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides practical information for risk-tailored starting ages of PCa screening based on nationwide cancer data with valid genealogical information. Our clinically relevant findings could be used for evidence-based personalized PCa screening guidance and supplement current PCa screening guidelines for relatives of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elham Kharazmi
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Tian
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trasias Mukama
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahdi Fallah
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Han MA, Storman D, Al-Rammahy H, Tang S, Hao Q, Leung G, Kandi M, Moradi R, Bartoszko JJ, Arnold C, Rehman N, Guyatt G. Impact of maternal reproductive factors on cancer risks of offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230721. [PMID: 32226046 PMCID: PMC7105118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies have reported on associations between reproductive factors, such as delivery methods, number of birth and breastfeeding, and incidence of cancer in children, but systematic reviews addressing this issue to date have important limitations, and no reviews have addressed the impact of reproductive factors on cancer over the full life course of offspring. Methods We performed a comprehensive search in MEDLINE, and Embase up to January 2020 and Web of Science up to 2018 July, including cohort studies reporting the association between maternal reproductive factors of age at birth, birth order, number of births, delivery methods, and breastfeeding duration and cancer in children. Teams of two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted random effects meta-analyses to estimate summary relative estimates, calculated absolute differences between those with and without risk factors, and used the GRADE approach to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results For most exposures and most cancers, we found no suggestion of a causal relation. We found low to very low certainty evidence of the following very small possible impact: higher maternal age at birth with adult multiple myeloma and lifetime uterine cervix cancer incidence; lower maternal age at birth with childhood overall cancer mortality (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.30; AR/10,000 = 1, 95% CI = 0 to 2), adult leukemia and lifetime uterine cervix cancer incidence; higher birth order with adult melanoma, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, thyroid cancer incidence, lifetime lung, corpus uteri, prostate, testis, sarcoma, thyroid cancer incidence; larger number of birth with childhood brain (RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.06–1.52; AR/10,000 = 1, 95% CI = 0 to 2), leukemia (RR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.62–2.75; AR/10,000 = 9, 95% CI = 5 to 14), lymphoma (RR = 4.66, 95% CI = 1.40–15.57; AR/10,000 = 11, 95% CI = 1 to 44) incidence, adult stomach, corpus uteri cancer incidence and lung cancer mortality, lifetime stomach, lung, uterine cervix, uterine corpus, multiple myeloma, testis cancer incidence; Caesarean delivery with childhood kidney cancer incidence (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01–1.55; AR/10,000 = 0, 95% CI = 0 to 1); and breastfeeding with adult colorectal cancer incidence. Conclusion Very small impacts existed between a number of reproductive factors and cancer incidence and mortality in children and the certainty of evidence was low to very low primarily due to observational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ah Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Dawid Storman
- Department of Hygiene and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Husam Al-Rammahy
- Life Sciences—Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University at Kingston, Kingston, Canada
| | - Shaowen Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiukui Hao
- The center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, National Center for Geriatric Clinical Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gareth Leung
- Department of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Kandi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Moradi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica J. Bartoszko
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Callum Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nadia Rehman
- Department of Continuing Education, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Jones SJ, Stroshein S, Williams AM, Liu D, Spinelli JJ, Connors JM, Brooks-Wilson AR. Birth Order, Sibship Size, Childhood Environment and Immune-Related Disorders, and Risk of Lymphoma in Lymphoid Cancer Families. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1168-1178. [PMID: 32169998 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial aggregation of lymphoid cancers and immune-related disorders suggests a role for genetic susceptibility; however, few studies examine environmental factors. According to the hygiene hypothesis, adult-onset immune-related diseases may be a consequence of reduced childhood infectious exposures and aberrant immune development. In a cohort of 196 multiple-case lymphoid cancer families, we analyzed environmental factors related to the hygiene hypothesis. METHODS Family structure, childhood environment, and immune-related disorders were examined among 196 lymphoid cancer families, in relation to risk of lymphoid cancer. We report on 450 lymphoid cancer cases and 1,018 unaffected siblings using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for association. RESULTS The risk of lymphoma tended to decrease with later birth order (OR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78-0.89) and larger sibship size (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79-0.85). High maternal education, above average family income during childhood, allergies (OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.44-3.51), and tonsillectomy (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.14-2.78) were independent risk factors for lymphoma. Familial lymphoid cancer cases were more likely to report environment (OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.21-2.98) and drug (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.41-3.73) allergies. CONCLUSIONS These associations underscore the complex etiology of familial lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the largest multiple-case family-based study that supports the hygiene hypothesis contributing to lymphoid cancer risk. IMPACT Understanding the mechanism by which environmental and lifestyle factors affect lymphoid cancer risk may advance cancer prevention, even in the familial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sumara Stroshein
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy M Williams
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John J Spinelli
- Population Oncology, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Connors
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Tian Y, Kharazmi E, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Brenner H, Fallah M. Familial colorectal cancer risk in half siblings and siblings: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2019; 364:l803. [PMID: 30872356 PMCID: PMC6417372 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the risk of colorectal cancer in family members of patients with colorectal cancer, with an emphasis on subtypes of second degree relatives, especially half siblings, which were lacking in the literature. DESIGN Ambidirectional cohort study. SETTING Nationwide Swedish Family Cancer Data (record linkage). PARTICIPANTS All people residing in Sweden and born after 1931, with their biological parents, totalling >16 million individuals (follow-up: 1958-2015); of those with clear genealogy, 173 796 developed colorectal cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lifetime (0-79 years) cumulative risk and standardised incidence ratio of colorectal cancer among first degree relatives and second degree relatives. RESULTS The overall lifetime cumulative risk of colorectal cancer in siblings of patients was 7%, which represents a 1.7-fold (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 1.7; n=2089) increase over the risk in those without any family history of colorectal cancer. A similarly increased lifetime cumulative risk (6%) was found among half siblings (standardised incidence ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 1.8; n=140). The risk in people with colorectal cancer in both a parent and a half sibling (standardised incidence ratio 3.6, 2.4 to 5.0; n=32) was close to the risk in those with both an affected parent and an affected sibling (2.7, 2.4 to 3.0; n=396). Family history of colorectal cancer in only one second degree relative other than a half sibling (without any affected first degree relatives), such as a grandparent, uncle, or aunt, showed minor association with the risk of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Family history of colorectal cancer in half siblings is similarly associated with colorectal cancer risk to that in siblings. The increase in risk of colorectal cancer among people with one affected second degree relative was negligible, except for half siblings, but the risk was substantially increased for a combination of family history in one affected second degree relative and an affected first degree relative (or even another second degree relative). These evidence based findings provide novel information to help to identify people at high risk with a family history of colorectal cancer that can potentially be used for risk adapted screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Elham Kharazmi
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Contributed equally
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Japan
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahdi Fallah
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Swaen GMH, Boffetta P, Zeegers M. Impact of changes in human reproduction on the incidence of endocrine-related diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:789-795. [PMID: 30590970 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1541073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased over the last decades. There is controversy over the origin of these increases, whether they are caused by exposure to compounds thought to have an effect on the endocrine system, the "endocrine disruption theory", or whether some other factor is responsible. In this analysis, the authors take a closer look at the role that changes in reproductive factors have played in this respect. They apply the relative risks of age at first pregnancy and parity or family size to a set of Dutch demographic data from 1955 and 2015 and calculate the percentage of disease increase explained. The decrease in parity over the last decades explains an increase of 26% in testicular cancer. The combination of decrease in parity and increase in maternal age at first pregnancy explains an increase of 34% in hypospadias prevalence. This combination of decreased parity and increased maternal age at pregnancy explains an increase of 24% in childhood obesity prevalence. The authors further point to a perhaps even more profound effect of the trend toward smaller families. This trend has led to an estimated doubling of the proportion of children born from subfertile couples. Since children born from subfertile couples are more likely to be preterm or of low birth weight, the incidence of these conditions must have increased as well. Low birth weight and preterm delivery are risk factors for a wide range of diseases and conditions. The changes in human reproduction over the last decades have had a profound impact on the incidence of a range of diseases and conditions in the next generation and thus provide a sound explanation for a substantial portion of the reported increases. Key messages The incidence rates of a wide range of diseases and conditions have increased in the Western societies over the last decades. Many have argued that these increases are attributable to compounds thought to have effects on the human endocrine system: the endocrine disruption theory This analysis shows, however, that human reproductive factors such as maternal age at first pregnancy and parity explain substantial proportions of the reported increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M H Swaen
- a CAPHRI Research Institute and Department of Complex Genetics , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- b Tisch Cancer Institute , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York City , NY , USA
| | - Maurice Zeegers
- a CAPHRI Research Institute and Department of Complex Genetics , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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7
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You W, Rühli FJ, Henneberg RJ, Henneberg M. Greater family size is associated with less cancer risk: an ecological analysis of 178 countries. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:924. [PMID: 30257658 PMCID: PMC6156945 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater family size measured with total fertility rate (TFR) and with household size, may offer more life satisfaction to the family members. Positive psychological well-being has been postulated to decrease cancer initiation risk. This ecological study aims to examine the worldwide correlation between family size, used as the measure of positive psychological well-being, and total cancer incidence rates. METHODS Country specific estimates obtained from United Nations agencies on total cancer incidence rates (total, female and male rates in age range 0-49 years and all ages respectively), all ages site cancer incidence (bladder, breast, cervix uteri, colorectum, corpus uteri, lung, ovary and stomach), TFR, household size, life expectancy, urbanization, per capita GDP PPP and self-calculated Biological State Index (Ibs) were matched for data analysis. Pearson's, non-parametric Spearman's, partial correlations, independent T-test and multivariate regressions were conducted in SPSS. RESULTS Worldwide, TFR and household size were significantly and negatively correlated to all the cancer incidence variables. These correlations remained significant in partial correlation analysis when GDP, life expectancy, Ibs and urbanization were controlled for. TFR correlated to male cancer incidence rate (all ages) significantly stronger than it did to female cancer incidence rate (all ages) in both Pearson's and partial correlations. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis indicated that TFR and household size were consistently significant predictors of all cancer incidence variables. CONCLUSIONS Countries with greater family size have lower cancer risk in both females, and especially males. Our results seem to suggest that it may be worthwhile further examining correlations between family size and cancer risk in males and females through the cohort and case-control studies based on large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng You
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Frank J Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renata J Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Koirala S. Joint Families and Cancer Diagnosis in Rural India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:549-554. [PMID: 29481008 PMCID: PMC5980948 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Each year, there are over a million new cases of cancer in India, which causes many untimely deaths
and increases the economic burden to households. By focusing on preventative measures and finding socioeconomic
and behavioral contributors to cancer, steps can be taken to help alleviate this burden. This study aims to find the effect
living in a joint family can have on being diagnosed with cancer in rural India. Methods: The study estimates the
effect living in a joint family, along with other demographic information, has on being diagnosed with cancer using
a logit estimation model. The data for the study was collected from a survey was conducted on the households of the
Handiganur village (N=251) comprising of several demographic, social, and medical questions. Results: The study
found that living in a joint family lowers the odds of having cancer. The results indicate that living in a joint family
reduces the probability of being diagnosed by 7.23 percentage points and is significant at a 5% level. Furthermore,
among the other tested variables, eating habit is negatively significant at 5% level, suggesting that if a person eats 3 to
4 times a day his or her likelihood of suffering from cancer will be lowered by 6.55 percentage points. Access to public
wells and drinking alcohol both increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 7.90 (p<0.1) percentage
points and 11.90 (p<0.05) percentage points respectively. Conclusions: The negative effect of joint family could be
due to two possible reasons. The first is that there is in fact a biological reason. The second reason for this result could
be a false negative, as it could be because people in joint families are not getting the necessary check-ups required to
diagnose cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Koirala
- School of Arts and Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States,For Correspondence:
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9
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Lupatsch JE, Bailey HD, Lacour B, Dufour C, Bertozzi AI, Leblond P, Faure-Conter C, Pellier I, Freycon C, Doz F, Puget S, Ducassou S, Orsi L, Clavel J. Childhood brain tumours, early infections and immune stimulation: A pooled analysis of the ESCALE and ESTELLE case-control studies (SFCE, France). Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 52:1-9. [PMID: 29128708 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated whether early infections and factors potentially related to early immune stimulation might be involved in the aetiology of childhood brain tumours (CBT). In this study, we investigated the associations between CBT with early day-care attendance, history of early common infections, atopic conditions (asthma/wheezing, eczema, allergic rhinitis), early farm residence/visits and contact with animals. METHODS We pooled data from two nationwide French case-control studies, the ESCALE and ESTELLE studies. Children with a CBT diagnosed between 1 and 14 years of age were identified directly from the French National Registry of Childhood Cancers, while population controls were recruited from telephone subscribers. Odds-ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The analyses included 469 cases and 2719 controls. We found no association between attending a day-care centre (OR: 0.9, 95%CI: 0.7-1.2) or having had repeated common infections (OR: 0.9, 95%CI: 0.7-1.2) in the first year of life and the risk of CBT. There was also no association with a history of asthma/wheezing (OR: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.56-1.1). Farm visits (OR: 0.6, 95%CI: 0.5-0.8) as well as contact with pets (OR: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.6-1.0) in the first year of life were inversely associated with CBT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a protective effect of early farm visits and contact with pets, but not with other markers of early immune stimulation. This might be related to immune stimulation but needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Lupatsch
- UMRS 1153, INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Paris, France; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Helen D Bailey
- UMRS 1153, INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Lacour
- UMRS 1153, INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Paris, France; RNCE - National Registry of Childhood Cancers, Inserm, Villejuif and CHU de Nancy, France
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Gustave Roussy, Département de cancérologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Faure-Conter
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique, IHOPe, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Claire Freycon
- Clinique de pédiatrie, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - François Doz
- Oncology Center SIREDO (Care Innovation Research in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults Cancer), Institut Curie and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ducassou
- Service d'onco-hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Pellegrin Tripode, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Orsi
- UMRS 1153, INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- UMRS 1153, INSERM, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, CRESS-EPICEA Epidémiologie des cancers de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Paris, France; RNCE - National Registry of Childhood Cancers, Inserm, Villejuif and CHU de Nancy, France
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10
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Sayeed S, Barnes I, Ali R. Childhood cancer incidence by ethnic group in England, 2001-2007: a descriptive epidemiological study. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:570. [PMID: 28841853 PMCID: PMC5574126 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the first year of life, cancers are the commonest cause of death in children. Incidence rates vary between ethnic groups, and recent advances in data linkage allow for a more accurate estimation of these variations. Identifying such differences may help identify potential risk or protective factors for certain childhood cancers. This study thus aims to ascertain whether such differences do indeed exist using nationwide data across seven years, as have previously been described in adult cancers. METHODS We obtained data for all cancer registrations for children (aged 0-14) in England from January 2001 to December 2007. Ethnicity (self-assigned) was established through record linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database or cancer registry data. Cancers were classified morphologically according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer into four groups - leukaemias; lymphomas; central nervous system; and other solid tumours. Age standardised incidence rates were estimated for each ethnic group, as well as incidence rate ratios comparing each individual ethnic group (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Carribean, Chinese) to Whites, adjusting for sex, age and deprivation. RESULTS The majority of children in the study are UK born. Black children (RR = 1.18, 99% CI: 1.01-1.39), and amongst South Asians, Pakistani children (RR = 1.19, 99% CI: 1.02-1.39) appear to have an increased risk of all cancers. There is an increased risk of leukaemia in South Asians (RR = 1.31, 99% CI: 1.08-1.58), and of lymphoma in Black (RR = 1.72, 99% CI: 1.13-2.63) and South Asian children (RR = 1.51, 99% CI: 1.10-2.06). South Asians appear to have a decreased risk of CNS cancers (RR = 0.71, 99% CI: 0.54-0.95). CONCLUSIONS In the tradition of past migrant studies, such descriptive studies within ethnic minority groups permit a better understanding of disease incidence within the population, but also allow for the generation of hypotheses to begin to understand why such differences might exist. Though a major cause of mortality in this age group, childhood cancer remains a relatively rare disease; however, the methods used here have permitted the first nationwide estimation of childhood cancer by individual ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameq Sayeed
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Isobel Barnes
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Raghib Ali
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK. .,Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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11
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The more the heavier? Family size and childhood obesity in the U.S. Soc Sci Med 2017; 180:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Ellulu MS, Abed Y. Effect of socio-demographic factors and obesity on blood pressure among adults based on health status in Gaza, Palestine. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
This study uses Swedish population register data to investigate the relationship between birth order and mortality at ages 30 to 69 for Swedish cohorts born between 1938 and 1960, using a within-family comparison. The main analyses are conducted with discrete-time survival analysis using a within-family comparison, and the estimates are adjusted for age, mother’s age at the time of birth, and cohort. Focusing on sibships ranging in size from two to six, we find that mortality risk in adulthood increases with later birth order. The results show that the relative effect of birth order is greater among women than among men. This pattern is consistent for all the major causes of death but is particularly pronounced for mortality attributable to cancers of the respiratory system and to external causes. Further analyses in which we adjust for adult socioeconomic status and adult educational attainment suggest that social pathways only mediate the relationship between birth order and mortality risk in adulthood to a limited degree.
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14
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Jiang A, Rambhatla P, Eide M. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and melanoma: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:885-915. [PMID: 25354495 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Jiang
- Stritch School of Medicine; Loyola University Chicago; Maywood IL U.S.A
| | - P.V. Rambhatla
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
| | - M.J. Eide
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
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15
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Crump C, Sundquist K, Sieh W, Winkleby MA, Sundquist J. Season of birth and other perinatal risk factors for melanoma. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:793-801. [PMID: 24453238 PMCID: PMC4052134 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is the main risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), but its specific effect in infancy is unknown. We examined whether season of birth, a proxy for solar UVR exposure in the first few months of life, is associated with CMM in childhood through young adulthood. METHODS National cohort study of 3,571,574 persons born in Sweden in 1973-2008, followed up for CMM incidence through 2009 (maximum age 37 years) to examine season of birth and other perinatal factors. RESULTS There were 1595 CMM cases in 63.9 million person-years of follow-up. We found a sinusoidal pattern in CMM risk by season of birth (P=0.006), with peak risk corresponding to birthdates in spring (March-May). Adjusted odds ratios for CMM by season of birth were 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.39; P=0.008] for spring, 1.07 (95% CI, 0.92-1.24; P=0.40) for summer and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.96-1.29; P=0.14) for winter, relative to fall. Spring birth was associated with superficial spreading subtype of CMM (P=0.02), whereas there was no seasonal association with nodular subtype (P=0.26). Other CMM risk factors included family history of CMM in a sibling (>6-fold) or parent (>3-fold), female gender, high fetal growth and high paternal education level. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study, persons born in spring had increased risk of CMM in childhood through young adulthood, suggesting that the first few months of life may be a critical period of UVR susceptibility. Sun avoidance in early infancy may play an important role in the prevention of CMM in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Crump
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn A Winkleby
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Clagett B, Nathanson KL, Ciosek SL, McDermoth M, Vaughn DJ, Mitra N, Weiss A, Martonik R, Kanetsky PA. Comparison of address-based sampling and random-digit dialing methods for recruiting young men as controls in a case-control study of testicular cancer susceptibility. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1638-47. [PMID: 24008901 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Random-digit dialing (RDD) using landline telephone numbers is the historical gold standard for control recruitment in population-based epidemiologic research. However, increasing cell-phone usage and diminishing response rates suggest that the effectiveness of RDD in recruiting a random sample of the general population, particularly for younger target populations, is decreasing. In this study, we compared landline RDD with alternative methods of control recruitment, including RDD using cell-phone numbers and address-based sampling (ABS), to recruit primarily white men aged 18-55 years into a study of testicular cancer susceptibility conducted in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, metropolitan area between 2009 and 2012. With few exceptions, eligible and enrolled controls recruited by means of RDD and ABS were similar with regard to characteristics for which data were collected on the screening survey. While we find ABS to be a comparably effective method of recruiting young males compared with landline RDD, we acknowledge the potential impact that selection bias may have had on our results because of poor overall response rates, which ranged from 11.4% for landline RDD to 1.7% for ABS.
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Driscoll DL, Dotterrer B, Brown RA. Assessing the social and physical determinants of circumpolar population health. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013; 72:21400. [PMID: 23986893 PMCID: PMC3754548 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systematic reviews of the social and physical determinants of health provide metrics for evaluation of programs to mitigate health disparities. Previous meta-analyses of the population health literature have identified several proximate social and physical determinants of population health in the circumpolar north including addiction, environmental exposures, diet/nutrition and global climate change. Proximate health determinants are most amenable to early detection and modification or mitigation through disease prevention or health promotion interventions. DESIGN There is a need for research to replicate these findings based on the latest science. This presentation describes a study applying Dahlgren and Whitehead's (1991) socio-ecological model of health determinants to identify the proximate social and physical determinants of health in the circumpolar north. METHODS The study consisted of a systematic review of recent studies that link determinants of health with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Alaska. Our search strategy employed a keyword search using the Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database (CHBD) and 4 databases within the Web of Knowledge (WoK) data gateway. Keywords included various terms for the arctic, all relevant nations and territories within the region, as well as leading health outcomes. RESULTS Studies meeting the following inclusion criteria were reviewed: original research within a circumpolar population, published in English during 2011, and involving a rigorous demonstration of a link between a social determinant and selected health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Study conclusions includes a list of determinants identified, their associated outcomes and the study designs implemented to assess that association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Driscoll
- Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA.
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18
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O’Rorke M, Black C, Murray L, Cardwell C, Gavin A, Cantwell M. Do perinatal and early life exposures influence the risk of malignant melanoma? A Northern Ireland birth cohort analysis. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Smith GD. Epidemiology, epigenetics and the 'Gloomy Prospect': embracing randomness in population health research and practice. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:537-62. [PMID: 21807641 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologists aim to identify modifiable causes of disease, this often being a prerequisite for the application of epidemiological findings in public health programmes, health service planning and clinical medicine. Despite successes in identifying causes, it is often claimed that there are missing additional causes for even reasonably well-understood conditions such as lung cancer and coronary heart disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that largely chance events, from the biographical down to the sub-cellular, contribute an important stochastic element to disease risk that is not epidemiologically tractable at the individual level. Epigenetic influences provide a fashionable contemporary explanation for such seemingly random processes. Chance events-such as a particular lifelong smoker living unharmed to 100 years-are averaged out at the group level. As a consequence population-level differences (for example, secular trends or differences between administrative areas) can be entirely explicable by causal factors that appear to account for only a small proportion of individual-level risk. In public health terms, a modifiable cause of the large majority of cases of a disease may have been identified, with a wild goose chase continuing in an attempt to discipline the random nature of the world with respect to which particular individuals will succumb. The quest for personalized medicine is a contemporary manifestation of this dream. An evolutionary explanation of why randomness exists in the development of organisms has long been articulated, in terms of offering a survival advantage in changing environments. Further, the basic notion that what is near-random at one level may be almost entirely predictable at a higher level is an emergent property of many systems, from particle physics to the social sciences. These considerations suggest that epidemiological approaches will remain fruitful as we enter the decade of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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