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Zhou X, Xu R, Wu Y, Zhou L, Xiang T. The role of proteasomes in tumorigenesis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101070. [PMID: 38523673 PMCID: PMC10958230 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is the basis of normal life activities, and the proteasome family plays an extremely important function in this process. The proteasome 20S is a concentric circle structure with two α rings and two β rings overlapped. The proteasome 20S can perform both ATP-dependent and non-ATP-dependent ubiquitination proteasome degradation by binding to various subunits (such as 19S, 11S, and 200 PA), which is performed by its active subunit β1, β2, and β5. The proteasome can degrade misfolded, excess proteins to maintain homeostasis. At the same time, it can be utilized by tumors to degrade over-proliferate and unwanted proteins to support their growth. Proteasomes can affect the development of tumors from several aspects including tumor signaling pathways such as NF-κB and p53, cell cycle, immune regulation, and drug resistance. Proteasome-encoding genes have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of tumors, providing a potential novel target for cancer therapy. In addition, proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib have been put into clinical application as the first-line treatment of multiple myeloma. More and more studies have shown that it also has different therapeutic effects in other tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, and neuroblastoma. However, proteasome inhibitors are not much effective due to their tolerance and singleness in other tumors. Therefore, further studies on their mechanisms of action and drug interactions are needed to investigate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ruqing Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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Ihlamur M, Akgul B, Zengin Y, Korkut ŞV, Kelleci K, Abamor EŞ. The mTOR Signaling Pathway and mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer: Next-generation Inhibitors and Approaches. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:478-494. [PMID: 37165594 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230509161645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that plays various roles in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR signaling in cancer becomes irregular. Therefore, drugs targeting mTOR have been developed. Although mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and rapamycin rapalogs (everolimus, rapamycin, temsirolimus, deforolimus, etc.) and new generation mTOR inhibitors (Rapalink, Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, etc.) are used in cancer treatments, mTOR resistance mechanisms may inhibit the efficacy of these drugs. Therefore, new inhibition approaches are developed. Although these new inhibition approaches have not been widely investigated in cancer treatment, the use of nanoparticles has been evaluated as a new treatment option in a few types of cancer. This review outlines the functions of mTOR in the cancer process, its resistance mechanisms, and the efficiency of mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it discusses the next-generation mTOR inhibitors and inhibition strategies created using nanoparticles. Since mTOR resistance mechanisms prevent the effects of mTOR inhibitors used in cancer treatments, new inhibition strategies should be developed. Inhibition approaches are created using nanoparticles, and one of them offers a promising treatment option with evidence supporting its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ihlamur
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Akgul
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Zengin
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şenay Vural Korkut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kübra Kelleci
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Şefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Nakamura K, Asanuma K, Okamoto T, Iino T, Hagi T, Nakamura T, Sudo A. Combination of Everolimus and Bortezomib Inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas via JNK/p38/ERK MAPK and AKT Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092468. [PMID: 37173935 PMCID: PMC10177427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of the mammalian target of rapamycin and proteasome inhibitors is a new treatment strategy for various tumors. Herein, we investigated the synergistic effect of everolimus and bortezomib on tumor growth and metastasis in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. The antitumor effects of everolimus and bortezomib were assessed in a human fibrosarcoma (FS) cell line (HT1080) and mouse osteosarcoma (OS) cell line (LM8) by MTS assays and Western blotting. The effects of everolimus and bortezomib on HT1080 and LM8 tumor growth in xenograft mouse models were evaluated using tumor volume and the number of metastatic nodes of the resected lungs. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate cleaved PARP expression. The combination therapy decreased FS and OS cell proliferation compared with either drug alone. This combination induced more intense p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK and activated apoptosis signals, such as caspase-3, compared with single-agent treatment. The combination treatment reduced p-AKT and MYC expression, decreased FS and OS tumor volumes, and suppressed lung metastases of OS. The combination therapy inhibited tumor growth in FS and OS and metastatic progression of OS via the JNK/p38/ERK MAPK and AKT pathways. These results could aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies for sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Asanuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-0001, Japan
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Shorthouse D, Bradley J, Critchlow SE, Bendtsen C, Hall BA. Heterogeneity of the cancer cell line metabolic landscape. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e11006. [PMID: 36321551 PMCID: PMC9627668 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unravelling of the complexity of cellular metabolism is in its infancy. Cancer-associated genetic alterations may result in changes to cellular metabolism that aid in understanding phenotypic changes, reveal detectable metabolic signatures, or elucidate vulnerabilities to particular drugs. To understand cancer-associated metabolic transformation, we performed untargeted metabolite analysis of 173 different cancer cell lines from 11 different tissues under constant conditions for 1,099 different species using mass spectrometry (MS). We correlate known cancer-associated mutations and gene expression programs with metabolic signatures, generating novel associations of known metabolic pathways with known cancer drivers. We show that metabolic activity correlates with drug sensitivity and use metabolic activity to predict drug response and synergy. Finally, we study the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer mutations across tissues, and find that genes exhibit a range of context specific, and more general metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shorthouse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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TAŞKIN ŞENOL G, KAPLAN HM, BOYAN N, OĞUZ Ö, ŞİNGİRİK E. Geraniol ve vitamin C’nin dietilnitrozamin kaynaklı deneysel hepatoselüler karsinogenez üzerindeki etkisi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of geraniol and vitamin C on the experimental hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC) model by inducing FL83B hepatocyte cell lines with diethylnitrosamine (DENA).
Materials and Methods: The cells prepared in the medium were incubated with DENA (5 μM), geraniol (5 μM), and vitamin C (50 μM) for 48 hours in an incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Groups were designed as follows: Group 1 (Control), group 2 (DENA Control), group 3 (DENA+Geraniol), group 4 (DENA+Vitamin C), and group 5 (DENA+Geraniol+Vitamin C) on standard cell culture plates. Six plates from each experimental group were studied. After the homogenization was centrifuged, analyses of pathway mediators NF-ĸB, AIF, caspase-3, BCL-2, bax, gadd153, GRP78, and COX were performed by the Elisa method.
Results: The expression of Bax, caspase-3, COX-2, NFkB, GADD153, AIF, and GRP78 increased in cancer cells when compared to group 1 and decreased in other groups where antiproliferative agents were applied. Bcl-2 expression is decreased when compared to group 1, and expression is increased in other groups where antiproliferative agents are applied.
Conclusion: There was a significant hepatoprotective effect in the groups administered geraniol+vitamin C on pathway mediators in a DENA-induced HCC model.
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Wang C, Wang H, Lieftink C, du Chatinier A, Gao D, Jin G, Jin H, Beijersbergen RL, Qin W, Bernards R. CDK12 inhibition mediates DNA damage and is synergistic with sorafenib treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2020; 69:727-736. [PMID: 31519701 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies and a major leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Several therapeutic options like sorafenib and regorafenib provide only modest survival benefit to patients with HCC. This study aims to identify novel druggable candidate genes for patients with HCC. DESIGN A non-biased CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loss-of-function genetic screen targeting all known human kinases was performed to identify vulnerabilities of HCC cells. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and bioinformatics analyses were performed to explore the mechanisms of the action of a cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) inhibitor in HCC cells. Multiple in vitro and in vivo assays were used to study the synergistic effects of the combination of CDK12 inhibition and sorafenib. RESULTS We identify CDK12 as critically required for most HCC cell lines. Suppression of CDK12 using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or its inhibition by the covalent small molecule inhibitor THZ531 leads to robust proliferation inhibition. THZ531 preferentially suppresses the expression of DNA repair-related genes and induces strong DNA damage response in HCC cell lines. The combination of THZ531 and sorafenib shows striking synergy by inducing apoptosis or senescence in HCC cells. The synergy between THZ531 and sorafenib may derive from the notion that THZ531 impairs the adaptive responses of HCC cells induced by sorafenib treatment. CONCLUSION Our data highlight the potential of CDK12 as a drug target for patients with HCC. The striking synergy of THZ531 and sorafenib suggests a potential combination therapy for this difficult to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aimee du Chatinier
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Huang IT, Dhungel B, Shrestha R, Bridle KR, Crawford DHG, Jayachandran A, Steel JC. Spotlight on Bortezomib: potential in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:7-18. [PMID: 30474444 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1551359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study reviews the evidence for the use of Bortezomib (BZB), a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor in advanced Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review aims to delineate the role of BZB within the management of non-surgical and metastatic HCC, either as an alternative or as an adjunct to the current treatment paradigm. AREAS COVERED In addition to BZB pharmacology and mechanism of action, safety and tolerance profiles of the drug obtained from clinical trials are explored. The utility of BZB as a therapeutic agent either alone or in combination with other therapies against HCC, including its application in both preclinical and clinical settings has been reviewed. In particular, we highlight the importance of preclinical evaluation of BZB as a combinatorial agent in synergism with other therapies for the use in the management of HCC. EXPERT OPINION There has been much interest surrounding the use of BZB, a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor for HCC therapy. The discernment of outcomes of BZB clinical trials for HCC need to take into consideration the disease-specific factors that can affect survival outcomes including patient selection and aetiological differences. Further preclinical testing of BZB in combination with other therapeutic modalities can be important for eliciting enhanced anti-HCC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tao Huang
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Bijay Dhungel
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kim R Bridle
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,b Gallipoli Medical Research Institute , Greenslopes Private Hospital , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- a School of Clinical Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.,c School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences , CQ University , Rockhampton , Australia
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Phospho-ERK is a biomarker of response to a synthetic lethal drug combination of sorafenib and MEK inhibition in liver cancer. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1057-1065. [PMID: 30030148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Treatment of liver cancer remains challenging because of a paucity of drugs that target critical dependencies. Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that is approved as the standard therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, but it only provides limited survival benefit. In this study we aimed to identify potential combination therapies to improve the clinical response to sorafenib. METHODS To investigate the cause of the limited therapeutic effect of sorafenib, we performed a CRISPR-Cas9 based synthetic lethality screen to search for kinases whose knockout synergizes with sorafenib. Synergistic effects of sorafenib and selumetinib on cell apoptosis and phospho-ERK (p-ERK) were analyzed by caspase-3/7 apoptosis assay and western blot, respectively. p-ERK was measured by immunochemical analysis using a tissue microarray containing 78 liver cancer specimens. The in vivo effects of the combination were also measured in two xenograft models. RESULT We found that suppression of ERK2 (MAPK1) sensitizes several liver cancer cell lines to sorafenib. Drugs inhibiting the MEK (MEK1/2 [MAP2K1/2]) or ERK (ERK1/2 [MAPK1/3]) kinases reverse unresponsiveness to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo in a subset of liver cancer cell lines characterized by high levels of active p-ERK, through synergistic inhibition of ERK kinase activity. CONCLUSION Our data provide a combination strategy for treating liver cancer and suggest that tumors with high basal p-ERK levels, which are seen in approximately 30% of liver cancers, are most likely to benefit from such combinatorial treatment. LAY SUMMARY Sorafenib is approved as the standard therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, but only provides limited survival benefit. Herein, we found that inhibition of the kinase ERK2 increases the response to sorafenib in liver cancer. Our data indicate that a combination of sorafenib and a MEK inhibitor is most likely to be effective in tumors with high basal phospho-ERK levels.
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Sirolimus and metformin synergistically inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and improve long-term survival in patients with HCC related to hepatitis B virus induced cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62647-62656. [PMID: 27577068 PMCID: PMC5308754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive agents used postoperatively after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) favor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, new effective immunosuppressants are needed. This retrospective study assessed combined sirolimus and metformin on survival of HCC patients after LT. In 2001-2013, 133 HCC patients with LT were divided into four groups: sirolimus and metformin combination (Sir+Met), sirolimus monotherapy (Sir), other immunosuppressants in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients without metformin (No Sir with DM), and other immunosuppressants in patients without DM (No Sir without DM). Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank tests were used to assess survival. Cell proliferation and tumor xenograft assays were performed to disclose the mechanisms underlying the sirolimus and metformin effects. The Sir+Met group showed significantly prolonged survival compared to the other groups. The most significant cytotoxicity was seen in the Sir+Met group, with significantly decreased levels of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, AMPK, mTOR, 4EBP1 and S6K, compared with the other groups. In agreement, Sir+Met had the highest suppressive effect on tumor growth among all groups (P<0.01). In summary, Sir+Met treatment significantly prolonged survival, likely by suppressing cell proliferation. Therefore, this combination could represent a potential routine-regimen for patients post LT.
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10
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Liu GM, Zhang YM. Targeting FBPase is an emerging novel approach for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:36. [PMID: 29556139 PMCID: PMC5845355 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. Metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Glucose homeostasis is reciprocally controlled by the catabolic glycolysis and anabolic gluconeogenesis pathways. Previous studies have mainly focused on catabolic glycolysis, but recently, FBPase, a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, was found to play critical roles in tumour initiation and progression in several cancer types. Here, we review recent ideas and discoveries that illustrate the clinical significance of FBPase expression in various cancers, the mechanism through which FBPase influences cancer, and the mechanism of FBPase silencing. Furthermore, we summarize some of the drugs targeting FBPase and discuss their potential use in clinical applications and the problems that remain unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Min Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, No. 38 Huangtang Road, Meizhou, 514000 China
| | - Yao-Ming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, No. 38 Huangtang Road, Meizhou, 514000 China
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11
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mTOR Cross-Talk in Cancer and Potential for Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010023. [PMID: 29351204 PMCID: PMC5789373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an essential role in sensing and integrating a variety of exogenous cues to regulate cellular growth and metabolism, in both physiological and pathological conditions. mTOR functions through two functionally and structurally distinct multi-component complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which interact with each other and with several elements of other signaling pathways. In the past few years, many new insights into mTOR function and regulation have been gained and extensive genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have enhanced our understanding of how mTOR dysfunction contributes to several diseases, including cancer. Single-agent mTOR targeting, mostly using rapalogs, has so far met limited clinical success; however, due to the extensive cross-talk between mTOR and other pathways, combined approaches are the most promising avenues to improve clinical efficacy of available therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. This review provides a brief and up-to-date narrative on the regulation of mTOR function, the relative contributions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes to cancer development and progression, and prospects for mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy.
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12
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Fang X, Shen F, Lechauve C, Xu P, Zhao G, Itkow J, Wu F, Hou Y, Wu X, Yu L, Xiu H, Wang M, Zhang R, Wang F, Zhang Y, Wang D, Weiss MJ, Yu D. miR-144/451 represses the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR pathway to promote red cell precursor survival during recovery from acute anemia. Haematologica 2017; 103:406-416. [PMID: 29269522 PMCID: PMC5830375 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.177394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs miR-144 and -451 are encoded by a bicistronic gene that is strongly induced during red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis). Ablation of the miR-144/451 gene in mice causes mild anemia under baseline conditions. Here we show that miR-144/451−/− erythroblasts exhibit increased apoptosis during recovery from acute anemia. Mechanistically, miR-144/451 depletion increases the expression of the miR-451 target mRNA Cab39, which encodes a co-factor for the serine-threonine kinase LKB1. During erythropoietic stress, miR-144/451−/− erythroblasts exhibit abnormally increased Cab39 protein, which activates LKB1 and its downstream AMPK/mTOR effector pathway. Suppression of this pathway via drugs or shRNAs enhances survival of the mutant erythroblasts. Thus, miR-144/451 facilitates recovery from acute anemia by repressing Cab39/AMPK/mTOR. Our findings suggest that miR-144/451 is a key protector of erythroblasts during pathological states associated with dramatically increased erythropoietic demand, including acute blood loss and hemolytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Feiyang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Christophe Lechauve
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Guowei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jacobi Itkow
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yaying Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, China
| | - Lingling Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang, China
| | - Huiqing Xiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Mengli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China
| | - Daxin Wang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Duonan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, University School of Medicine, China .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Jin X, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Ravichandran R, Potts PR, Jiang J, Wu H, Huang H. MAGE-TRIM28 complex promotes the Warburg effect and hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting FBP1 for degradation. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e312. [PMID: 28394358 PMCID: PMC5520498 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBP1), a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, has been identified recently as a tumor suppressor in HCC and other cancer types. In this study, we demonstrated that the tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28) binds directly to and promotes FBP1 for ubiquitination and degradation. MAGE-A3 and MAGE-C2, which are known to be overexpressed in HCC, can enhance TRIM28-dependent degradation of FBP1 by forming ubiquitin ligase complexes with TRIM28. We further showed that expression of TRIM28 increased glucose consumption and lactate production by promoting FBP1 degradation in HCC cells and that FBP1 is a key mediator of TRIM28-induced HCC growth in culture and in mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that FBP1 and TRIM28 protein levels inversely correlated in HCC patient specimens. Finally, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib mitigated the Warburg effect by inhibiting FBP1 degradation in HCC. Collectively, our findings not only identify oncogenic MAGE-TRIM28 complex-mediated proteasome degradation of FBP1 as a key mechanism underlying downregulation of FBP1 proteins in HCC, but also reveal that MAGE-TRIM28-regulated reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism and HCC tumorigenesis is mediated, at least in part, through FBP1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jin
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Y Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Ravichandran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P R Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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14
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Suares A, Mori Sequeiros Garcia M, Paz C, González-Pardo V. Antiproliferative effects of Bortezomib in endothelial cells transformed by viral G protein-coupled receptor associated to Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Signal 2017; 32:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Pivonello C, Negri M, De Martino MC, Napolitano M, de Angelis C, Provvisiero DP, Cuomo G, Auriemma RS, Simeoli C, Izzo F, Colao A, Hofland LJ, Pivonello R. The dual targeting of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor enhances the mTOR inhibitor-mediated antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9718-31. [PMID: 26756219 PMCID: PMC4891079 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of mTOR and IGF pathways is frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus mTOR and IGF1R represent suitable therapeutic targets in HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) and OSI-906, blocker of IGF1R/IR, on HCC cell proliferation, viability, migration and invasion, and alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP) secretion. In HepG2 and HuH-7 we evaluated, the expression of mTOR and IGF pathway components; the effects of Sirolimus, Everolimus, Temsirolimus and OSI-906 on cell proliferation; the effects of Sirolimus, OSI-906, and their combination, on cell secretion, proliferation, viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion and migration. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms underlying these cell functions were evaluated in both cell lines. Our results show that HepG2 and HuH-7 present with the same mRNA expression profile with high levels of IGF2. OSI-906 inhibited cell proliferation at high concentration, while mTORi suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-time dependent manner in both cell lines. The co-treatment showed an additive inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and viability. This effect was not related to induction of apoptosis, but to G0/G1 phase block. Moreover, the co-treatment prevented the Sirolimus-induced AKT activation as escape mechanism. Both agents demonstrated to be differently effective in inhibiting α-FP secretion. Sirolimus, OSI-906, and their combination, blocked cell migration and invasion in HuH-7. These findings indicate that, co-targeting of IGF1R/IR and mTOR pathways could be a novel therapeutic approach in the management of HCC, in order to maximize antitumoral effect and to prevent the early development of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- IOS & Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Centro Direzionale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Napolitano
- Immunology Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- IOS & Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Centro Direzionale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Cuomo
- IRCCS Fondazione SDN, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" (IRCCS), Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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16
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da Silva EFG, Krause GC, Lima KG, Haute GV, Pedrazza L, Mesquita FC, Basso BS, Velasquez AC, Nunes FB, de Oliveira JR. Rapamycin and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate reduce the HEPG2 cell proliferation via increase of free radicals and apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2647-2652. [PMID: 27665945 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most prevalent type of tumor among primary tumors affecting the liver. Rapamycin is currently used as a basis for chemotherapy in the treatment of cancers, including the liver. Because it shows several adverse effects, minimizing these effects without compromising efficacy is important. In this sense other drugs may be used concomitantly. One of these drugs is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), which has shown therapeutic effect in various pathological situations, having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the activity of rapamycin in combination with the FBP in HepG2 cell proliferation and the mechanisms involved. HepG2 cells were analyzed after 72 h of treatment with both drugs. Cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, cytokines, apoptosis, senescence, autophagy and oxidative stress were accessed. Ιt was demonstrated that the combination is more efficient than the single use of substances, because subtherapeutic doses of rapamycin, when associated to FBP become effective, reducing cell proliferation, through a significant increase in the production of tiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), suggesting that this might be the cause of death by apoptosis. According to these results, we believe that the association of both drugs may be a promising choice for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Feller Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Catyana Krause
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Goulart Lima
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Viegas Haute
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pedrazza
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Mesquita
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Souza Basso
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Catarina Velasquez
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bordignon Nunes
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619‑900, Brazil
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17
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Huntington JT, Tang X, Kent LN, Schmidt CR, Leone G. The Spectrum of E2F in Liver Disease--Mediated Regulation in Biology and Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1438-49. [PMID: 26566968 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncoordinated cell growth is one of the fundamental concepts in carcinogenesis and occurs secondary to dysregulation of the cell cycle. The E2Fs are a large family of transcription factors and are key regulators of the cell cycle. The activation of E2Fs is intimately regulated by retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). The RB pathway has been implicated in almost every human malignancy. Recently there have been exciting developments in the E2F field using animal models to better understand the role of E2Fs in vivo. Genetic mouse models have proven essential in implicating E2Fs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver disease. In this review, the general structure and function of E2Fs as well as the role for E2Fs in the development of HCC and liver disease is evaluated. Specifically, what is known about E2Fs in human disease is explored in depth, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huntington
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl R Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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LIU RUI, WANG WENJIE, DAI BINGLING, LIU YANPING, ZHANG YANMIN. Taspine derivative TAS9 regulates cell growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7735-41. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Chen YJ, Wu H, Shen XZ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its potential application in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:245-52. [PMID: 26193663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complicated tightly controlled system in charge of degrading 80-90% of proteins, and is central to regulating cellular function and keeping protein homeostasis. Therefore, the components of UPS attract considerable attention as potential targets for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. The clinical success of bortezomib in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma patients has set the precedent for therapeutically targeting this pathway. This review will provide an overview of the UPS in HCC and the current status of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Huang P, Zhuang B, Zhang H, Yan H, Xiao Z, Li W, Zhang J, Tang Q, Hu K, Koeffler HP, Wang J, Yin D. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein (HBx) Is Responsible for Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Ex Vivo Culture Evidence. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4420-30. [PMID: 26059188 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular targeted therapy is an important approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HBV-HCC) accounts for approximately 50% of all HCC cases. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor (PI), is used extensively for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but its application in HCC, particularly in HBV-HCC, has not been fully explored. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of bortezomib on HCC tissues were evaluated by TUNEL assays. The growth inhibitory activity was measured using cell viability assays, and apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. The levels of HBx, P-Raf/Raf, and P-Erk/Erk expression were measured by Western blot analysis. The ability of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 to enhance the cell killing activity of bortezomib was evaluated using ex vivo and in vivo methods. RESULTS The potency of bortezomib varied among HCC samples and cell lines, and HBV/HBx expression was associated with resistance to bortezomib. Bortezomib increased the levels of P-Raf and P-Erk in HBV/HBx-positive cells but not in HBV/HBx-negative HCC cells or in breast cancer or glioblastoma multiform cells. HBx was also upregulated after exposure to bortezomib, which was associated with the inhibition of proteasome activity. P-Erk upregulation mediated by bortezomib was effectively suppressed by the addition of the MEK inhibitor PD98059. Moreover, bortezomib and PD98059 synergistically inhibited HCC cell proliferation, as measured using both ex vivo and in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate for the first time that HBx causes resistance to bortezomib in HCC, and this resistance can be antagonized by a MEK signaling inhibitor, providing a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinbo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoxiong Zhuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heyun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qibin Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaishun Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. National University of Singapore (CSI, NCIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dong Yin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Impairment of the Pin1/E2F1 axis in the anti-proliferative effect of bortezomib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochimie 2015; 112:85-95. [PMID: 25742740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modest efficacy of available therapies for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) indicates the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. For the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (BZB), potentially attractive for HCC treatment, the mechanism of action is largely unknown. The BZB effect on E2Fs and the E2Fs control on the peptidylproline cis-trans isomerase (Pin1), prompted us to explore the BZB effect on the Pin1-E2F1 axis. METHODS The tumorigenic cell line HuH7 together with the non-tumorigenic cells IHH and the human pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes (hPSC-H), were used as cellular models of HCC and normal liver cells, respectively. RESULTS BZB reduces HuH7 growth as shown by cell counting, cell vitality test and cell cycle analysis; this is paralleled by the decrease of Pin1, E2F1, cyclin A2 and of the hyper-phosphorylated pRB. Pin1-E2F1 axis impairment justifies the anti-proliferative effect since Pin-E2F1 depletion decreases HuH7 growth while the over-expression rescues BZB-induced inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, Pin1-E2F1 promote HuH7 growth via the up-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A2, E2F2 and in part E2F3. Finally, in the control cells IHH and hPSC-H, BZB effect on cell vitality is not irrelevant, a fact correlated to the cellular proliferation rate. Thus, BZB effect on healthy liver tissue may not be entirely negligible hence caution should be exercised in its use in liver regeneration processes. CONCLUSION For the first time we prove the functional involvement of the Pin1-E2F1 axis in the anti-proliferative effect of BZB indicating Pin1-E2F as an attractive target to control HCC cell growth.
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22
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Zhang D, Qi J, Liu R, Dai B, Ma W, Zhan Y, Zhang Y. c-Myc plays a key role in TADs-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1076-1088. [PMID: 26045987 PMCID: PMC4449436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell growth is complicated progression which is regulated and controlled by multiple factors including cell cycle, migration and apoptosis. In present study, we report that TADs, a novel derivative of taspine, has an essential role in resisting hepatocellular carcinoma growth (including arrest cell cycle) and migration, and inducing cell apoptosis. Our findings demonstrated that the TADs showed good inhibition on the hepatoma cell growth and migration, and good action on apoptosis induction. Using genome-wide microarray analysis, we found the down-regulated growth and apoptosis factors, and selected down-regulated genes were confirmed by Western blot. Knockdown of a checkpoint c-Myc by siRNA significantly attenuated tumor inhibition and apoptosis effects of TADs. Moreover, our results indicated TADs could simultaneously increase cyclin D1 protein levels and decrease amount of cyclin E, cyclin B1 and cdc2 of the cycle proteins, and also TADs reduced Bcl-2 expression, and upregulated Bad, Bak and Bax activities. In conclusion, these results illustrated that TADs is a key factor in growth and apoptosis signaling inhibitor, has potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Junpeng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Weina Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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23
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Kawada JI, Ito Y, Iwata S, Suzuki M, Kawano Y, Kanazawa T, Siddiquey MNA, Kimura H. mTOR Inhibitors Induce Cell-Cycle Arrest and Inhibit Tumor Growth in Epstein–Barr Virus–Associated T and Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5412-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Zhang Y, Zhan Y, Zhang D, Dai B, Ma W, Qi J, Liu R, He L. Eupolyphaga sinensis walker displays inhibition on hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating cell growth and metastasis signaling. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5518. [PMID: 24980220 PMCID: PMC4076680 DOI: 10.1038/srep05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis are responsible for most cancer patients' deaths. Here, we report that eupolyphaga sinensis walker has an essential role in resisting hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis. Compared with proliferation, colony formation, transwell assay and transplantable tumor in nude mouse in vitro and vivo, eupolyphaga sinensis walker extract (ESWE) showed good inhibition on the SMMC-7721 cell growth and metastasis. Using genome-wide microarray analysis, we found the down-regulated growth and metastasis factors, and selected down-regulated genes were confirmed by real-time PCR. Knockdown of a checkpoint PKCβ by siRNA significantly attenuated tumor inhibition and metastasis effects of ESWE. Moreover, our results indicate ESWE inhibits HCC growth by not only downregulating the signaling of PKCβ, Akt, m-TOR, Erk1/2, MEK-2, Raf and JNK-1, but also increasing cyclin D1 protein levels and decreasing amount of cyclin E, cyclin B1 and cdc2 of the cycle proteins. At the same time, ESWE reduced MMP2, MMP9 and CXCR4, PLG, NFκB and P53 activities. Overall, our studies demonstrate that ESWE is a key factor in growth and metastasis signaling inhibitor targeting the PKC, AKT, MAPK signaling and related metastasis signaling, having potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Weina Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Junpeng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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mTOR in viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: function and treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:735672. [PMID: 24804240 PMCID: PMC3996896 DOI: 10.1155/2014/735672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the fifth most common cancer in men and the eighth most common cancer in women, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with standard chemotherapy and radiation being minimally effective in prolonging survival. Virus hepatitis, particularly HBV and HCV infection is the most prominent risk factor for HCC development. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in viral hepatitis and HCC. mTOR inhibitors have been tested successfully in clinical trials for their antineoplastic potency and well tolerability. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs or targeted therapy drug scan significantly reduces HCC growth and improves clinical outcome, indicating that mTOR inhibition is a promising strategy for the clinical management of HCC.
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26
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Yamashita AS, Baia GS, Ho JSY, Velarde E, Wong J, Gallia GL, Belzberg AJ, Kimura ET, Riggins GJ. Preclinical evaluation of the combination of mTOR and proteasome inhibitors with radiotherapy in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:83-92. [PMID: 24668609 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
About one half of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) have Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) mutations. NF1 is a tumor suppressor gene essential for negative regulation of RAS signaling. Survival for MPNST patients is poor and we sought to identify an effective combination therapy. Starting with the mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and everolimus, we screened for synergy in 542 FDA approved compounds using MPNST cells with a native NF1 loss in both alleles. We further analyzed the cell cycle and signal transduction. In vivo growth effects of the drug combination with local radiation therapy (RT) were assessed in MPNST xenografts. The synergistic combination of mTOR inhibitors with bortezomib yielded a reduction in MPNST cell proliferation. The combination of mTOR inhibitors and bortezomib also enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of radiation in vitro. In vivo, the combination of mTOR inhibitor (everolimus) and bortezomib with RT decreased tumor growth and proliferation, and augmented apoptosis. The combination of approved mTOR and proteasome inhibitors with radiation showed a significant reduction of tumor growth in an animal model and should be investigated and optimized further for MPNST therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Yamashita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Koch Building Rm. 257, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Chen L, Lü MH, Zhang D, Hao NB, Fan YH, Wu YY, Wang SM, Xie R, Fang DC, Zhang H, Hu CJ, Yang SM. miR-1207-5p and miR-1266 suppress gastric cancer growth and invasion by targeting telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1034. [PMID: 24481448 PMCID: PMC4040688 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
hTERT is the catalytic subunit of the telomerase complex. Elevated expression of hTERT is associated with the expansion and metastasis of gastric tumor. In this study, we aimed to identify novel tumor suppressor miRNAs that restrain hTERT expression. We began our screen for hTERT-targeting miRNAs with a miRNA microarray. miRNA candidates were further filtered by bioinformatic analysis, general expression pattern in different cell lines, gain-of-function effects on hTERT protein and the potential of these effects to suppress hTERT 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) luciferase activity. The clinical relevance of two miRNAs (miR-1207-5p and miR-1266) was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. The effects of these miRNAs on cell growth, cell cycle and invasion of gastric cancer cells were measured with CCK-8, flow cytometry and transwell assays. Finally, the ability of these miRNAs to suppress the transplanted tumors was also investigated. Fourteen miRNAs were identified using a combination of bioinformatics and miRNA microarray analysis. Of these fourteen miRNAs, nine were expressed at significantly lower levels in hTERT-positive cell lines compared with hTERT-negative cell lines and five could downregulate hTERT protein expression. Only miR-1207-5p and miR-1266 interacted with the 3′ UTR of hTERT and the expression levels of these two miRNAs were significantly decreased in gastric cancer tissues. These two miRNAs also inhibited gastric tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, miR-1207-5p and miR-1266 were determined to be hTERT suppressors in gastric cancer, and the delivery of these two miRNAs represents a novel therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - M-H Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - N-B Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Y-H Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Y-Y Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - S-M Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - R Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - D-C Fang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - C-J Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - S-M Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Baiz D, Dapas B, Farra R, Scaggiante B, Pozzato G, Zanconati F, Fiotti N, Consoloni L, Chiaretti S, Grassi G. Bortezomib effect on E2F and cyclin family members in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:795-803. [PMID: 24574752 PMCID: PMC3921488 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZB) on E2Fs and related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: The mRNA levels of the E2F family members (pro-proliferative: E2F1-3 and anti-proliferative: E2F4-8) and of their related genes cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) were evaluated in two HCC cell lines following a single BZB administration. mRNA levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes were also measured in both cell lines after BZB treatment. The BZB concentration (40 nmol/L) used was chosen to stay well below the maximal amount/cm2 recommended for in vivo application, and 2 d incubation was chosen as this time point has been found optimal to detect BZB effects in our previous studies. The HCC cell lines, HepG2 and JHH6, were chosen as they display different phenotypes, hepatocyte-like for HepG2 and undifferentiated for JHH6, thus representing an in vitro model of low and high aggressive forms of HCC, respectively. The mRNA levels of the target genes were measured by two-color microarray-based gene expression analysis, performed according to Agilent Technologies protocol and using an Agilent Scan B. For the E2F family members, mRNA levels were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using small interfering RNA’s, the effects of E2F8 depletion on cell number was also evaluated.
RESULTS: After BZB treatment, microarray analysis of the undifferentiated JHH6 revealed a significant decrease in the expression of the pro-proliferative E2F member E2F2. Quantitative RT-PCR data were in keeping with the microarray analysis, and showed a significant increase and decrease in E2F8 and E2F2 mRNA levels, respectively. In contrast, BZB treatment of the hepatocyte-like HCC cell line HepG2 had a significant impact on mRNA levels of 5 of the 8 E2F members. In particular, mRNA levels of the pro-proliferative E2F members E2F1, E2F2, and of the anti-proliferative member E2F8, decreased over 80%. Notably, a reduction in E2F8 expression in HepG2 and JHH6 cells following siRNA treatment had no impact on cell proliferation. As observed with JHH6, BZB treatment of HepG2 cells induced a significant increase in mRNA levels of an anti-proliferative E2F member, E2F6 in this case. As was observed with E2F’s, more dramatic changes in mRNA levels of the E2F related genes cyclins and Cdks and EMT genes were observed after BZB treatment of HepG2 compared to JHH6.
CONCLUSION: The differential expression of E2Fs and related genes induced by BZB in diverse HCC cell phenotypes contribute to bortezomib’s mechanism of action in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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29
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Tanksley JP, Chen X, Coffey RJ. NEDD4L is downregulated in colorectal cancer and inhibits canonical WNT signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81514. [PMID: 24312311 PMCID: PMC3842946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases includes nine members. Each is a modular protein, containing an N-terminal C2 domain for cell localization, two-to-four central WW domains for substrate recognition, and a C-terminal, catalytic HECT domain, which is responsible for catalyzing the ubiquitylation reaction. Members of this family are known to affect pathways central to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, including the WNT, TGFβ, EGFR, and p53 pathways. Recently, NEDD4 mRNA was reported to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer, but tumor stage was not considered in the analysis. Expression of the other family members has not been studied in colorectal cancer. Herein, we determined the expression patterns of all nine NEDD4 family members in 256 patients who presented with disease ranging from premalignant adenoma to stage IV colorectal cancer. NEDD4 mRNA was significantly increased in all stages of colorectal cancer. In contrast, NEDD4L mRNA, the closest homolog to NEDD4, was the most highly downregulated family member, and was significantly downregulated in all tumor stages. We also found NEDD4L protein was significantly decreased by western blotting in colorectal cancer samples compared to adjacent normal mucosa. In addition, NEDD4L, but not catalytically inactive NEDD4L, inhibited canonical WNT signaling at or below the level of β-catenin in vitro. These findings suggest that NEDD4L may play a tumor suppressive role in colorectal cancer, possibly through inhibition of canonical WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred P. Tanksley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Wang C, Jiang K, Gao D, Kang X, Sun C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Sun L, Zhang S, Guo K, Liu Y. Clusterin protects hepatocellular carcinoma cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis through GRP78. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55981. [PMID: 23457489 PMCID: PMC3573055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a stress-activated chaperone, which plays an important role in cancer development and progression through promoting cell survival. However, the exact mechanism of how CLU exerts its cell protective role under ER stress condition is still unclear. Therefore, in order to explore the molecular mechanisms by which CLU inhibited ER stress-induced apoptosis, HCC cell lines were treated with tunicamycin (TN), an ER stress inducer. We found that the expressions of both CLU and GRP78 were increased after TN treatment. Knockdown of CLU expression in SMMC7721 and HCCLM3 cells inhibited GRP78 expression after TN treatment and enhanced ER stress-induced apoptosis, whereas over-expression of CLU in HepG2 cells increased GRP78 expression after TN induction and abolished the effect of TN on cell apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of GRP78 expression in CLU-HepG2 cells abrogated the protective role of CLU under ER stress condition. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and confocal microscopy experiments confirmed the direct interaction between CLU and GRP78 under ER stress condition. The effect of CLU knockdown on GRP78 expression and cell apoptosis in HCC tumors were further determined in orthotopic xenograft tumor model. Knockdown of CLU expression in HCCLM3 cells inhibited GRP78 expression in tumor tissues, accompanied with increased number of apoptotic cancer cells. Moreover, the correlation between CLU and GRP78 expression was further determined in clinical HCC specimens. Taken together, these findings reveal that CLU protects HCC cells from ER stress induced apoptosis at least partially through interacting with GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinle Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (KG)
| | - Yinkun Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (KG)
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