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Burikhanov R, Ganguly S, Ellingson S, Sviripa VM, Araujo N, Li S, Venkatraman P, Rao M, Choughule A, Brainson CF, Zhan CG, Spielmann HP, Watt DS, Govindan R, Rangnekar VM. Crizotinib induces Par-4 secretion from normal cells and GRP78 expression on the cancer cell surface for selective tumor growth inhibition. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:976-991. [PMID: 37034206 PMCID: PMC10077052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lung cancer cells develop resistance to apoptosis by suppressing the secretion of the tumor suppressor Par-4 protein (also known as PAWR) and/or down-modulating the Par-4 receptor GRP78 on the cell surface (csGRP78). We sought to identify FDA-approved drugs that elevate csGRP78 on the surface of lung cancer cells and induce Par-4 secretion from the cancer cells and/or normal cells in order to inhibit cancer growth in an autocrine or paracrine manner. In an unbiased screen, we identified crizotinib (CZT), an inhibitor of activated ALK/MET/ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase, as an inducer of csGRP78 expression in ALK-negative, KRAS or EGFR mutant lung cancer cells. Elevation of csGRP78 in the lung cancer cells was dependent on activation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC by CZT. Inhibition of SRC activation in the cancer cells prevented csGRP78 translocation but promoted Par-4 secretion by CZT, implying that activated SRC prevented Par-4 secretion. In normal cells, CZT did not activate SRC and csGRP78 elevation but induced Par-4 secretion. Consequently, CZT induced Par-4 secretion from normal cells and elevated csGRP78 in the ALK-negative tumor cells to cause paracrine apoptosis in cancer cell cultures and growth inhibition of tumor xenografts in mice. Thus, CZT induces differential activation of SRC in normal and cancer cells to trigger the pro-apoptotic Par-4-GRP78 axis. As csGRP78 is a targetable receptor, CZT can be repurposed to elevate csGRP78 for inhibition of ALK-negative lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Saptadwipa Ganguly
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sally Ellingson
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vitaliy M Sviripa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nathalia Araujo
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington UniversitySt. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Prasanna Venkatraman
- Tata Memorial Centre-Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in CancerNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anuradha Choughule
- Tata Memorial Centre-Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in CancerNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Christine F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - H Peter Spielmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington UniversitySt. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky, USA
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pH-responsive nanoprodrugs combining a Src inhibitor and chemotherapy to potentiate antitumor immunity via pyroptosis in head and neck cancer. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:497-509. [PMID: 36367476 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the prominent feature of the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is immunosuppression, therapeutic strategies to restore antitumor immunity have shown promising prospects. The efficacy of chemotherapy, a mainstay in HNSCC treatment, is exemplified by cytotoxic effects as well as immunostimulation, whereas compensatory activation of prosurvival signals in tumor tissues may compromise its efficacy. Aberrant activation of Src is present in many human malignancies including HNSCC, and is implicated in chemotherapy resistance. In this regard, tumor-microenvironment-responsive prodrug nanomicelles (PDO NPs) are rationally designed to combine chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, OXA) and Src inhibitors (dasatinib, DAS) for HNSCC therapy. PDO NPs are constructed by chemically modifying small-molecule prodrugs (DAS-OXA) loaded in block copolymer iPDPA with pH-triggered transforming capability. PDO NPs can controllably release drugs in response to tumor acidity, thus increasing tumor accumulation and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, PDO NPs can elicit pyroptosis of tumor cells and induce T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity in murine HNSCC models. In summary, nanoprodrugs integrating Src inhibitors enhance the immunological effects of chemotherapy and provide insight into promising approaches for augmenting immunochemotherapy for HNSCC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, pH-responsive nanomicelles (PDO NPs) were constructed by loading a small molecular prodrug synthesized by the Src inhibitor dasatinib and the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin into the amphiphilic block copolymer iPDPA to improve the immunological effects of chemotherapy for HNSCC. These nanomicelles can efficiently accumulate in tumor cells and achieve pH-responsive drug release. The PDO NPs can induce pyroptosis of tumor cells and potentiate antitumor immunity in subcutaneous and syngenetic orthotopic HNSCC mouse models, which may present a promising strategy to enhance immunochemotherapy for HNSCC.
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Marcotti A, Fernández-Trillo J, González A, Vizcaíno-Escoto M, Ros-Arlanzón P, Romero L, Vela JM, Gomis A, Viana F, de la Peña E. TRPA1 modulation by Sigma-1 receptor prevents oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Brain 2022; 146:475-491. [PMID: 35871491 PMCID: PMC9924907 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent, disabling side effect of anticancer drugs. Oxaliplatin, a platinum compound used in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, often leads to a form of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy characterized by mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. Current therapies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy are ineffective, often leading to the cessation of treatment. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal, non-selective cation-permeable channel expressed in nociceptors, activated by physical stimuli and cellular stress products. TRPA1 has been linked to the establishment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and other painful neuropathic conditions. Sigma-1 receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone known to modulate the function of many ion channels and receptors. Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, a highly selective antagonist of Sigma-1 receptor, has shown effectiveness in a phase II clinical trial for oxaliplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. However, the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of Sigma-1 receptor antagonist are little understood. We combined biochemical and biophysical (i.e. intermolecular Förster resonance energy transfer) techniques to demonstrate the interaction between Sigma-1 receptor and human TRPA1. Pharmacological antagonism of Sigma-1R impaired the formation of this molecular complex and the trafficking of functional TRPA1 to the plasma membrane. Using patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings we found that antagonists of Sigma-1 receptor, including Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, exert a marked inhibition on plasma membrane expression and function of human TRPA1 channels. In TRPA1-expressing mouse sensory neurons, Sigma-1 receptor antagonists reduced inward currents and the firing of actions potentials in response to TRPA1 agonists. Finally, in a mouse experimental model of oxaliplatin neuropathy, systemic treatment with a Sigma-1 receptor antagonists prevented the development of painful symptoms by a mechanism involving TRPA1. In summary, the modulation of TRPA1 channels by Sigma-1 receptor antagonists suggests a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and could inform the development of novel therapeutics for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Marcotti
- Present address: Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC) – CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro González
- Present address: Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Vizcaíno-Escoto
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Ros-Arlanzón
- Present address: Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- WeLab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- WeLab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gomis
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Félix Viana
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Felix Viana E-mail:
| | - Elvira de la Peña
- Correspondence to: Elvira de la Peña Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain E-mail:
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4
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Src Family Tyrosine Kinases in Intestinal Homeostasis, Regeneration and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082014. [PMID: 32717909 PMCID: PMC7464719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Src, originally identified as an oncogene, is a membrane-anchored tyrosine kinase and the Src family kinase (SFK) prototype. SFKs regulate the signalling induced by a wide range of cell surface receptors leading to epithelial cell growth and adhesion. In the intestine, the SFK members Src, Fyn and Yes regulate epithelial cell proliferation and migration during tissue regeneration and transformation, thus implicating conserved and specific functions. In patients with colon cancer, SFK activity is a marker of poor clinical prognosis and a potent driver of metastasis formation. These tumorigenic activities are linked to SFK capacity to promote the dissemination and tumour-initiating capacities of epithelial tumour cells. However, it is unclear how SFKs promote colon tumour formation and metastatic progression because SFK-encoding genes are unfrequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we review recent findings on SFK signalling during intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. We also describe the key nongenetic mechanisms underlying SFK tumour activities in colorectal cancer, and discuss how these mechanisms could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to target SFK signalling in metastatic colon cancer.
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Shimada Y, Muneoka Y, Nagahashi M, Ichikawa H, Tajima Y, Hirose Y, Ando T, Nakano M, Sakata J, Kameyama H, Takii Y, Ling Y, Okuda S, Takabe K, Wakai T. BRAF V600E and SRC mutations as molecular markers for predicting prognosis and conversion surgery in Stage IV colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2466. [PMID: 30792536 PMCID: PMC6384937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive genomic sequencing (CGS) enables us to detect numerous genetic alterations in a single assay. We aimed to identify molecular markers for predicting prognosis and conversion surgery in Stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) using CGS. One-hundred eleven patients with Stage IV CRC who underwent primary tumor resection were analyzed. We retrospectively investigated genetic alterations using CGS of a 415-gene panel. Clinicopathological variables and genetic alterations were analyzed to identify independent prognostic factors of overall survival (OS). Forty-five of 111 patients had R0 resection; of these, 11 patients underwent conversion surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified histopathological grade 3, R0 resection, BRAF V600E mutation, and SRC mutation as independent prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.041, P = 0.013, P = 0.005, and P = 0.023, respectively). BRAF V600E and SRC mutations were mutually exclusive, and SRC mutation was significantly associated with left-sided tumor and liver metastasis compared to BRAF V600E mutation (P = 0.016 and P = 0.025, respectively). Eleven of the 74 initially unresectable patients underwent conversion surgery for R0 resection, yet none harbored BRAF V600E or SRC mutations. BRAF V600E and SRC mutations are important molecular markers which can predict prognosis and conversion surgery in Stage IV CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Shimada
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Muneoka
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuya Ando
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Nakano
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Sakata
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kameyama
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Takii
- Department of Surgery, Niigata Cancer Center Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Breast Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Tzeng YDT, Liu PF, Li JY, Liu LF, Kuo SY, Hsieh CW, Lee CH, Wu CH, Hsiao M, Chang HT, Shu CW. Kinome-Wide siRNA Screening Identifies Src-Enhanced Resistance of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1285. [PMID: 30473665 PMCID: PMC6238227 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy is the main treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lack molecular markers for diagnosis and therapy. Cancer cells activate chemoresistant pathways and lead to therapeutic failure for patients with TNBC. Several kinases have been identified as chemoresistant genes. However, the involvement of kinases in the chemoresistance in TNBC cells is not fully understood. Methods: We employed a kinome siRNA library to screen whether targeting any kinases could increase the chemosensitivity of TNBC cell lines. The effects of kinase on cell viability in various breast cancer cells were validated with ATP level and colony formation. Protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by immunoblotting. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was collected to analyze the correlation of Src expression with prognosis of TNBC patients. Results: Primary screening and validation for the initial hits showed that Src kinase was a potential doxorubicin-resistant kinase in the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T. Both siRNA against Src and the Src inhibitor dasatinib enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin in TNBC cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), downstream effectors of Src, were accordingly decreased in Src-silenced or -inhibited TNBC cells. Additionally, TCGA data analysis indicated that Src expression levels in tumor tissues were higher than those in tumor-adjacent normal tissues in patients with TNBC. High co-expression level of Src and STAT3 was also significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Conclusion: Our results showed that Src-STAT3 axis might be involved in chemoresistance of TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Dun Tony Tzeng
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yueh Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Liu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Soong-Yu Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wei Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Tai Chang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Klobučar M, Grbčić P, Pavelić SK, Jonjić N, Visentin S, Sedić M. Acid ceramidase inhibition sensitizes human colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin through downregulation of transglutaminase 2 and β1 integrin/FAK-mediated signalling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:843-848. [PMID: 29920241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) has been implicated in the progression and chemoresistance in different cancers. Its role in colon cancer biology and response to standard chemotherapy has been poorly addressed so far. Here, we have investigated ASAH1 expression at the protein level in human colon cancer cell lines and tissues from colon cancer patients, and have examined in vitro the possible link between ASAH1 expression and functional activity of p53 protein whose inactivation is associated with the progression from adenoma to malignant tumour in colon cancer. Finally, we have explored the role of ASAH1 in response and resistance mechanisms to oxaliplatin (OXA) in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. We have demonstrated that human colon cancer cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues constitutively express ASAH1, and that its expression is higher in tumour tissues than in normal colonic mucosa. Furthermore, we found an inverse correlation between ASAH1 expression and p53 functional activity. Obtained data revealed that ASAH1 was involved in HCT 116 cell response to OXA and that anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-migratory and anti-clonogenic effects of OXA could be significantly increased by combination treatment with ASAH1 inhibitor carmofur. Increased OXA sensitivity was associated with downregulation of signalling involved in acquired resistance to OXA in colon cancer, in particular transglutaminase 2 and β1 integrin/FAK, which resulted in the suppression of NF-κB and Akt. Thus, combination of OXA with ASAH1 inhibitors could be a promising strategy to counter chemoresistance and improve treatment outcome in advanced colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Klobučar
- University of Rijeka Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Grbčić
- University of Rijeka Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- University of Rijeka Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nives Jonjić
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Department for General Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sarah Visentin
- University of Rijeka Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mirela Sedić
- University of Rijeka Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Scott AJ, Song EK, Bagby S, Purkey A, McCarter M, Gajdos C, Quackenbush KS, Cross B, Pitts TM, Tan AC, Eckhardt SG, Fenton H, Arcaroli J, Messersmith WA. Evaluation of the efficacy of dasatinib, a Src/Abl inhibitor, in colorectal cancer cell lines and explant mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187173. [PMID: 29091939 PMCID: PMC5665512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of the Src pathway has been shown to be important at various stages of cancer. Dasatinib is a potent Src/Abl inhibitor and has demonstrated to have anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activity in many preclinical models. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-tumor activity of dasatinib using in vitro and in vivo preclinical colorectal (CRC) models. Methods CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor explant (PDX) models were used to investigate the efficacy of dasatinib. We treated 50 CRC cell lines with dasatinib for 72 hours and proliferation was assayed by a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay; an IC50 ≤ 0.08 μmol/L was considered sensitive. We treated 17 patient-derived CRC explants with dasatinib (50 mg/kg/day, administered once-daily) for 28 days to determine in vivo efficacy. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) ≥ 50% was considered sensitive. Results We found that 8 out of 50 CRC cell lines reached an IC50 ≤ 0.08 μmol/L with dasatinib treatment. In addition, of 17 CRC explants grown in the xenograft mouse model, 2 showed sensitivity to dasatinib. The anti-tumor effects observed in this study were a result of G1 cell cycle arrest as the dasatinib sensitive CRC cell lines exhibited G1 inhibition. Moreover, those CRC cell lines that were responsive (0.08 μmol/L) to treatment demonstrated a significant baseline increase in Src and FAK gene expression. Conclusion Dasatinib demonstrated significant anti-proliferative activity in a subset of CRC cell lines in vitro, especially in those with increased Src expression at baseline, but only showed modest efficacy in CRC explants. Dasatinib is currently being studied in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced CRC, as its use as a single agent appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Scott
- Division of Medical Oncology, Banner University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eun-Kee Song
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Stacey Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Alicia Purkey
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Martin McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Csaba Gajdos
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Quackenbush
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Cross
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Hubert Fenton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John Arcaroli
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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9
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Rühlmann F, Nietert M, Sprenger T, Wolff HA, Homayounfar K, Middel P, Bohnenberger H, Beissbarth T, Ghadimi BM, Liersch T, Conradi LC. The Prognostic Value of Tyrosine Kinase SRC Expression in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:1229-1237. [PMID: 28607598 PMCID: PMC5463438 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular sarcoma gene (SRC) is a proto-oncogene encoding for a tyrosine kinase. SRC expression was determined in locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma tissue from pretreatment biopsies and resection specimens. The expression level was correlated with clinicopathological parameters to evaluate the predictive and prognostic capacity. For this monocentric analysis 186 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (median: 63.7 years; 130 men (69.9%), 56 women (30.1%)) were included. Patients with a carcinoma of the upper third of the rectum were treated with primary tumor resection (n=27; 14.5%). All other patients received a preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with 50.4 Gy and concomitant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-FU+oxaliplatin followed by postoperative chemotherapy with 5-FU or 5-FU+oxaliplatin. SRC expression was determined with immunohistochemical staining from pretreatment biopsies (n=152) and residual tumor tissue from the resection specimens (n=163). The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and long-term follow-up. The expression of SRC was determined in pretherapeutic biopsies (mean H-Score: 229) and resection specimens (mean H-Score: 254). High SRC expression in pretherapeutic tumor samples significantly correlated with a negative postoperative nodal status (p=0.005). Furthermore an increased protein expression in residual tumor tissue was associated with fewer distant metastases (p=0.04). The overexpression of SRC in pretreatment tumor biopsies showed also a trend for a longer cancer-specific survival (CSS; p=0.05) and fewer local relapses (p=0.06) during long-term follow-up. High SRC expression in rectal cancer seems to be associated with a better long-term outcome. This finding could help in the future to stratify patients for a recurrence risk adapted postoperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rühlmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Nietert
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Sprenger
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik A Wolff
- University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Radiologie München, München, Germany
| | - Kia Homayounfar
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Tim Beissbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Liersch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Zhang M, Ma F, Xie R, Wu Y, Wu M, Zhang P, Peng Y, Zhao J, Xiong J, Li A, Kequan C, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang J, Chen X. Overexpression of Srcin1 contributes to the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1555-1566. [PMID: 28393242 PMCID: PMC5403293 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein Srcin1 is a novel Src-binding protein that regulates Src activation through C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). Srcin1 behaves as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer, but the role of Srcin1 in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. In the present study, Srcin1 expression in normal tissue was examined by tissue microarray and assessed by immunohistochemistry in 10 patients. In addition, the biological impact of Srcin1 knockdown on CRC cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Srcin1 was expressed in different types of normal human tissues, whereas its expression was increased in human CRC tissues. Srcin1 expression also correlated with tumour progression. The suppression of Srcin1 induced cell differentiation and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, Srcin1 increased cell growth as well as the capacity of migration and invasion in CRC cells. Srcin1 induced the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Moreover, Srcin1 suppression sensitized cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that Srcin1 contributes to CRC carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. These findings provide a rationale for a mechanistic approach to CRC treatment based on the development of Srcin1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ruyi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jinjun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Kequan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jide Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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11
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Parseghian CM, Parikh NU, Wu JY, Jiang ZQ, Henderson L, Tian F, Pastor B, Ychou M, Raghav K, Dasari A, Fogelman DR, Katsiampoura AD, Menter DG, Wolff RA, Eng C, Overman MJ, Thierry AR, Gallick GE, Kopetz S. Dual Inhibition of EGFR and c-Src by Cetuximab and Dasatinib Combined with FOLFOX Chemotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4146-4154. [PMID: 28280091 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Aberrant activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase Src has been implicated as a mechanism of acquired chemotherapy resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Here, the oral tyrosine kinase Src inhibitor, dasatinib, was investigated in combination with FOLFOX and cetuximab.Experimental Design: We performed a phase IB/II study of 77 patients with previously treated mCRC. Primary objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacodynamics, and efficacy. Using a 3 + 3 design, patients received FOLFOX6 with cetuximab and escalating doses of dasatinib (100, 150, 200 mg daily), followed by a 12-patient expansion cohort at 150 mg. Phase II studies evaluated FOLFOX plus dasatinib 100 mg in KRAS c12/13mut patients or in combination with cetuximab if KRAS c12/13WT FAK and paxillin were utilized as surrogate blood biomarkers of Src inhibition, and paired biopsies of liver metastases were obtained in patients in the expansion cohort.Results: In phase IB, the DLTs were grade 3/4 fatigue (20%) and neutropenia (23%). In phase II, grade 3/4 fatigue (23%) and pleural effusions (11%) were present. Response rates were 20% (6 of 30) in the phase IB escalation and expansion cohort and 13% (3 of 24) and 0% (0 of 23) in the KRAS c12/13WT and mutant cohorts of phase II, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 4.6, 2.3, and 2.3 months, respectively. There was no evidence of Src inhibition based on surrogate blood biomarkers or paired tumor biopsies.Conclusions: The combination of dasatinib plus FOLFOX with or without cetuximab showed only modest clinical activity in refractory colorectal cancer. This appears to be primarily due to a failure to fully inhibit Src at the achievable doses of dasatinib. The combination of dasatinib plus FOLFOX with or without cetuximab did not show meaningful clinical activity in refractory colorectal cancer due to failure to fully inhibit Src. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4146-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Parseghian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Nila U Parikh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ji Yuan Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhi-Qin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Henderson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brice Pastor
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arvind Dasari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Fogelman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anastasia D Katsiampoura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alain R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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12
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Huang F, Ma Z, Pollan S, Yuan X, Swartwood S, Gertych A, Rodriguez M, Mallick J, Bhele S, Guindi M, Dhall D, Walts AE, Bose S, de Peralta Venturina M, Marchevsky AM, Luthringer DJ, Feller SM, Berman B, Freeman MR, Alvord WG, Vande Woude G, Amin MB, Knudsen BS. Quantitative imaging for development of companion diagnostics to drugs targeting HGF/MET. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:210-222. [PMID: 27785366 PMCID: PMC5068192 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The limited clinical success of anti-HGF/MET drugs can be attributed to the lack of predictive biomarkers that adequately select patients for treatment. We demonstrate here that quantitative digital imaging of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues stained by immunohistochemistry can be used to measure signals from weakly staining antibodies and provides new opportunities to develop assays for detection of MET receptor activity. To establish a biomarker panel of MET activation, we employed seven antibodies measuring protein expression in the HGF/MET pathway in 20 cases and up to 80 cores from 18 human cancer types. The antibodies bind to epitopes in the extra (EC)- and intracellular (IC) domains of MET (MET4EC, SP44_METIC, D1C2_METIC), to MET-pY1234/pY1235, a marker of MET kinase activation, as well as to HGF, pSFK or pMAPK. Expression of HGF was determined in tumour cells (T_HGF) as well as in stroma surrounding cancer (St_HGF). Remarkably, MET4EC correlated more strongly with pMET (r = 0.47) than SP44_METIC (r = 0.21) or D1C2_METIC (r = 0.08) across 18 cancer types. In addition, correlation coefficients of pMET and T_HGF (r = 0.38) and pMET and pSFK (r = 0.56) were high. Prediction models of MET activation reveal cancer-type specific differences in performance of MET4EC, SP44_METIC and anti-HGF antibodies. Thus, we conclude that assays to predict the response to HGF/MET inhibitors require a cancer-type specific antibody selection and should be developed in those cancer types in which they are employed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Zhaoxuan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Sara Pollan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Steven Swartwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Departments of Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Maria Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Jayati Mallick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Sanica Bhele
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Ann E Walts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Shikha Bose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Mariza de Peralta Venturina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Alberto M Marchevsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Daniel J Luthringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Benjamin Berman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia90048USA; Departments of SurgeryCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia90048USA; Cancer Biology Program, Departments of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia90048USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- Data Management Services, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick Frederick Maryland 21702 USA
| | - George Vande Woude
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute Grand Rapids Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 90048 USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia90048USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia90048USA
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13
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Current and Future Approaches to Target the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Its Downstream Signaling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 14:203-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Linking the future of anticancer metal-complexes to the therapy of tumour metastases. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8818-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is almost always applied to patients with one or more diagnosed metastases and is expected to impact these lesions, thus providing significant benefits to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianni Sava
- Callerio Foundation Onlus
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Trieste
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