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Sun T, Liu Z, Zhang R, Ma S, Lin T, Li Y, Yang S, Zhang W, Wang Y. Long Non-Coding RNA LEF1-AS1 Promotes Migration, Invasion and Metastasis of Colon Cancer Cells Through miR-30-5p/SOX9 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2957-2972. [PMID: 32308428 PMCID: PMC7156234 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of colon cancer. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 antisense RNA 1 (LEF1-AS1), a highly conserved and newly discovered long non-coding RNA, has been reported to be upregulated and correlated with poor prognosis in colon cancer, but the exact role of it remains uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, the biological functions of LEF1-AS1 in colon cancer were analyzed by cell viability assay, colony formation assay, scratch wound healing assay, transwell cell invasion assay, soft agar assay, luciferase reporter assay, pull down assay, tumor xenograft model and Western blot. RESULTS We found that LEF1-AS1 was upregulated in colon cancer patients and correlated with poor overall survival and recurrent-free survival. Besides, enforced expression of LEF1-AS1 in HT29 and T84 cells promoted migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, tumor xenograft formation and lung metastasis, while knockdown of LEF1-AS1 in COLO320 cells suppressed cell migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth and tumor xenograft formation. In addition, LEF1-AS1 was directly interacted and inversely correlated with miR-30-5p in colon cancer, and SOX9 was a downstream target for miR-30-5p. LEF1-AS1 overexpression increased the expression level of SOX9, and restoration of SOX9 attenuated the effects caused by LEF1-AS1 knockdown in cell migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth and tumor xenograft formation. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that LEF1-AS1 promoted migration, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells partially through miR-30-5p/SOX9 axis. The oncogenic LEF1-AS1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhexian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siping Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihua Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanchuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang110042, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Transcriptome-wide identification and competitive disruption of sacum-binding partners in human colorectal cancer. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 80:48-51. [PMID: 29328992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human sacum is regulatory adaptor protein involved in cellular signaling network of colorectal cancer. Molecular evidences suggest that the protein is integrated into oncogenic signaling network by binding to SH3-containing proteins through its proline-rich motifs. In this study, we have performed a transcriptome-wide analysis and identification of sacum-binding partners in the genome profile of human colorectal cancer. The sacum-binding potency of SH3-containing proteins found in colorectal cancer was investigated by using bioinformatics modeling and intermolecular binding analysis. With the protocol we were able to predict those high-affinity domain binders of the proline-rich peptides of human sacum in a high-throughput manner, and to analyze sequence-specific interaction in the domain-peptide recognition at molecular level. Consequently, a number of putative domain binders with both high affinity and specificity were identified, from which the Src SH3 domain was selected as a case study and tested for its binding activity towards the sacum peptides. We also designed two peptide variants that may have potent capability to competitively disrupt sacum interaction with its partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinguang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongwang Zhang
- Beijing Union Second Pharmaceutical Factory, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Transcriptome-wide identification and competitive disruption of sacum-binding partners in human colorectal cancer. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:259-262. [PMID: 28898789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human sacum is regulatory adaptor protein involved in cellular signaling network of colorectal cancer. Molecular evidence suggests that the protein is integrated into oncogenic signaling network by binding to SH3-containing proteins through its proline-rich motifs. In this study, we have performed a transcriptome-wide analysis and identification of sacum-binding partners in the genome profile of human colorectal cancer. The sacum-binding potency of SH3-containing proteins found in colorectal cancer was investigated by using bioinformatics modeling and intermolecular binding analysis. With the protocol we were able to predict those high-affinity domain binders of the proline-rich peptides of human sacum in a high-throughput manner, and to analyze sequence-specific interaction in the domain-peptide recognition at molecular level. Consequently, a number of putative domain binders with both high affinity and specificity were identified, from which the Src SH3 domain was selected as a case study and tested for its binding activity towards the sacum peptides. We also designed two peptide variants that may have potent capability to competitively disrupt sacum interaction with its partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinguang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongwang Zhang
- Beijing Union Second Pharmaceutical Factory, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Marcker Espersen ML, Linnemann D, Christensen IJ, Alamili M, Troelsen JT, Høgdall E. SOX9 expression predicts relapse of stage II colon cancer patients. Hum Pathol 2016; 52:38-46. [PMID: 26980019 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if the protein expression of sex-determining region y-box 9 (SOX9) in primary tumors could predict relapse of stage II colon cancer patients. One hundred forty-four patients with stage II primary colon cancer were retrospectively enrolled in the study. SOX9 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and mismatch repair status was assessed by both immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation assay. High SOX9 expression at the invasive front was significantly associated with lower risk of relapse when including the SOX9 expression as a continuous variable (from low to high expression) in univariate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.94; P = .01) and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; P = .02), adjusting for mismatch repair deficiency and histopathologic risk factors. Conversely, low SOX9 expression at the invasive front was significantly associated with high risk of relapse, when including SOX9 expression as a dichotomous variable, in univariate (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.14-4.69; P = .02) and multivariate analyses (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.14-4.69; P = .02), adjusting for histopathologic risk factors and mismatch repair deficiency. In conclusion, high levels of SOX9 of primary stage II colon tumors predict low risk of relapse, whereas low levels of SOX9 predict high risk of relapse. SOX9 may have an important value as a biomarker when evaluating risk of relapse for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Lise Marcker Espersen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Linnemann
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | | | - Mahdi Alamili
- Department of Surgery, Køge University Hospital, DK-4600 Køge, Denmark.
| | - Jesper T Troelsen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Wiśniewski JR, Duś-Szachniewicz K, Ostasiewicz P, Ziółkowski P, Rakus D, Mann M. Absolute Proteome Analysis of Colorectal Mucosa, Adenoma, and Cancer Reveals Drastic Changes in Fatty Acid Metabolism and Plasma Membrane Transporters. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4005-18. [PMID: 26245529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. It develops from normal enterocytes, through a benign adenoma stage, into the cancer and finally into the metastatic form. We previously compared the proteomes of normal colorectal enterocytes, cancer and nodal metastasis to a depth of 8100 proteins and found extensive quantitative remodeling between normal and cancer tissues but not cancer and metastasis (Wiśniewski et al. PMID 22968445). Here we utilize advances in the proteomic workflow to perform an in depth analysis of the normal tissue (N), the adenoma (A), and the cancer (C). Absolute proteomics of 10 000 proteins per patient from microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded clinical material established a quantitative protein repository of the disease. Between N and A, 23% of all proteins changed significantly, 17.8% from A to C and 21.6% from N to C. Together with principal component analysis of the patient groups, this suggests that N, A, and C are equidistant but not on one developmental line. Our proteomics approach allowed us to assess changes in varied cell size, the composition of different subcellular components, and alterations in basic biological processes including the energy metabolism, plasma membrane transport, DNA replication, and transcription. This revealed several-fold higher concentrations of enzymes in fatty acid metabolism in C compared with N, and unexpectedly, the same held true of plasma membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kamila Duś-Szachniewicz
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University , 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Ostasiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University , 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University , 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Wroclaw University , 50-205 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Espersen MLM, Olsen J, Linnemann D, Høgdall E, Troelsen JT. Clinical Implications of Intestinal Stem Cell Markers in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 14:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Milgrom SA, Garcia-Aguilar J. Molecular biomarkers as predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in rectal cancer. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Sakamoto H, Mutoh H, Miura Y, Sashikawa M, Yamamoto H, Sugano K. SOX9 Is Highly Expressed in Nonampullary Duodenal Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma in Humans. Gut Liver 2013; 7:513-8. [PMID: 24073307 PMCID: PMC3782664 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.5.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SOX9 is a marker for stem cells in the intestine, and overexpression of SOX9 is found in gastric and colon cancer; however, the expression of SOX9 in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma has not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate SOX9 expression in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. METHODS We evaluated SOX9 expression in 43 clinical samples (nonampullary duodenal adenoma in 22 lesions and nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma in 21 lesions) resected under endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed in part of the base of the normal duodenal mucosa surrounding adenomas and adenocarcinomas. In contrast, SOX9-positive cells were found in more than half of the crypts from the bottom part of the crypt in all of the 43 samples. Moreover, in 15 adenoma samples (68.2%) and 19 carcinoma samples (90.5%), SOX9 was expressed in more than three-quarters of the crypts from the bottom part of the crypt. CONCLUSIONS SOX9 is overexpressed in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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9
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Wu TH, Chu LJ, Wang JC, Chen TW, Tien YJ, Lin WC, Ng WV. Meta-analytical biomarker search of EST expression data reveals three differentially expressed candidates. BMC Genomics 2012; 13 Suppl 7:S12. [PMID: 23282184 PMCID: PMC3521215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-s7-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Researches have been conducted for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by generating and mining of cDNA expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for more than a decade. Although the availability of public databases make possible the comprehensive mining of DEGs among the ESTs from multiple tissue types, existing studies usually employed statistics suitable only for two categories. Multi-class test has been developed to enable the finding of tissue specific genes, but subsequent search for cancer genes involves separate two-category test only on the ESTs of the tissue of interest. This constricts the amount of data used. On the other hand, simple pooling of cancer and normal genes from multiple tissue types runs the risk of Simpson's paradox. Here we presented a different approach which searched for multi-cancer DEG candidates by analyzing all pertinent ESTs in all categories and narrowing down the cancer biomarker candidates via integrative analysis with microarray data and selection of secretory and membrane protein genes as well as incorporation of network analysis. Finally, the differential expression patterns of three selected cancer biomarker candidates were confirmed by real-time qPCR analysis. Results Seven hundred and twenty three primary DEG candidates (p-value < 0.05 and lower bound of confidence interval of odds ratio ≧ 1.65) were selected from a curated EST database with the application of Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic (CMH). GeneGO analysis results indicated this set as neoplasm enriched. Cross-examination with microarray data further narrowed the list down to 235 genes, among which 96 had membrane or secretory annotations. After examined the candidates in protein interaction network, public tissue expression databases, and literatures, we selected three genes for further evaluation by real-time qPCR with eight major normal and cancer tissues. The higher-than-normal tissue expression of COL3A1, DLG3, and RNF43 in some of the cancer tissues is in agreement with our in silico predictions. Conclusions Searching digitized transcriptome using CMH enabled us to identify multi-cancer differentially expressed gene candidates. Our methodology demonstrated simultaneously analysis for cancer biomarkers of multiple tissue types with the EST data. With the revived interest in digitizing the transcriptomes by NGS, cancer biomarkers could be more precisely detected from the ESTs. The three candidates identified in this study, COL3A1, DLG3, and RNF43, are valuable targets for further evaluation with a larger sample size of normal and cancer tissue or serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Ramalingam S, Daughtridge GW, Johnston MJ, Gracz AD, Magness ST. Distinct levels of Sox9 expression mark colon epithelial stem cells that form colonoids in culture. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G10-20. [PMID: 21995959 PMCID: PMC3345960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00277.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sox9 is an high-mobility group box transcription factor that is expressed in the stem cell zone of the small intestine and colon. We have previously used a Sox9EGFP mouse model to demonstrate that discrete levels of Sox9 expression mark small intestine epithelial stem cells that form crypt/villus-like structures in a three-dimensional culture system (Formeister EJ, Sionas AL, Lorance DK, Barkley CL, Lee GH, Magness ST. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G1108-G1118, 2009; Gracz AD, Ramalingam S, Magness ST. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 298: G590-G600, 2010). In the present study, we hypothesized that discrete levels of Sox9 expression would also mark colonic epithelial stem cells (CESCs). Using the Sox9EGFP mouse model, we show that lower levels of Sox9 mark cells in the transit-amplifying progenitor cell zone, while higher levels of Sox9 mark cells in the colonic crypt base. Furthermore, we demonstrate that variable SOX9 levels persist in cells of colonic adenomas from mice and humans. Cells expressing lower Sox9 levels demonstrate gene expression profiles consistent with more differentiated populations, and cells expressing higher Sox9 levels are consistent with less differentiated populations. When placed in culture, cells expressing the highest levels of Sox9 formed "colonoids," which are defined as bodies of cultured colonic epithelial cells that possess multiple cryptlike structures and a pseudolumen. Cells expressing the highest levels of Sox9 also demonstrate multipotency and self-renewal in vitro, indicating functional stemness. These data suggest a dose-dependent role for Sox9 in normal CESCs and cells comprising colon tumors. Furthermore, distinct Sox9 levels represent a new biomarker to study CESC and progenitor biology in physiological and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramalingam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Liu JN, Shang Guan YM, Qi YZ, Wang HB, Zhang TG, Zhou CJ. The evaluation of SOX9 expression and its relationship with carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 in gastric neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Ann Diagn Pathol 2011; 16:235-44. [PMID: 22209504 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of SOX9 (sex determining region Y [SRY]-related high-mobility group box 9) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in benign, premalignant, and malignant gastric lesions and to explore the association between SOX9 and CEACAM1 in gastric carcinogenesis. SOX9 and CEACAM1 expression was detected in normal gastric mucosa, hyperplastic polyp, intestinal metaplasia, gastric intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. There was low expression of SOX9 and no CEACAM1 expression in normal gastric mucosa and hyperplastic polyps. Intestinal metaplasia began to express CEACAM1 and showed more membranous staining of CEACAM1 than normal mucosa and hyperplastic polyps (P = .000), but SOX9 expression had no significant difference, and the coexpression of SOX9 and CEACAM1 ascended; therefore, the difference was significant (P = .000). Gastric intraepithelial neoplasia showed more SOX9 expression, coexpression of SOX9, and CEACAM1 than in intestinal metaplasia (P = .014 and P = .026, respectively). Carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 (P = .010), more SOX9 expression (P = .001), and more their coexpression (P = .023) than gastric intraepithelial neoplasia. As to the histologic classification, poorly differentiated carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 than well and moderately differentiated carcinoma (P = .006 and P = .024, respectively). In the Laurén classification, diffuse carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 than intestinal carcinoma (P = .0035), but the SOX9 expression and their coexpresison showed no difference (P = .065 and P = .074, respectively). With the elevation of SOX9 expression and the changing of CEACAM1 expression patterns, the coexpressions of SOX9 and CEACAM1 were highly elevated from benign proliferative lesions to malignant lesions. Moreover, the SOX9 expression and the coexpression with CEACAM1 were correlated positively (r = 0.310; P = .015). In addition, SOX9 expression was positively correlated with CEACAM1 expression patterns (r = 0.124; P = .032). In addition, CEACAM1 expression patterns and coexpression of SOX9 and CEACAM1 show significant difference between T1 and T2 and T3 and T4 (P = .021 and P = .011, respectively). Accordingly, compared with N0, N2 and N3 showed significant difference in SOX9 expression (P = .018), CEACAM1 expression patterns (P = .010), and their coexpression (P = .010). SOX9 expression significantly increased from nonneoplastic lesions to neoplastic lesions, and CEACAM1 expression patterns markedly changed; their coexpression also showed signally elevated suggesting that SOX9, as a transcriptional regulator, play important roles in the changing of CEACAM1 expression patterns, which might promote the tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-ning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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Sashikawa Kimura M, Mutoh H, Sugano K. SOX9 is expressed in normal stomach, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric carcinoma in humans. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1292-9. [PMID: 21861142 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX9 is a marker for stem cells in the intestine and overexpression of SOX9 is found in some types of cancer. However, the expression of SOX9 in normal stomach, precancerous intestinal metaplasia, and gastric carcinoma has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to investigate SOX9 expression in the corpus and pyloric regions of the normal human stomach, premalignant intestinal metaplasia, and gastric carcinoma by using immunohistochemistry. METHODS We evaluated SOX9 expression in 46 clinical samples (early gastric well-differentiated adenocarcinoma including surrounding intestinal metaplasia) resected under esophagogastroduodenoscopy. RESULTS A small amount of SOX9 was expressed in the neck/isthmus of the corpus region and SOX9 expression was predominantly restricted to the neck/isthmus of the pyloric region in normal human stomach. In the intestinal metaplastic mucosa, SOX9- and PCNA-positive cells were located at the base of the intestinal metaplastic mucosa. Almost all of the gastric carcinoma cells expressed SOX9. CONCLUSION SOX9 is expressed in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sashikawa Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Zhou CJ, Guo JQ, Zhu KX, Zhang QH, Pan CR, Xu WH, Wang HJ, Liu B. Elevated expression of SOX9 is related with the progression of gastric carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39:105-9. [PMID: 20301211 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the SOX9 expression and its effects on promoting invasion and metastasis in the primary gastric adenocarcinomas. One hundred and eighty six patients with primary gastric adenocarcinomas who underwent surgery between 2002 and 2006 were classified as low, intermediate, and high SOX9 expression groups by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our IHC performance showed that SOX9 was lowly expressed in lower crypt of the normal epithelium adjacent to the tumor, and SOX9 expression was also observed in the intestinal metaplastic epithelium, but no SOX9 expression was detected in the surface epithelium. The stronger SOX9 expression was observed in the T3-T4 group than in the T1-T2 group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.0005). The SOX9 expression was correlated with the lymph node metastasis, and it showed significant between N0, N1, N2, and N3 groups (P < 0.0005). Similar to the lymph node metastasis classification, the SOX9 expression was also related to the tumor staging. From the stage Ia-Ib to stage II-IIIa and stage IIIb-IV, the SOX9 expression was elevated and the difference was significant (P < 0.0005). On the contrary, the SOX9 expression was not related to the histological classification (P > 0.05). Also the SOX9 expression showed no significance in patient age (P > 0.05). The SOX9 is overexpressed in the advanced stage of gastric carcinoma. SOX9 is related to the tumor progression though promoting invasion and metastasis, probably via enhancing the adhesion between the tumor cells and matrix or vessels which facilitates the tumor cells metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Zhou
- Department of Digestive Disease, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, #247 Bei-Yuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Chromik AM, Huss S, Osseili H, Daigeler A, Kersting S, Sülberg D, Mittelkötter U, Herdegen T, Uhl W, Müller AM. Oral administration of the anti-proliferative substance taurolidine has no impact on dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mice. J Carcinog 2010; 9:5. [PMID: 20442801 PMCID: PMC2862504 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.62536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: New chemopreventive strategies for ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated dysplasia and cancer have to be evaluated. Taurolidine (TRD) has anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-neoplastic properties with almost absent toxicity. The aim of the study was to determine whether TRD decreases dysplasia in the well-characterized Dextran Sulfate Sodium – Azoxymethane (DSS-AOM) animal model for UC-associated carcinogenesis. Material and Methods: The DSS-AOM model of carcinogenesis was induced in female inbred C57BL/6 mice. Half of the mice were treated with TRD, the other served as control. After 100 days macroscopic, histological and immunhistochemical (β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, SOX9, Ki-67, Cyclin-D1) examination of the colon was performed. Results: Incidence, multiplicity, grading and growth pattern of adenomas did not differ significantly between TRD and control group. In all animals, inflammatory changes were absent. Immunhistochemistry revealed increased expression of Ki-67, β-catenin, SOX9 and Cyclin-D1 in adenomas compared to normal mucosa – without significant difference between TRD and control treatment. Conclusion: Oral administration of TRD has no impact on DSS-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis. However, SOX9 and Cyclin-D1 representing key members of the Wnt pathway have not yet been described in the DSS-AOM model of carcinogenesis – underlining the importance of this oncogenic pathway in this setting.
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A novel approach to detect differentially expressed genes from count-based digital databases by normalizing with housekeeping genes. Genomics 2009; 94:211-6. [PMID: 19446020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sequence tag count-based gene expression analysis is potent for the identification of candidate genes relevant to the cancerous phenotype. With the public availability of count-based data, the computational approaches for differentially expressed genes, which are mainly based on Binomial or beta-Binomial distribution, become practical and important in cancer biology. It remains a permanent need to select a proper statistical model for these methods. In this study, we developed a novel Bayesian algorithm-based method, Electronic Differential Gene Expression Screener (EDGES), in which a statistical model was determined by geometric averaging of 12 common housekeeping genes. EDGES identified a set of differentially expressed genes in lung, breast and colorectal cancers by using publically available Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST data). Gene expression microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure. We conclude that current normalization of calibrators provides a new insight into count-based digital subtraction in cancer research.
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Morrison BH, Haney R, Lamarre E, Drazba J, Prestwich GD, Lindner DJ. Gene deletion of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 predisposes to aerodigestive tract carcinoma. Oncogene 2009; 28:2383-92. [PMID: 19430495 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2), a member of the inositol hexakisphosphate kinase family, functions as a growth suppressive and apoptosis-enhancing kinase during cell stress. We created mice with a targeted deletion of IP6K2; these mice display normal embryogenesis, development, growth and fertility. Chronic exposure to the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO, a UV-mimetic compound) in drinking water resulted in fourfold increased incidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) formation in the oral cavity and esophagus of the knockout (KO) mice compared to the wild-type (WT) littermates. Paradoxically, KO mice displayed relative resistance to ionizing radiation and exhibit enhanced survival following 8-10 Gy total body irradiation. Primary KO fibroblasts displayed resistance to antiproliferative effects of interferon-beta and increased colony forming units following ionizing radiation. Radioresistance of KO fibroblasts was associated with accelerated DNA repair measured by comet assay. Direct microinjection of 5-PP-Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P(5) (the enzymatic product of IP6K2), but not InsP(6) (the substrate of IP6K2) induced cell death in SCC22A squamous carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Morrison
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Roberg K, Ceder R, Farnebo L, Norberg-Spaak L, Grafström RC. Multiple genotypic aberrances associate to terminal differentiation-deficiency of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in serum-free culture. Differentiation 2008; 76:868-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2008.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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CEACAM1, a SOX9 direct transcriptional target identified in the colon epithelium. Oncogene 2008; 27:7131-8. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gillies RJ, Robey I, Gatenby RA. Causes and consequences of increased glucose metabolism of cancers. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:24S-42S. [PMID: 18523064 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we examine the mechanisms (causes) underlying the increased glucose consumption observed in tumors within a teleological context (consequences). In other words, we will ask not only "How do cancers have high glycolysis?" but also, "Why?" We believe that the insights gained from answering the latter question support the conclusion that elevated glucose consumption is a necessary component of carcinogenesis. Specifically we propose that glycolysis is elevated because it produces acid, which provides an evolutionary advantage to cancer cells vis-à-vis normal parenchyma into which they invade.
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Lü B, Xu J, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Lai M. Systemic analysis of the differential gene expression profile in a colonic adenoma-normal SSH library. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 378:42-7. [PMID: 17184759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of differentially expressed genes of colonic adenoma minus normal mucosa enables the understanding of early molecular events in colorectal carcinogenesis. In our previous study, we have developed an adenoma minus normal mucosa suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library and identified 109 differentially expressed clones. METHODS An in-house EST pipeline and the Gene Ontology web-based tool () were used to analyze these clones. Realtime quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR) was applied to detect the expression of 14-3-3 zeta, REG4 and 6 ribosomal protein genes (RPS2, RPS12, RPS27A, RPL5, RPL7a and RPL10a) in 14 adenomas (8 with concurrent cancers) and 44 colorectal adenocarcinomas with paired normal mucosa. RESULTS Sixty-two candidate genes were obtained from this library. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that both ribosomal protein genes and immune-related genes were enriched. REG4 was significantly upregulated in colorectal adenomas (medium fold: 1.676, p<0.05, Wilcoxon test) and 14-3-3 zeta in cancers (medium fold: 1.202, p<0.01, Wilcoxon test), as compared with those of paired normal mucosa. However, all ribosomal protein genes were not significantly overexpressed in colorectal adenomas or cancers. CONCLUSIONS A differential gene expression profile in A-N SSH library may be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer initiation and progression. REG4 and 14-3-3 zeta may be potential biomarkers for early colorectal cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjian Lü
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University, PR China
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