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Mahmoud EA, Abdellatif MK, Mahmoud SAM. Oral Papillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Comparative Study. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:47. [PMID: 38884825 PMCID: PMC11183025 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of both Alpha smooth muscle actin and Transforming Growth Factor beta and compare their expression in oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma with their expression in different histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A correlation between these immuno-histochemical expressions and histological findings will then be performed. The research question is "Do the percentages of α-SMA and TGF-β immune-expression in OPSCC differ from that in the conventional OSCC?". METHODS This will be achieved by collecting archival blocks of oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, staining the specimens with Transforming Growth Factor beta and alpha smooth muscle actin, then measuring the mean staining index of expression in each group and the area percent of both markers. RESULTS Results revealed that transforming growth factor beta expression in the epithelium was high in all cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, most oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma, and poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. On the other hand, different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma showed a high staining index of alpha smooth muscle actin expression in the stroma. While cases of oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma were either moderate or low-staining. CONCLUSIONS Oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma has a favourable prognosis compared to different histological grades, and the prognosis does not depend only on histological grade but also on other prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Ashraf Mahmoud
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University and Teaching Assistant at the Oral Pathology Department, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo, Egypt.
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Jacob S, Balonov I, Jurinovic V, Heiliger C, Tschaidse T, Kumbrink J, Kirchner T, Werner J, Angele MK, Michl M, Neumann J. TGFβ signalling pathway impacts brain metastases profiles in locally advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10277-3. [PMID: 38498101 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Colorectal Cancer (CRC) represents the third most common type of cancer in Germany and the second most common cancer-related cause of death worldwide. Distant metastases are still the main limit for patient survival. While liver metastases as well as peritoneal carcinomatosis can often either be resected or treated with systemic therapy, little options remain for brain metastases. Additionally, a number of studies has already investigated hepatic, peritoneal, pulmonary as well as continuing distant metastases in colorectal cancer. Yet, with respect to tumor biology and brain metastases, little is known so far. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two cohorts, M0 without distant spread and BRA with brain metastases were build. RNA was isolated from paraffin embedded specimen. Gene expression was performed by an RNA NanoString-Analysis using the nCounter® PanCancer Progression Panel by NanoString-Technologies (Hamburg, Germany). Results were analysed by principal component analysis, gene expression and pathway analysis using commonly available databases such as KEGG as benchmark for comparison. RESULTS We were able to determine a gene signature that provides a sophisticated group separation between M0 and BRA using principal component analysis. All genes with strong loading characteristics on principal component 1 were cross-referenced with the subsequently performed accurate gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The GSEA revealed a clear dysregulation of the TGFβ pathway in compared cohorts M0 and BRA. Interestingly, the targeted pathways analysis of the identified genes confirmed that in fact almost all strong loading genes of PC1 play a role in the TGFβ pathway. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the TGFβ pathway as a crucial player in the development of brain metastases in primary CRC. In some types of colorectal cancer, downregulation of the TGFβ pathway might hinder primary colorectal cancer to metastasize to the nervous system. While the paradoxical functioning of the TGFβ pathway is still not fully understood, these shed light on yet another clinical implication of this complex pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jacob
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja Balonov
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vindi Jurinovic
- The Institute for Medical Information Processing, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tengis Tschaidse
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kumbrink
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlies Michl
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Selven H, Busund LTR, Andersen S, Pedersen MI, Lombardi APG, Kilvaer TK. High Expression of IRS-1, RUNX3 and SMAD4 Are Positive Prognostic Factors in Stage I-III Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051448. [PMID: 36900240 PMCID: PMC10000923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a common malignancy and a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. In this study, we explore the expression and prognostic impact of IRS-1, IRS-2, RUNx3, and SMAD4 in colon cancer. Furthermore, we elucidate their correlations with miRs 126, 17-5p, and 20a-5p, which are identified as potential regulators of these proteins. Tumor tissue from 452 patients operated for stage I-III colon cancer was retrospectively collected and assembled into tissue microarrays. Biomarkers' expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed using digital pathology. In univariate analyses, high expression levels of IRS1 in stromal cytoplasm, RUNX3 in tumor (nucleus and cytoplasm) and stroma (nucleus and cytoplasm), and SMAD4 in tumor (nucleus and cytoplasm) and stromal cytoplasm were related to increased disease-specific survival (DSS). In multivariate analyses, high expression of IRS1 in stromal cytoplasm, RUNX3 in tumor nucleus and stromal cytoplasm, and high expression of SMAD4 in tumor and stromal cytoplasm remained independent predictors of improved DSS. Surprisingly, with the exception of weak correlations (0.2 < r < 0.25) between miR-126 and SMAD4, the investigated markers were mostly uncorrelated with the miRs. However, weak to moderate/strong correlations (0.3 < r < 0.6) were observed between CD3 and CD8 positive lymphocyte density and stromal RUNX3 expression. High expression levels of IRS1, RUNX3, and SMAD4 are positive prognostic factors in stage I-III colon cancer. Furthermore, stromal expression of RUNX3 is associated with increased lymphocyte density, suggesting that RUNX3 is an important mediator during recruitment and activation of immune cells in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallgeir Selven
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove Rasmussen Busund
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigve Andersen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Irene Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Karsten Kilvaer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-905-24-635
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Association of β-Catenin, APC, SMAD3/4, Tp53, and Cyclin D1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:5338956. [PMID: 36072013 PMCID: PMC9402361 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5338956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Accumulating evidence indicates that the expression and/or variants of several genes play an essential role in the progress of colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study is a meta-analysis undertaken to estimate the prognosis and survival associated with CTNNB1/β-catenin, APC, Wnt, SMAD3/4, TP53, and Cyclin D1 genes among CRC patients. Methods The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct for relevant reports published between 2000 and 2020 and analyzed them to determine any relationship between the (immunohistochemically/sequencing-detected) gene expression and variants of the selected genes and the survival of CRC patients. Results The analysis included 34,074 patients from 64 studies. To evaluate association, hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS), with a 95% confidence interval (CIs). Pooled results showed that β-catenin overexpression, APC mutation, SMAD-3 or 4 loss of expression, TP53 mutations, and Cyclin D1 expression were associated with shorter OS. β-Catenin overexpression (HR: 0.137 (95% CI: 0.131–0.406)), loss of expression of SMAD3 or 4 (HR: 0.449 (95% CI: 0.146–0.753)), the mutations of TP53 (HR: 0.179 (95% CI: 0.126–0.485)), and Cyclin D1 expression (HR: 0.485 (95% CI: 0.772–0.198)) also presented risk for shorter DFS. Conclusions The present meta-analysis indicates that overexpression or underexpression and variants of CTNNB1/β-catenin, APC, SMAD3/4, TP53, and Cyclin D1 genes potentially acted as unfavorable biomarkers for the prognosis of CRC. The Wnt gene was not associated with prognosis.
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Texture Features of Computed Tomography Image under the Artificial Intelligence Algorithm and Its Predictive Value for Colorectal Liver Metastasis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:2279018. [PMID: 35935311 PMCID: PMC9325563 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2279018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the predictive role of texture features in computed tomography (CT) images based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). A total of 150 patients with colorectal cancer who were admitted to the hospital were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into three groups with 50 cases in each group. The patients who were found to suffer from the CRLM in the initial examination were included in group A. Patients who were found with CRLM in the follow-up were assigned to group B (B1: metastasis within 0.5 years, 16 cases; B2: metastasis within 0.5–1.0 years, 17 cases; and B3: metastasis within 1.0–2.0 years, 17 cases). Patients without liver metastases during the initial examination and subsequent follow-up were designated as group C. Image textures were analyzed for patients in each group. The prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CRLM in patients with six classifiers were calculated, based on which the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn. The results showed that the logistic regression (LR) classifier had the highest prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, showing the best prediction effect, followed by the linear discriminant (LD) classifier. The prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the LR classifier were higher in group B1 and group B3, and the prediction effect was better than that in group B2. The texture features of CT images based on the AI algorithms showed a good prediction effect on CRLM and had a guiding significance for the early diagnosis and treatment of CRLM. In addition, the LR classifier showed the best prediction effect and high clinical value and can be popularized and applied.
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Rey I, Putra A, Lindarto D, Yusuf F. Relationship between CD 163 Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Colorectal-Cancer Stem Cell Markers. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Colorectal-cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs) represent a specific subpopulation of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, which are characterized by the expression of CD133 and CD166. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), found near CSCs may represent polarized macrophages, which are characterized by CD163 expression. In most tumors, TAMs may promote aggressive tumor development, leading to poor prognoses.
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether any association exists between CD163 expression in TAMs and CD133 and CD166 expression in CR-CSCs.
METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design that was conducted at the General Hospital and affiliates in Medan, from September 2018 to July 2019. CRC tissues were collected from colonoscopy biopsies and surgical resections performed on CRC patients, who fulfilled all necessary inclusion and exclusion criteria and provided informed consent. Subjects were divided into high- and low-CD163-level groups. We analyzed the expression levels of CD163, CD133, and CD166 using immunohistochemical (IHC) assays.
RESULTS: A total of 118 CRC patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 58.5% were male. No significant differences in hemoglobin, leukocyte, or platelet levels were observed between high- and low-level CD163 expression. We didn’t find any significant association of CD163 TAM with CRC histological grade and TNM stagings. Significant associations were found between the CD 163 expression level and the CD133 expression level (p < 0.001) and between the CD 163 expression level and the CD166 expression level (p< 0.001). Increased TAM levels of CD163 was associated with 2.770-fold and 2.616-fold increased risks of elevated CD133 and CD166 levels, respectively.
CONCLUSION: An association was found between the expression levels of CD163 in TAMs and the expression levels of CD133 and CD166 in CR-CSCs.
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Chaudhari N, Prakash N, Pradeep GL, Mahajan A, Lunawat S, Salunkhe V. Evaluation of density of tumor-associated macrophages using CD163 in histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, an immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 24:577. [PMID: 33967504 PMCID: PMC8083437 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_109_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Macrophages account for 30%–50% of the total inflammatory cell population of ''tumor microenvironment'' that plays an important role in cancer metastasis. M2 macrophages are designated as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They are known to orchestrate all the stages of tumor progression. CD163 is TAMs–M2-specific marker. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of TAMs using CD163 in different histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Setting and Design: Expression of CD 163 was investigated in 30 histopthologically diagnosed cases of OSCC. Materials and Methods: Two sections of 4-μ thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, CD163 (Cell Marque, USA). The expression of TAMs with CD163-positive cells was done by counting the number of macrophages in three high-power fields (×400), and the mean number of macrophages per HPF was evaluated. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Software SPSS version 20.0. Results: CD163 TAMs score increasing in higher tumor, node, metastasis stages with significant positive correlation. Conclusion: With higher histological grades, CD163 TAMs score increased. Thus, TAMs may be considered as an independent factor for determining the progression of the tumor. The immunotherapeutic approaches to control M2 TAM numbers could protect against progression to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Chaudhari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MGV'S K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MGV'S K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - G L Pradeep
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MGV'S K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aarti Mahajan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MGV'S K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehal Lunawat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SMBT College and Hospital Research Center, Ghoti, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaibhavi Salunkhe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MGV'S K.B.H. Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
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Meng Q, Luo X, Chen J, Wang D, Chen E, Zhang W, Zhang G, Zhou W, Xu J, Song Z. Unmasking carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: Key transformation player within the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sinha D, Smith C, Khanna R. Joining Forces: Improving Clinical Response to Cellular Immunotherapies with Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:75-90. [PMID: 33011081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a powerful therapeutic tool against both hematological and virus-associated cancers. However, extension of this success to solid cancers has been challenging owing to intratumoral mechanisms that induce a hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Delineating the impact of tumor-intrinsic adaptive resistance mechanisms on immune-based therapies is essential to improve long-term efficacy. We discuss the different tumor-intrinsic factors that lead to resistance to ACT. We highlight the potential of repurposing molecular targeted therapies to modulate immune responses and override intratumor resistance to ACT. Finally, we discuss the potential of combining targeted therapy and ACT as a new paradigm to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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The Macrophages-Microbiota Interplay in Colorectal Cancer (CRC)-Related Inflammation: Prognostic and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186866. [PMID: 32962159 PMCID: PMC7558485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main population of myeloid cells infiltrating solid tumors and the pivotal orchestrators of cancer-promoting inflammation. However, due to their exceptional plasticity, macrophages can be also key effector cells and powerful activators of adaptive anti-tumor immunity. This functional heterogeneity is emerging in human tumors, colorectal cancer (CRC) in particular, where the dynamic co-existence of different macrophage subtypes influences tumor development, outcome, and response to therapies. Intestinal macrophages are in close interaction with enteric microbiota, which contributes to carcinogenesis and affects treatment outcomes. This interplay may be particularly relevant in CRC, one of the most prevalent and lethal cancer types in the world. Therefore, both macrophages and intestinal microbiota are considered promising prognostic indicators and valuable targets for new therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular circuits underlying the interplay between macrophages and microbiota in CRC development, progression, and response to both conventional therapies and immunotherapies.
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Yang Z, Zhang M, Peng R, Liu J, Wang F, Li Y, Zhao Q, Liu J. The prognostic and clinicopathological value of tumor-associated macrophages in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:1651-1661. [PMID: 32666290 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing literature on the significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of TAMs in predicting the prognosis of CRC remains controversial. The current study aims to determine the prognostic and clinicopathological value of different types and distribution of TAMs in CRC. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted from the inception to 1 September 2019. The correlations of TAMs with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 5,575 patients from 29 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) indicated that high density of pan-macrophages in tumor invasive margin (IM) was associated with better OS (HR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.38-0.85), DFS (HR = 0.32, 95%CI = 0.19-0.52), and CSS (HR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.41-0.77). Moreover, the high density of pan-macrophages in tumor center (TC) was correlated with better DFS (HR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.45-0.96). However, high expression of M2 macrophages in TC was associated with poor DFS (HR = 2.42, 95%CI = 1.45-4.07) and CSS (HR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.24-2.44). High M2 macrophages density in IM was also associated with short DFS (HR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.65-4.77). In addition, the results showed that high density of pan-macrophages in IM was associated with no tumor metastasis, while high M2 macrophages density in TC was correlated with poor tumor differentiation. CONCLUSION High Pan-TAMs density in IM has a positive effect on the prognosis of CRC patients, while high density M2 macrophage infiltration in TC is a strong indicator of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ruyi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yizhang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Scheurlen KM, Billeter AT, O'Brien SJ, Galandiuk S. Metabolic dysfunction and early-onset colorectal cancer - how macrophages build the bridge. Cancer Med 2020; 9:6679-6693. [PMID: 33624450 PMCID: PMC7520341 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) among patients <50 years of age has increased dramatically over the last decades. At the same time, the growing proportion of obese children and adolescents and the increasing proportion of young and obese patients with CRC suggests an association between metabolic dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are able to orchestrate tumor promoting and suppressing mechanisms in CRC. The aim of this review was to discuss the different roles of TAMs in CRC and their phenotype‐specific metabolic pathways to identify potential new targets for CRC treatment. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane and Embase to identify studies on TAMs and their metabolism in CRC. The following search terms were used in various combinations: (obesity OR adiposity OR obese) AND (macrophage OR polarization OR macrophage metabolism) AND ((colon cancer*) OR (colon carcinoma) OR (colonic tumor*) OR (colonic neoplasm[MeSH]) OR (rectal cancer*) OR (rectal carcinoma) OR (rectal tumor*) OR (rectal neoplasm[MeSH]) OR (colorectal cancer*) OR (colorectal carcinoma) OR (colorectal tumor*) OR (colorectal neoplasm[MeSH])). Studies including data on the phenotype and metabolism of TAMs in CRC were analyzed. Results Evidence for the prognostic utility of macrophage markers in CRC is currently evolving, with a particular role of stage‐dependent cellular metabolism profiles of TAMs. Itaconate is one of the metabolites produced by proinflammatory subtypes of TAMs and it is known to have tumor promoting effects. Metabolic pathways that are involved in macrophage activation and reprogramming play a role in a chronic inflammatory setting, consequently affecting the onset and development of CRC. Conclusions Tumor‐promoting metabolites, such as itaconate, are directly regulating these mechanisms, thereby triggering carcinogenesis. Metabolic reprogramming in TAMs can build a bridge between metabolic dysfunction and the onset and progression of CRC through inflammatory pathways, particularly in younger patients with early‐onset CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Scheurlen
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Adrian T Billeter
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Susan Galandiuk
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Lin LH, Chang KW, Cheng HW, Liu CJ. SMAD4 Somatic Mutations in Head and Neck Carcinoma Are Associated With Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1379. [PMID: 31867281 PMCID: PMC6909744 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the incidence and the mortality rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is increasing worldwide, gaining knowledge about the genomic changes which happen in the carcinogenesis of HNSCC is essential for the diagnosis and therapy of the disease. SMAD4 (DPC4) is a tumor suppressor gene. It is located at chromosome 18q21.1 and a member of the SMAD family. Which mediates the TGF-β signaling pathway, thereby controlling the growth of epithelial cells. In the study presented here, we analyzed tumor samples by multiplex PCR-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) and found deleterious mutations of SMAD4 in 4.1% of the tumors. Knock-down experiments of endogenous and exogenous SMAD4 expression demonstrated that SMAD4 is involved in the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells. Functional analysis of a missense mutation in the MH1 domain of SMAD4 may be responsible for the loss of function in suppressing tumor progression. Missense SMAD4 mutations, therefore, could be useful prognostic determinants for patients affected by HNSCCs. This report is the first study where NGS analysis based on multiplex-PCR is used to demonstrate the imminent occurrence of missense SMAD4 mutations in HNSCC cells. The gene analysis that we performed may support the identification of SMAD4 mutations as a diagnostic marker or even as a potential therapeutic target in head and neck cancer. Moreover, the analytic strategy proposed for the detection of mutations in the SMAD4 gene may be validated as a platform to assist mutation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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In vivo imaging of TGFβ signalling components using positron emission tomography. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2258-2272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Zhao Y, Ge X, Xu X, Yu S, Wang J, Sun L. Prognostic value and clinicopathological roles of phenotypes of tumour-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:3005-3019. [PMID: 31650222 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. This is especially so because the prognostic significance and clinicopathological relevance of different subtypes of TAMs in the immune microenvironment of CRC have not yet been established. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinicopathological and prognostic value of pan-macrophages, M1-macrophages or M2-macrophages in patients with CRC. METHODS Comprehensive searched on the Medline/PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to April 2019. The association between overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) or disease-free survival (DFS) and TAMs was analysed by meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 3749 patients from 17 studies were included. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) indicated that high-density pan-macrophages improved OS (HR 0.67, P = 0.02). The pooled HR for M2-macrophages showed that high M2-macrophages infiltration was significantly associated with shorter OS (HR 2.93, P < 0.0001) and DFS (HR 2.04, P = 0.02). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) revealed that high-density TAMs was associated with high CD8+ T cell infiltration (OR 2.04, P = 0.007), no distant metastasis (NDM) (OR 0.38, P < 0.0001), microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (OR 0.38, P = 0.001), no lymph node metastasis (NLNM) (OR 0.54, P = 0.0002) and non-mucinous cancer (OR 0.39, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Unlike other solid tumours, high-density CD68+ macrophage infiltration can be a good prognostic marker for CRC. However, when macrophages act as targets of combination therapy in CRC treatment, this might be more effective for CRC patients with high CD8+ T cell infiltrate, NDM, MSI-H, NLNM and non-mucinous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Ge
- Department of Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Integrin-Mediated TGFβ Activation Modulates the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091221. [PMID: 31438626 PMCID: PMC6769837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) is a pleotropic cytokine with contrasting effects in cancer. In normal tissue and early tumours, TGFβ acts as a tumour suppressor, limiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, these effects are eventually abrogated by the loss or inactivation of downstream signalling within the TGFβ pathway, and in established tumours, TGFβ then acts as a tumour promotor through multiple mechanisms including inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and increasing angiogenesis. TGFβ is secrereted as a large latent complex and is embedded in the extracellular matrix or held on the surface of cells and must be activated before mediating its multiple functions. Thus, whilst TGFβ is abundant in the tumour microenvironment (TME), its functionality is regulated by local activation. The αv-integrins are major activators of latent-TGFβ. The potential benefits of manipulating the immune TME have been highlighted by the clinical success of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in a number of solid tumour types. TGFβ is a potent suppressor of T-cell-mediated immune surveillance and a key cause of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, as certain integrins locally activate TGFβ, they are likely to have a role in the immunosuppressive TME, although this remains to be confirmed. In this review, we discussed the role of TGFβ in cancer, the role of integrins in activating TGFβ in the TME, and the potential benefits of targeting integrins to augment immunotherapies.
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Yoo SY, Lee JA, Shin Y, Cho NY, Bae JM, Kang GH. Clinicopathological Characterization and Prognostic Implication of SMAD4 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2019; 53:289-297. [PMID: 31237997 PMCID: PMC6755646 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2019.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) has gained attention as a promising prognostic factor of colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as a key molecule to understand the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,281 CRC cases immunohistochemically for their expression status of SMAD4, and correlated this status with clinicopathologic and molecular features of CRCs. Results A loss of nuclear SMAD4 was significantly associated with frequent lymphovascular and perineural invasion, tumor budding, fewer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, higher pT and pN category, and frequent distant metastasis. In contrast, tumors overexpressing SMAD4 showed a significant association with sporadic microsatellite instability. After adjustment for TNM stage, tumor differentiation, adjuvant chemotherapy, and lymphovascular invasion, the loss of SMAD4 was found to be an independent prognostic factor for worse 5-year progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.60; p=.042) and 7-year cancer-specific survival (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.99; p=.022). Conclusions We confirmed the value of determining the loss of SMAD4 immunohistochemically as an independent prognostic factor for CRC in general. In addition, we identified some histologic and molecular features that might be clues to elucidate the role of SMAD4 in colorectal tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunjoo Shin
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Macrophages in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050633. [PMID: 31067629 PMCID: PMC6562719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provide a nurturing microenvironment for metastasis and are concomitantly key determinants of the efficacy of anticancer strategies. TAM represent an extremely heterogeneous population in terms of cell morphology, functions, and tissue localization. Colorectal liver metastases (CLM) display a high heterogeneity, responsible for a wide array of clinical presentations and responsiveness to treatments. In the era of precision medicine, there is a critical need of reliable prognostic markers to improve patient stratification, and, for their predominance in metastatic tissues, TAMs are emerging as promising candidates.
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19
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Liu H, Yang L, Qi M, Zhang J. NFAT1 enhances the effects of tumor-associated macrophages on promoting malignant melanoma growth and metastasis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181604. [PMID: 30459241 PMCID: PMC6435508 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play substantial roles in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT1) has been shown to promote melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo We herein aim to investigate whether NFAT1 is capable to promote melanoma growth and metastasis by influencing TAM properties. Melanoma-conditioned TAMs were obtained from human monocytes after incubation with conditioned medium from A375 cell culture. The phenotype of the macrophages was detected. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated. Human malignant melanoma tissues exhibited increased CD68+-macrophage infiltration and NFAT1 expression compared with the normal pigmented nevus tissues. Melanoma-conditioned TAMs displayed M2-like phenotype. Melanoma-conditioned TAMs also promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant melanoma cell lines A375 and WM451. Furthermore, NFAT1 expression in TAMs was significantly increased compared with the M0 group. NFAT1 overexpression significantly strengthened the melanoma-conditioned TAM-mediated promotion of cell migration and invasion in A375 and WM451 cells, whereas NFAT1 knockdown exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, NFAT1 overexpression in melanoma-conditioned TAMs promoted CD68+-macrophage infiltration, tumor growth, and metastasis in vivo NFAT1 may play a critical role in enhancing the TAM-mediated promotion of growth and metastasis in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410006, P.R. China
| | - Min Qi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, P.R. China
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20
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Tumour-vasculature development via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition after radiotherapy controls CD44v6 + cancer cell and macrophage polarization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5108. [PMID: 30504836 PMCID: PMC6269447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether targeting tumour vasculature can improve radiotherapeutic efficacy. We report that radiation-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) leads to tumour vasculature with abnormal SMA+NG2+ pericyte recruitment during tumour regrowth after radiotherapy. Trp53 (but not Tgfbr2) deletion in endothelial cells (ECs) inhibited radiation-induced EndMT, reducing tumour regrowth and metastases with a high CD44v6+ cancer-stem-cell (CSC) content after radiotherapy. Osteopontin, an EndMT-related angiocrine factor suppressed by EC-Trp53 deletion, stimulated proliferation in dormant CD44v6+ cells in severely hypoxic regions after radiation. Radiation-induced EndMT significantly regulated tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization. CXCR4 upregulation in radioresistant tumour ECs was highly associated with SDF-1+ TAM recruitment and M2 polarization of TAMs, which was suppressed by Trp53 deletion. These EndMT-related phenomena were also observed in irradiated human lung cancer tissues. Our findings suggest that targeting tumour EndMT might enhance radiotherapy efficacy by inhibiting the re-activation of dormant hypoxic CSCs and promoting anti-tumour immune responses. Radiotherapy is the main treatment for most cancer, but it is unclear if targeting tumour vasculature can enhance tumour radiosensitivity. Here, the authors show that tumour endothelial-mesenchymal transition after radiotherapy leads to proliferation of radioresistant CSCs and tumour associated macrophages polarization.
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21
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The Human Cytomegalovirus, from Oncomodulation to Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080408. [PMID: 30081496 PMCID: PMC6115842 DOI: 10.3390/v10080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its well-described impact in immunosuppressed patients, the role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the pathogenesis of cancer has been more recently investigated. In cancer, HCMV could favor the progression and the spread of the tumor, a paradigm named oncomodulation. Although oncomodulation could account for part of the protumoral effect of HCMV, it might not explain the whole impact of HCMV infection on the tumor and the tumoral microenvironment. On the contrary cases have been reported where HCMV infection slows down the progression and the spread of the tumor. In addition, HCMV proteins have oncogenic properties per se, HCMV activates pro-oncogenic pathways in infected cells, and recently the direct transformation of cells following HCMV infection has been described, which gave rise to tumors when injected in mice. Thus, beyond the oncomodulation model, this review will assess the direct transforming role of HMCV-infected cells and the potential classification of HCMV as an oncovirus.
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22
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Kim Y, Wen X, Bae JM, Kim JH, Cho NY, Kang GH. The distribution of intratumoral macrophages correlates with molecular phenotypes and impacts prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 73:663-671. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Xianyu Wen
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeong M Bae
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung H Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Gyeong H Kang
- Laboratory of Epigenetics; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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23
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Li L, Sun P, Zhang C, Li Z, Cui K, Zhou W. MiR-98 modulates macrophage polarization and suppresses the effects of tumor-associated macrophages on promoting invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:95. [PMID: 29989015 PMCID: PMC6035433 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are generally recognized as a promoter of tumor progression. miR-98 has been shown to suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Here, we aim to investigate the role of miR-98-mediated macrophage polarization in HCC progression. METHODS Human blood monocytes were isolated from healthy male donors and incubated with culture medium collected from HepG2 cells for 7 days. The phenotype of the macrophages was detected. The protein expression was detected by Western blot. Levels of cytokines secreted in culture medium were measured using the specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. To explore the role of miR-98 in HCC-conditioned TAMs, HCC cells HepG2 and SMMC7721 were cultured with conditioned medium from HCC-conditioned TAMs that had been transfected with miR-98 mimic/inhibitor. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed. RESULTS HCC-conditioned TAMs possessed M2-like phenotype, including increased protein expression of CD163 and TNF-αlow, IL-1βlow, TGF-βhigh and IL-10high phenotype. HCC-conditioned TAMs also promoted proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells. Furthermore, miR-98 modulated macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 in HCC-conditioned TAMs, as evidenced by the alteration of M1- or M2-related cytokines. Moreover, miR-98 mimic significantly suppressed the HCC-conditioned TAMs-mediated promotion of cell migration, invasion and EMT in HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells compared with negative control, whereas miR-98 inhibitor exerted reversed effects. CONCLUSIONS miR-98 may play a vital role in regulating macrophage polarization, thereby suppressing the TAMs-mediated promotion of invasion and EMT in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Zongchao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Wuyuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, No. 131 Huancheng Road, Gulou District, Xuzhou, 221000 Jiangsu China
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Li L, Sun P, Zhang C, Li Z, Zhou W. MiR-98 suppresses the effects of tumor-associated macrophages on promoting migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating IL-10. Biochimie 2018; 150:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Minami K, Hiwatashi K, Ueno S, Sakoda M, Iino S, Okumura H, Hashiguchi M, Kawasaki Y, Kurahara H, Mataki Y, Maemura K, Shinchi H, Natsugoe S. Prognostic significance of CD68, CD163 and Folate receptor-β positive macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4465-4476. [PMID: 29731831 PMCID: PMC5920942 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD)68 may be used as a pan-macrophage or M1 marker, whereas CD163 may be used as an M2 marker. Furthermore, folate receptor (FR)β exhibits an M2-like functional profile. In the present study, CD68 and CD163 were used to evaluate and classify tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The expression of CD68, CD163 and FRβ by TAMs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Tissues was investigated. Samples from 105 patients with HCC were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that CD68 and CD163 overexpression was associated with a worse prognosis. The number of CD68 positive cells observed was significantly higher in patients with stage IV cancer. Furthermore, an increase in CD68 positive cells was observed in patients with median tumor size ≥3.5 cm and in patients with poorly differentiated HCC. The number of CD163 positive cells was also significantly increased in patients with median tumor size ≥3.5 cm and in those with poorly differentiated HCC. A low CD163/68 ratio was correlated with a worse outcome. The ratio was significantly lower in patients with stage IV cancer, patients with des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin abnormalities, patients with blood vessel infiltration and patients with intrahepatic metastasis. The number of FRβ positive cells was not correlated with clinicopathological features. The results of the present study indicate that overexpression of CD68 and CD163 may be associated with a worse patient outcome. The evaluation of CD68 and CD163 positive cells in a cancer microenvironment is controversial. TAMs are not simply cells with single markers or restricted M1 or M2 phenotypes; they are more diverse and heterogeneous. Further studies are required to determine the cross-interaction between diverse TAMs and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Minami
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Hiwatashi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sakoda
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okumura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yota Kawasaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yuko Mataki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shinchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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26
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Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030904. [PMID: 29562686 PMCID: PMC5877765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the treatment of patients with advanced lethal prostate cancer is therapeutic resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy. Overriding this resistance requires understanding of the driving mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment, not just the androgen receptor (AR)-signaling cascade, that facilitate therapeutic resistance in order to identify new drug targets. The tumor microenvironment enables key signaling pathways promoting cancer cell survival and invasion via resistance to anoikis. In particular, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), directed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), confers stem cell properties and acquisition of a migratory and invasive phenotype via resistance to anoikis. Our lead agent DZ-50 may have a potentially high efficacy in advanced metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by eliciting an anoikis-driven therapeutic response. The plasticity of differentiated prostate tumor gland epithelium allows cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells via EMT and re-differentiate via reversal to mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) during tumor progression. A characteristic feature of EMT landscape is loss of E-cadherin, causing adherens junction breakdown, which circumvents anoikis, promoting metastasis and chemoresistance. The targetable interactions between androgens/AR and TGF-β signaling are being pursued towards optimized therapeutic regimens for the treatment of mCRPC. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on targeting the EMT-MET dynamic interconversions to overcome therapeutic resistance in patients with recurrent therapeutically resistant prostate cancer. Exploitation of the phenotypic landscape and metabolic changes that characterize the prostate tumor microenvironment in advanced prostate cancer and consequential impact in conferring treatment resistance are also considered in the context of biomarker discovery.
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Knudson KM, Hicks KC, Luo X, Chen JQ, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. M7824, a novel bifunctional anti-PD-L1/TGFβ Trap fusion protein, promotes anti-tumor efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with vaccine. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1426519. [PMID: 29721396 PMCID: PMC5927523 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1426519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors evade host immune surveillance through multiple mechanisms, including the generation of a tumor microenvironment that suppresses immune effector function. Secretion of TGFβ and upregulation of immune checkpoint programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) are two main contributors to immune evasion and tumor progression. Here, we examined the efficacy of a first-in-class bifunctional checkpoint inhibitor, the fusion protein M7824, comprising the extracellular domain of human TGFβRII (TGFβ Trap) linked to the C-terminus of human anti-PD-L1 heavy chain (αPD-L1). We demonstrate that M7824 reduces plasma TGFβ1, binds to PD-L1 in the tumor, and decreases TGFβ-induced signaling in the tumor microenvironment in mice. In murine breast and colon carcinoma models, M7824 decreased tumor burden and increased overall survival as compared to targeting TGFβ alone. M7824 treatment promoted CD8+ T cell and NK cell activation, and both of these immune populations were required for optimal M7824-mediated tumor control. M7824 was superior to TGFβ- or αPD-L1-targeted therapies when in combination with a therapeutic cancer vaccine. These findings demonstrate the value of using M7824 to simultaneously target TGFβ and PD-L1/PD-1 immunosuppressive pathways to promote anti-tumor responses and efficacy. The studies also support the potential clinical use of M7824 as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapies, such as therapeutic cancer vaccines, including for patients who have progressed on αPD-L1/αPD-1 checkpoint blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin C Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (CPTR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (CPTR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Caras I, Tucureanu C, Lerescu L, Pitica R, Melinceanu L, Neagu S, Salageanu A. Influence of Tumor Cell Culture Supernatants on Macrophage Functional Polarization: In Vitro Models of Macrophage-tumor Environment Interaction. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 97:647-54. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161109700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Macrophages are heterogeneous cells with extensive functional plasticity; they can change their functional profiles repeatedly in response to environmental changes anywhere between their extreme phenotypical programs (labeled as M1 and M2 polarization, respectively). In terms of antitumoral immune response, M1 macrophages are considered to be beneficial, while M2 macrophages supposedly promote tumor progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a major leukocyte population present in many tumors. Although many studies indicate that TAMs elicit several M2-associated protumoral functions, including promotion of angiogenesis, matrix remodeling and suppression of adaptive immunity, their role regarding tumor progression is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to develop an appropriate in vitro model to study the effect of tumor-secreted soluble factors on the functional phenotype of macrophages. Methods and study design THP-1 human monocytic line cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were used for macrophage differentiation; primary tumor cell culture supernatants or tumor cell line supernatants were employed along with various cytokines, growth factors and other stimuli to design different model variants and to better mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Results The cytokine secretion patterns of these macrophages suggest that primary tumor cell culture supernatants are able to switch the macrophage phenotype or to induce functional polarization of macrophages toward a mixed M1/M2 phenotype. Conclusions These data support the hypothesis that TAM behavior is modulated by the tumor microenvironment itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Caras
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology “Cantacuzino”
| | - Catalin Tucureanu
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology “Cantacuzino”
| | - Lucian Lerescu
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology “Cantacuzino”
| | - Ramona Pitica
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology “Cantacuzino”
| | - Laura Melinceanu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sf. Maria Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Neagu
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Salageanu
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microbiology and Immunology “Cantacuzino”
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29
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Yin Y, Yao S, Hu Y, Feng Y, Li M, Bian Z, Zhang J, Qin Y, Qi X, Zhou L, Fei B, Zou J, Hua D, Huang Z. The Immune-microenvironment Confers Chemoresistance of Colorectal Cancer through Macrophage-Derived IL6. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7375-7387. [PMID: 28928161 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are frequently associated with poor prognosis in human cancers. However, the effects of TAMs in colorectal cancer are contradictory. We therefore investigated the functions, mechanisms, and clinical significance of TAMs in colorectal cancer.Experimental Design: We measured the macrophage infiltration (CD68), P-gp, and Bcl2 expression in colorectal cancer tissues using IHC staining. Coculture of TAMs and colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo models was used to evaluate the effects of TAMs on colorectal cancer chemoresistance. Cytokine antibody arrays, ELISA, neutralizing antibody, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to uncover the underlying mechanism.Results: TAM infiltration was associated with chemoresistance in patients with colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer-conditioned macrophages increased colorectal cancer chemoresistance and reduced drug-induced apoptosis by secreting IL6, which could be blocked by a neutralizing anti-IL6 antibody. Macrophage-derived IL6 activated the IL6R/STAT3 pathway in colorectal cancer cells, and activated STAT3 transcriptionally inhibited the tumor suppressor miR-204-5p. Rescue experiment confirmed that miR-204-5p is a functional target mediating the TAM-induced colorectal cancer chemoresistance. miR-155-5p, a key miRNA regulating C/EBPβ, was frequently downregulated in TAMs, resulting in increased C/EBPβ expression. C/EBPβ transcriptionally activated IL6 in TAMs, and TAM-secreted IL6 then induced chemoresistance by activating the IL6R/STAT3/miR-204-5p pathway in colorectal cancer cells.Conclusions: Our data indicate that the maladjusted miR-155-5p/C/EBPβ/IL6 signaling in TAMs could induce chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells by regulating the IL6R/STAT3/miR-204-5p axis, revealing a new cross-talk between immune cells and tumor cells in colorectal cancer microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7375-87. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Surui Yao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Feng
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leyuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bojian Fei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Dong Hua
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Hama T, Nakanishi K, Sato M, Mukaiyama H, Togawa H, Shima Y, Miyajima M, Nozu K, Nagao S, Takahashi H, Sako M, Iijima K, Yoshikawa N, Suzuki H. Aberrant Smad3 phosphoisoforms in cyst-lining epithelial cells in the cpk mouse, a model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1223-F1231. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00697.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic epithelia acquire mesenchymal-like features in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In this phenotypic alteration, it is well known that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad3 signaling is involved; however, there is emerging new data on Smad3 phosphoisoforms: Smad3 phosphorylated at linker regions (pSmad3L), COOH-terminal regions (pSmad3C), and both (pSmad3L/C). pSmad3L/C has a pathological role in colorectal cancer. Mesenchymal phenotype-specific cell responses in the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway are implicated in carcinomas. In this study, we confirmed mesenchymal features and examined Smad3 phosphoisoforms in the cpk mouse, a model of autosomal recessive PKD. Kidney sections were stained with antibodies against mesenchymal markers and domain-specific phospho-Smad3. TGF-β, pSmad3L, pSmad3C, JNK, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, and c-Myc were evaluated by Western blotting. Cophosphorylation of pSmad3L/C was assessed by immunoprecipitation. α-Smooth muscle actin, which indicates mesenchymal features, was expressed higher in cpk mice. pSmad3L expression was increased in cpk mice and was predominantly localized in the nuclei of tubular epithelial cells in cysts; however, pSmad3C was equally expressed in both cpk and control mice. Levels of pSmad3L, JNK, CDK4, and c-Myc protein in nuclei were significantly higher in cpk mice than in controls. Immunoprecipitation showed that Smad3 was cophosphorylated (pSmad3L/C) in cpk mice. Smad3 knockout/ cpk double-mutant mice revealed amelioration of cpk abnormalities. These findings suggest that upregulating c-Myc through the JNK/CDK4-dependent pSmad3L pathway may be key to the pathophysiology in cpk mice. In conclusion, a qualitative rather than a quantitative abnormality of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway is involved in PKD and may be a target for disease-specific intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakanishi
- Department of Child Health and Welfare (Pediatrics), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Shima
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Nagao
- Education and Research Center of Animal Model for Human Disease, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisahide Takahashi
- Education and Research Center of Animal Model for Human Disease, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sako
- Division for Clinical Trials, Center for Clinical Research and Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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31
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Jia X, Shanmugam C, Paluri RK, Jhala NC, Behring MP, Katkoori VR, Sugandha SP, Bae S, Samuel T, Manne U. Prognostic value of loss of heterozygosity and sub-cellular localization of SMAD4 varies with tumor stage in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20198-20212. [PMID: 28423626 PMCID: PMC5386755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome location 18q21 and decreased expression of SMAD4 in invasive colorectal cancers (CRCs) correlate with poor patient survival, the prognostic value of LOH at 18q21 and sub-cellular localization of SMAD4 have not been evaluated in relation to tumor stage. Methods Genomic DNA samples from 209 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sporadic CRC tissues and their matching controls were analyzed for 18q21 LOH, and corresponding tissue sections were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of SMAD4 and assessed for its sub-cellular localization (nuclear vs. cytoplasmic). In addition, 53 frozen CRCs and their matching control tissues were analyzed for their mutational status and mRNA expression of SMAD4. The phenotypic expression pattern and LOH status were evaluated for correlation with patient survival by the use of Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Results LOH of 18q21 was detected in 61% of the informative cases. In 8% of the cases, missense point mutations were detected in Smad4. In CRCs, relative to controls, there was increased SMAD4 staining in the cytoplasm (74%) and decreased staining in the nuclei (37%). LOH of 18q21 and high cytoplasmic localization of SMAD4 were associated with shortened overall survival of Stage II patients, whereas low nuclear expression of SMAD4 was associated with worse survival, but only for patients with Stage III CRCs. Conclusions LOH of 18q21 and high cytoplasmic localization of SMAD4 in Stage II CRCs and low nuclear SMAD4 in Stage III CRCs are predictors of shortened patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jia
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chandrakumar Shanmugam
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi K Paluri
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nirag C Jhala
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Current address: Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Behring
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Venkat R Katkoori
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Current address: Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shajan P Sugandha
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sejong Bae
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Temesgen Samuel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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32
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Zhou X, Geng L, Wang D, Yi H, Talmon G, Wang J. R-Spondin1/LGR5 Activates TGFβ Signaling and Suppresses Colon Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6589-6602. [PMID: 28939678 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), an intestinal stem cell marker, is known to exhibit tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer, the mechanism of which is not understood. Here we show that R-spondin 1 (RSPO1)/LGR5 directly activates TGFβ signaling cooperatively with TGFβ type II receptor in colon cancer cells, enhancing TGFβ-mediated growth inhibition and stress-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of LGR5 attenuated downstream TGFβ signaling and increased cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis in an orthotopic model of colon cancer in vivo Upon RSPO1 stimulation, LGR5 formed complexes with TGFβ receptors. Studies of patient specimens indicate that LGR5 expression was reduced in advanced stages and positively correlated with markers of TGFβ activation in colon cancer. Our study uncovers a novel cross-talk between LGR5 and TGFβ signaling in colon cancer and identifies LGR5 as a new modulator of TGFβ signaling able to suppress colon cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6589-602. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Liying Geng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Degeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Haowei Yi
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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33
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Wang D, Sun H, Wei J, Cen B, DuBois RN. CXCL1 Is Critical for Premetastatic Niche Formation and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3655-3665. [PMID: 28455419 PMCID: PMC5877403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the primary tumor influences the development of supportive metastatic microenvironments, referred to as premetastatic niches, in certain distant organs before arrival of metastatic cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the contributions of the primary tumor to premetastatic niche formation are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that colorectal carcinoma cells secrete VEGFA, which stimulates tumor-associated macrophages to produce CXCL1 in the primary tumor. Elevation of CXCL1 in premetastatic liver tissue recruited CXCR2-positive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) to form a premetastatic niche that ultimately promoted liver metastases. Importantly, premetastatic liver-infiltrating MDSCs induced tumor cell survival without involvement of innate or adaptive immune responses. Our study provides the first evidence that primary malignant cell-secreted VEGFA stimulates tumor-associated macrophages to produce CXCL1, which recruits CXCR2-positive MDSCs to form a premetastatic niche to promote liver metastases. Our findings not only shed light on how the tumor microenvironment contributes to premetastatic niche formation at distant sites, but they also provide comprehensive insights into how MDSCs are recruited to other organs where they contribute to metastatic spread of disease. Moreover, our work also provides a rationale for development of CXCR2 antagonists to inhibit or prevent metastatic spread of disease. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3655-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bo Cen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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34
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Xi H, Shuai QG, Shao LL. Involvement of the TGFβ1/Smad2/MMP3 signaling pathway in SB431542-induced inhibition of cell invasion in multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:541-546. [PMID: 28693203 PMCID: PMC5494695 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy characterized by plasma cell hyperplasia. The majority of patients with MM suffer from mortality due to tumor recurrence and metastasis, which has become an emerging clinical problem. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been implicated in tumor metastasis; however, its role in RPMI 8226 cells remains to be elucidated. In the present study, RPMI 8226 cells were treated with various concentrations of SB431542, a TGFβ1 inhibitor, for 12, 24 and 48 h. RPMI 8226 cells were transfected with lentiviral-TGFβ1 vectors to overexpress TGFβ1. Cell proliferation rate was subsequently determined by cell-counting kit-8 assay and cell invasion was assessed by Transwell assay. Expression of TGFβ1, SMAD family member 2 (Smad2) and matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3) were analyzed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that cell proliferation and invasion of RPMI 8226 cells was significantly inhibited by SB431542 (P<0.05). SB431542 was able to significantly downregulate the expression of TGFβ1, phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 and MMP3; however, the overexpression of TGFβ1 significantly upregulated the expression of TGFβ1, p-Smad2 and MMP3. In conclusion, SB431542 reduced cell invasion in RPMI 8226 cells, and this effect may be mediated via the TGFβ1/Smad2/MMP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Xi
- Department of Radiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Hechuan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401520, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Guo Shuai
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Li Shao
- Department of Radiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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35
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Bailey KL, Agarwal E, Chowdhury S, Luo J, Brattain MG, Black JD, Wang J. TGFβ/Smad3 regulates proliferation and apoptosis through IRS-1 inhibition in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176096. [PMID: 28414818 PMCID: PMC5393866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have uncovered a novel crosstalk between TGFβ and IGF-1R signaling pathways. We show for the first time that expression and activation of IRS-1, an IGF-1R adaptor protein, is decreased by TGFβ/Smad3 signaling. Loss or attenuation of TGFβ activation leads to elevated expression and phosphorylation of IRS-1 in colon cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis and increased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of IRS-1 expression reversed Smad3 knockdown-mediated oncogenic phenotypes, indicating that TGFβ/Smad3 signaling inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis at least partially through the inhibition of IRS-1 expression and activation. Additionally, the TGFβ/Smad3/IRS-1 signaling axis regulates expression of cyclin D1 and XIAP, which may contribute to TGFβ/Smad3/IRS-1-mediated cell cycle progression and survival. Given that loss of TGFβ signaling occurs frequently in colon cancer, an important implication of our study is that IRS-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Bailey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ekta Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjib Chowdhury
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Brattain
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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36
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Cavnar MJ, Turcotte S, Katz SC, Kuk D, Gönen M, Shia J, Allen PJ, Balachandran VP, D'Angelica MI, Kingham TP, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP. Tumor-Associated Macrophage Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases is Associated With Better Outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:1835-1842. [PMID: 28213791 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-5812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support growth in most human cancers, with the notable exception of colorectal adenocarcinoma, in which TAM infiltration of primary tumors is correlated with a better outcome. The importance of TAMs in colorectal liver metastases (CLM) is unknown. METHODS Using a tissue microarray of CLM resected at their institution from 1998 to 2000, the authors quantified immune marker expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Metamorph Image Analysis software. Findings showed that CD68, CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, and MHC-I were correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Tumor cores from 158 patients were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 117 months for survivors (n = 39). The univariate analysis showed a significant positive association between DFS and CD4+ (p = 0.025) and CD68+ (p = 0.007). The findings showed a significant positive correlation of OS with CD4+ (p = 0.042), whereas the correlation with CD68+ was not significant (p = 0.17). Cutoffs were determined to dichotimize each marker for the highest log-rank statistic. Patients with CD4high had a median OS of 115 months and DFS of 41 months (p = 0.007 compared with 40 and 16 months, respectively, for patients with CD4low (p = 0.022). Patients with CD68high had a median OS of 50 months and a median DFS of 25 months (p = 0.67) compared with 43 and 15 months (p = 0.028). In the multivariate analysis of factors affecting DFS, high CD68 was associated with longer DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.94; p = 0.02), independently of clinicopathologic variables and CD4. CONCLUSIONS High TAM infiltration in resected CLM is associated with better outcome, independently of known clinicopathologic and immune predictors. This suggests that TAM depletion, which is being tested clinically in other cancers, may be detrimental in CLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cavnar
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Turcotte
- Department of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Kuk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Allen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinod P Balachandran
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael I D'Angelica
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Peter Kingham
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald P DeMatteo
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Yi H, Geng L, Black A, Talmon G, Berim L, Wang J. The miR-487b-3p/GRM3/TGFβ signaling axis is an important regulator of colon cancer tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3477-3489. [PMID: 28114282 PMCID: PMC5472494 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular targeting is an import strategy to treat advanced colon cancer. The current study demonstrates that expression of GRM3, a metabotropic glutamate receptor mainly expressed in mammalian central nervous system, is significantly upregulated in majority of human colonic adenocarcinomas tested and colon cancer cell lines. Knockdown of GRM3 expression or inhibition of GRM3 activation in colon cancer cells reduces cell survival and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, GRM3 antagonizes TGFβ-mediated activation of protein kinase A and inhibition of AKT. In addition, TGFβ signaling increases GRM3 protein stability and knockdown of GRM3 enhances TGFβ-mediated tumor suppressor function. Further studies indicate that miR-487b-3p directly targets GRM3. Overexpression of miR-487b-3p mimics the effects of GRM3 knockdown and suppresses the tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells in vivo. Expression of miR-487b-3p is decreased in colon adenocarcinomas and inversely correlates with GRM3 expression. Taken together, these studies indicate that upregulation of GRM3 expression is a functionally important molecular event in colon cancer, and that GRM3 is a promising molecular target for colon cancer treatment. This is particularly interesting and important from a therapeutic standpoint because numerous metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists are available, many of which have been found unsuitable for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders for reasons such as inability to readily penetrate blood brain barriers. Since GRM3 is upregulated in colon cancer, but rarely expressed in normal peripheral tissues, targeting GRM3 with such agents would not likely cause adverse neurological or peripheral side effects, making GRM3 an attractive and specific molecular target for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - L Geng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - G Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - L Berim
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology/Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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38
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Su F, Li X, You K, Chen M, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Ma J, Liu B. Expression of VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 and Their Relationship with Lymphangiogenesis and Prognosis in Colon Cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20:2074-2082. [PMID: 27730400 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-016-3294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and TGF-β1 pathways play important roles in cancer. However, few studies have evaluated the expression and roles of VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 in colon cancer, and the conclusions remain controversial. To clarify the roles of VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 in colon cancer, we examined their expression and evaluated correlations with lymphangiogenesis, prognosis, and chemotherapeutic outcome. METHODS The expression of VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 was immunohistochemically examined in 251 primary colon cancer samples obtained from the Harbin Medical University. RESULTS The expression of VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 was identified in 71.7, 41.0, and 69.7 % of samples, respectively. Positive expression of VEGF-D and SMAD7 and lost expression of SMAD4 were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and high lymphatic vessel density. VEGF-D and SMAD7 were found to be independent indicators of prognosis and chemotherapy outcome, and positive expression of either VEGF-D or SMAD7 was associated with significantly shorter overall survival and disease-free survival (OS and DFS) than negative expression in all 251 patients (P < 0.001 for OS and DFS) and patients following chemotherapy (P < 0.001 for OS and DFS). CONCLUSION VEGF-D, SMAD4, and SMAD7 were involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. VEGF-D and SMAD7 can serve as predictors of prognosis and chemotherapeutic outcome in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai You
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, 57 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Wang Z, Xu L, Hu Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wang S, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhang M, Yuan K, Min W. miRNA let-7b modulates macrophage polarization and enhances tumor-associated macrophages to promote angiogenesis and mobility in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25602. [PMID: 27157642 PMCID: PMC4860600 DOI: 10.1038/srep25602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a highly plastic physiological process that responds to a variety of environmental factors by changing macrophage phenotype and function. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are generally recognized as promoting tumor progression. As universal regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) are functionally involved in numerous critical cellular processes including macrophage polarization. Let-7b, a miRNA, has differential expression patterns in inflamed tissues compared with healthy controls. However, whether and how miRNA let-7b regulates macrophage phenotype and function is unclear. In this report, we find that up-regulation of let-7b is characteristic of prostatic TAMs, and down-regulation of let-7b in TAMs leads to changes in expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-23, IL-10 and TNF-α. As a result, TAMs treated with let-7b inhibitors reduce angiogenesis and prostate carcinoma (PCa) cell mobility. Let-7b may play a vital role in regulating macrophage polarization, thus modulating the prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinying Hu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanrong Yu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiping Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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40
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Zizzo N, Leporini C, Luposella M, Patruno R, Filippelli G, Russo E, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Tumour-associated macrophages correlate with microvascular bed extension in colorectal cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1373-80. [PMID: 27105577 PMCID: PMC4929299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) represent pivotal components of tumour microenvironment promoting angiogenesis, tumour progression and invasion. In colorectal cancer (CRC), there are no conclusive data about the role of TAMs in angiogenesis‐mediated tumour progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a correlation between TAMs, TAM immunostained area (TAMIA) microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and cancer cells positive to VEGF‐A (CCP‐VEGF‐A) in primary tumour tissue of locally advanced CRC patients undergone to radical surgery. A series of 76 patients with CRC were selected and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. An anti‐CD68 antibody was employed to assess TAMs and TAMIA expression, an anti‐CD34 antibody was utilized to detect MVD and EA expression, whereas an anti‐VEGF‐A antibody was used to detect CCP‐VEGF‐A; then, tumour sections were evaluated by image analysis methods. The mean ± S.D. of TAMs, MVD and CCP‐VEGF‐A was 65.58 ± 21.14, 28.53 ± 7.75 and 63% ± 37%, respectively; the mean ± S.D. of TAMIA and EA was 438.37 ± 124.14μ2 and 186.73 ± 67.22μ2, respectively. A significant correlation was found between TAMs, TAMIA, MVD and EA each other (r ranging from 0.69 to 0.84; P ranging from 0.000 to 0.004). The high level of expression of TAMs and TAMIA in tumour tissue and the significant correlation with both MVD and EA illustrate that TAMs could represent a marker that plays an important role in promoting angiogenesis‐mediated CRC. In this context, novel agents killing TAMs might be evaluated in clinical trials as a new anti‐angiogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Widder M, Lützkendorf J, Caysa H, Unverzagt S, Wickenhauser C, Benndorf RA, Schmoll HJ, Müller-Tidow C, Müller T, Müller LP. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells promote tumor growth in distinct colorectal cancer cells by a β1-integrin-dependent mechanism. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:964-75. [PMID: 26356035 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stroma interactions play an essential role in the biology of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may represent a pivotal part of the stroma in CRC, but little is known about the specific interaction of MSC with CRC cells derived from tumors with different mutational background. In previous studies we observed that MSC promote the xenograft growth of the CRC cell-line DLD1. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the mechanisms of MSC-promoted tumor growth using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models and CRC cells of different mutational status. MSC specifically interacted with distinct CRC cells and supported tumor seeding in xenografts. The MSC-CRC interaction facilitated three-dimensional spheroid formation in CRC cells with dysfunctional E-cadherin system. Stable knock-downs revealed that the MSC-facilitated spheroid formation depended on β1-integrin in CRC cells. Specifically in α-catenin-deficient CRC cells this β1-integrin-dependent interaction resulted in a MSC-mediated promotion of early tumor growth in vivo. Collagen I and other extracellular matrix compounds were pivotal for the functional MSC-CRC interaction. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a differential interaction of MSC with CRC cells of different mutational background. Our study is the first to show that MSC specifically compared to normal fibroblasts impact early xenograft growth of distinct α-catenin deficient CRC cells possibly through secretion of extracellular matrix. This mechanism could serve as a future target for therapy and metastasis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Widder
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jana Lützkendorf
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henrike Caysa
- Institut für Pharmazie, Institutsbereich Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Unverzagt
- Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institut für Pathologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institut für Pharmazie, Institutsbereich Pharmazeutische Chemie und Klinische Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schmoll
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lutz P Müller
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Palumbo A, Da Costa NDOM, Bonamino MH, Pinto LFR, Nasciutti LE. Genetic instability in the tumor microenvironment: a new look at an old neighbor. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:145. [PMID: 26227631 PMCID: PMC4521350 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent exponential increase in our knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis has largely failed to translate into new therapies and clinical practices. This lack of success may result in part from the fact that most studies focus on tumor cells as potential therapeutic targets and neglect the complex microenvironment that undergoes profound changes during tumor development. Furthermore, an unfortunate association of factors such as tumor genetic complexity, overestimation of biomarker and drug potentials, as well as a poor understanding of tumor microenvironment in diagnosis and prognosis leads to the current levels of treatment failure regarding a vast majority of cancer types. A growing body of evidence points to the importance of the functional diversity of immune and structural cells during tumor development. In this sense, the lack of technologies that would allow for molecular screening of individual stromal cell types poses a major challenge for the development of therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment. Progress in microenvironment genetic studies represents a formidable opportunity for the development of new selective drugs because stromal cells have lower mutation rates than malignant cells, and should prove to be good targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palumbo
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde - Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373 - bloco F, sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. .,Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Nathalia de Oliveira Meireles Da Costa
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Martin Hernan Bonamino
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. .,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Pavilhão Mourisco - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde - Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373 - bloco F, sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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43
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Medina-Echeverz J, Vasquez M, Gomar C, Ardaiz N, Berraondo P. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I fused to an anti-transforming growth factor beta peptide modulates the tumorigenicity and immunogenicity of mouse colon cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:717-25. [PMID: 25795134 PMCID: PMC11028610 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) promotes tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in established tumors. In this study, we analyzed the effect of overexpressing an anti-TGF-β peptide fused to apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) as a scaffold molecule. We generated and characterized stable MC38 colon carcinoma clones expressing ApoA-I fused to the anti-TGF-β peptide P144 and ApoA-I as control cells. We evaluated in vitro the gene expression profile, cell cycle and anchorage-independent growth. The in vivo tumorigenic potential and immunogenicity were analyzed inoculating the MC38 clones into C57BL/6 mice, recombination-activating gene 1 knockout mice or mice deficient in NK cells either subcutaneously or intrasplenically to generate hepatic metastases. While overexpression of ApoA-I had no effect on the parameters analyzed, ApoA-I fused to P144 markedly diminished the tumorigenic capacity and metastatic potential of MC38 in vitro and in vivo, thus generating a highly immunogenic cell line. MC38 cells transfected with ApoA-I fused to P144 triggered memory T cell responses able to eliminate the parental cell line upon re-challenge. In summary, expression of ApoA-I fused to P144 is a novel strategy to modulate TGF-β in tumor cells. These results highlight the potential of TGF-β as a target in the development of new antitumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Medina-Echeverz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Vasquez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nuria Ardaiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Avda. Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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44
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Abstract
Few pharmacotherapies are currently available to treat castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with low impact on patient survival. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-functional peptide with opposite roles in prostate tumorigenesis as an inhibitor in normal growth and early stage disease and a promoter in advanced prostate cancer. Dysregulated TGF-β signaling leads to a cascade of events contributing to oncogenesis, including up-regulated proliferation, decreased apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and evasion of immune surveillance. TGF-β signaling pathway presents an appropriate venue for establishing a therapeutic targeting platform in CRPC. Exploitation of TGF-β effectors and their cross talk with the androgen axis pathway will provide new insights into mechanisms of resistance of the current antiandrogen therapeutic strategies and lead to generation of new effective treatment modalities for CRPC. Points of functional convergence of TGF-β with key oncogenic pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and androgen receptor (AR), are discussed as navigated within the EMT landscape in the tumor microenvironment. In this context the emerging anti-TGF-β pharmacotherapies for prostate cancer treatment are considered. Targeting the functional cross-talk between the TGF-β signaling effectors with the androgen axis supports the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating CRPC with high specificity and efficacy in a personalized-medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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45
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Voorneveld PW, Jacobs RJ, Kodach LL, Hardwick JCH. A Meta-Analysis of SMAD4 Immunohistochemistry as a Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Cancer. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:18-24. [PMID: 25749173 PMCID: PMC4350636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: SMAD4 immunohistochemistry is considered a valuable prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, but individual studies have often been small and the results variable. A meta-analysis could potentially clarify these findings. METHODS: In September 2014, a Pubmed and Google Scholar search was conducted to find publications that reported the prognostic value of SMAD4 expression. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between SMAD4 expression and survival outcomes. RESULTS: 137 studies were found, of which 13 were considered eligible. The studies consisted of a total of 3800 patients. Three different endpoints were taken into account, namely, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS). In addition, the studies were divided into univariate and multivariate analyses. The pooled hazard ratios were given as follows: univariate CSS = 1.75 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-3.32; z= 1.69; P= .09]; multivariate CSS = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.56-3.01; z= 4.65; P= .000); univariate DFS = 2.11 (95% CI: 1.36-3.28; z= 3.32; P= .001); multivariate DFS = 2.15 (95% CI: 1.56-3.01; z= 4.65; P= .000); univariate OS and DFS = 2.30 (95% CI: 1.41-3.73; z= 3.36; P= .001); univariate OS = 2.28 (95% CI: 1.30-4.00; z= 2.89; P= .004). CONCLUSION: The results of the presented meta-analyses indicate that SMAD4 expression status using immunohistochemistry is a prognostic marker for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Voorneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Rutger J Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liudmila L Kodach
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James C H Hardwick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Shang L, Jia SS, Jiang HM, Wang H, Xu WH, Lv CJ. Simvastatin downregulates expression of TGF-βRII and inhibits proliferation of A549 cells via ERK. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4819-24. [PMID: 25631750 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation and progression in cancer. Statins have been documented to exhibit anticancer and cancer chemopreventive properties. However, the effects and mechanisms of simvastatin on the development of lung cancer are still unclear. In the present study, quiescent A549 cells were treated in vitro with fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the presence or absence of simvastatin. MTT, Western blot, and real-time qPCR were used to detect cell viability, activation of ERK, and expression of TGF-βRII at the protein and RNA level. Our results demonstrated that simvastatin inhibited activation of ERK, downregulated expression of TGF-βRII, and suppressed A549 cell proliferation. Furthermore, the effects of simvastatin can be reversed by farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). Therefore, these results suggest that simvastatin may inhibit A549 cell proliferation and downregulate TGF-βRII expression by inhibiting activation of ERK. Our findings may advance the current understanding of the effects of simvastatin on cancer progression and contribute to the study of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shang
- Nursing Division, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, China
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Cao Z, Kyprianou N. WITHDRAWN: Mechanisms navigating the TGF-β pathway in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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48
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Chen HP, Chan YJ. The oncomodulatory role of human cytomegalovirus in colorectal cancer: implications for clinical trials. Front Oncol 2014; 4:314. [PMID: 25452935 PMCID: PMC4233914 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a beta-herpes virus that chronically infects human beings, is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). The viral nucleic acids specifically localized to the neoplastic mucosal epithelium of CRC, while tumoral presence of HCMV independently predicted a poor outcome in elderly patients. In the past decade, the concept of “oncomodulation” of HCMV in human cancers has been formulated. In CRC, changes in the tumor microenvironment are closely related to cancer behavior and prognosis, while the underlying mechanism driving these changes remains unclear. As HCMV affects multiple cellular functions, including signal pathways that regulate angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell invasiveness, and anti-cancer immunity, the virus potentially exerts oncomodulatory effects in the tumor microenvironment of CRC. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the association between HCMV and CRC and suggest future perspectives on both research and anti-cancer therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pai Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital , Yilan , Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan ; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan ; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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Hattori Y, Yamashita J, Sakaida C, Kawano K, Yonemochi E. Evaluation of antitumor effect of zoledronic acid entrapped in folate-linked liposome for targeting to tumor-associated macrophages. J Liposome Res 2014; 25:131-40. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.954128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that intake of dietary fats and chronic inflammation are risk factors for developing colorectal cancer. Arachidonic acid is a major component of animal fats, and the bioactive lipids produced from this substrate play critical roles in a variety of biologic processes, including cancer. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandin E2 is a known proinflammatory lipid mediator that promotes tumor progression. Metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase pathway provides one mechanism for the contribution of dietary fats and chronic inflammation to carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how a proinflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 promotes colorectal cancer immune evasion. These findings may provide a rationale for the development of new therapeutic approaches to subvert tumor-induced immunosuppression.
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