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Richard SA. The pivotal role of irradiation-induced apoptosis in the pathogenesis and therapy of medulloblastoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2048. [PMID: 38599791 PMCID: PMC11006592 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is a rare primitive neuroectodermal tumors originating from the cerebellum. MB is the most common malignant primary brain tumor of childhood. MB originates from neural precursor cells in distinctive regions of the rhombic lip, and their maturation occurs in the cerebellum or the brain stem during embryonal development. Also, apoptosis is a programmed cell death associated with numerous physiological as well as pathological regulations. RECENT FINDINGS Irradiation (IR)-induce apoptosis triggers cell death, with or without intervening mitosis within a few hours of IR and these share different morphologic alteration such as, loss of normal nuclear structure as well as degradation of DNA. Moreover, MB is strikingly sensitive to DNA-damaging therapies and the role of apoptosis a key treatment modality. Furthermore, in MB, the apoptotic pathways are made up of several triggers, modulators, as well as effectors. Notably, IR-induced apoptotic mechanisms in MB therapy are very complex and they either induce radiosensitivity or inhibit radioresistance leading to potential effective treatment strategies for MB. CONCLUSION This review explicitly explores the pivotal roles of IR-induced apoptosis in the pathogenesis and therapy of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A. Richard
- Department of MedicinePrincefield UniversityHoGhana
- Institute of Neuroscience, Third Affiliated HospitalZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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2
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GHORBANI ROGHAYEH, GHARBAVI MAHMOUD, SHARAFI ALI, RISMANI ELHAM, REZAEEJAM HAMED, MORTAZAVI YOUSEF, JOHARI BEHROOZ. Targeted anti-tumor synergistic effects of Myc decoy oligodeoxynucleotides-loaded selenium nanostructure combined with chemoradiotherapy on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Oncol Res 2023; 32:101-125. [PMID: 38188680 PMCID: PMC10767241 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.044741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the synergistic effects of targeted methotrexate-selenium nanostructure containing Myc decoy oligodeoxynucleotides along with X-irradiation exposure as a combination therapy on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Myc decoy ODNs were designed based on the promoter of Bcl-2 gene and analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics assays. ODNs were loaded on the synthesized Se@BSA@Chi-MTX nanostructure. The physicochemical characteristics of nanostructures were determined by FTIR, DLS, UV-vis, TEM, EDX, in vitro release, and hemolysis tests. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity properties of them with and without X-irradiation were investigated by uptake, MTT, cell cycle, apoptosis, and scratch assays on the LNCaP cell line. The results of DLS and TEM showed negative charge (-9 mV) and nanometer size (40 nm) for Se@BSA@Chi-DEC-MTX NPs, respectively. The results of FTIR, UV-vis, and EDX showed the proper interaction of different parts and the correct synthesis of nanoparticles. The results of hemolysis showed the hemocompatibility of this nanoparticle in concentrations less than 6 mg/mL. The ODNs release from the nanostructures showed a pH-dependent manner, and the release rate was 15% higher in acidic pH. The targeted Se@BSA@Chi-labeled ODN-MTX NPs were efficiently taken up by LNCaP cells by targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The significant synergistic effects of nanostructure (containing MTX drug) treatment along with X-irradiation showed cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction (~57%), cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase), and migration inhibition (up to 90%) compared to the control. The results suggested that the Se@BSA@Chi-DEC-MTX NPs can potentially suppress the cell growth of LNCaP cells. This nanostructure system can be a promising approach for targeted drug delivery and chemoradiotherapy in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROGHAYEH GHORBANI
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - MAHMOUD GHARBAVI
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - ALI SHARAFI
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - ELHAM RISMANI
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - HAMED REZAEEJAM
- Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - YOUSEF MORTAZAVI
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - BEHROOZ JOHARI
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Levis M, Gastino A, De Giorgi G, Mantovani C, Bironzo P, Mangherini L, Ricci AA, Ricardi U, Cassoni P, Bertero L. Modern Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer: Current Trends and Future Perspectives Based on Integrated Translational Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4622. [PMID: 37760591 PMCID: PMC10526239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) represent the most frequent metastatic event in the course of lung cancer patients, occurring in approximately 50% of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in up to 70% in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Thus far, many advances have been made in the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, allowing improvements in the prognosis of these patients. The modern approach relies on the integration of several factors, such as accurate histological and molecular profiling, comprehensive assessment of clinical parameters and precise definition of the extent of intracranial and extracranial disease involvement. The combination of these factors is pivotal to guide the multidisciplinary discussion and to offer the most appropriate treatment to these patients based on a personalized approach. Focal radiotherapy (RT), in all its modalities (radiosurgery (SRS), fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), adjuvant stereotactic radiotherapy (aSRT)), is the cornerstone of BM management, either alone or in combination with surgery and systemic therapies. We review the modern therapeutic strategies available to treat lung cancer patients with brain involvement. This includes an accurate review of the different technical solutions which can be exploited to provide a "state-of-art" focal RT and also a detailed description of the systemic agents available as effective alternatives to SRS/SRT when a targetable molecular driver is present. In addition to the validated treatment options, we also discuss the future perspective for focal RT, based on emerging clinical reports (e.g., SRS for patients with many BMs from NSCLC or SRS for BMs from SCLC), together with a presentation of innovative and promising findings in translational research and the combination of novel targeted agents with SRS/SRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Levis
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.L.); (A.G.); (G.D.G.); (C.M.); (U.R.)
| | - Alessio Gastino
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.L.); (A.G.); (G.D.G.); (C.M.); (U.R.)
| | - Greta De Giorgi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.L.); (A.G.); (G.D.G.); (C.M.); (U.R.)
| | - Cristina Mantovani
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.L.); (A.G.); (G.D.G.); (C.M.); (U.R.)
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Luca Mangherini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.A.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessia Andrea Ricci
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.A.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.L.); (A.G.); (G.D.G.); (C.M.); (U.R.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.A.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.A.R.); (P.C.)
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4
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Prochownik EV, Wang H. Lessons in aging from Myc knockout mouse models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1244321. [PMID: 37621775 PMCID: PMC10446843 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1244321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite MYC being among the most intensively studied oncogenes, its role in normal development has not been determined as Myc-/- mice do not survival beyond mid-gestation. Myc ± mice live longer than their wild-type counterparts and are slower to accumulate many age-related phenotypes. However, Myc haplo-insufficiency likely conceals other important phenotypes as many high-affinity Myc targets genes continue to be regulated normally. By delaying Myc inactivation until after birth it has recently been possible to study the consequences of its near-complete total body loss and thus to infer its normal function. Against expectation, these "MycKO" mice lived significantly longer than control wild-type mice but manifested a marked premature aging phenotype. This seemingly paradoxical behavior was potentially explained by a >3-fold lower lifetime incidence of cancer, normally the most common cause of death in mice and often Myc-driven. Myc loss accelerated the accumulation of numerous "Aging Hallmarks", including the loss of mitochondrial and ribosomal structural and functional integrity, the generation of reactive oxygen species, the acquisition of genotoxic damage, the detrimental rewiring of metabolism and the onset of senescence. In both mice and humans, normal aging in many tissues was accompaniued by the downregulation of Myc and the loss of Myc target gene regulation. Unlike most mouse models of premature aging, which are based on monogenic disorders of DNA damage recognition and repair, the MycKO mouse model directly impacts most Aging Hallmarks and may therefore more faithfully replicate the normal aging process of both mice and humans. It further establishes that the strong association between aging and cancer can be genetically separated and is maintained by a single gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V. Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- The Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- The Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Huabo Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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5
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The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Polymorphisms in Gastric Cancer: a Meta-Analysis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:756-769. [PMID: 34478034 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine which may play a role in the development of gastric cancer (GC). This study aimed to investigate the association of five TNF-α polymorphisms including TNF-α-857, TNF-α-1031, TNF-α-863, TNF-α-308, and TNF-α-238 polymorphisms with GC risk. METHODS All eligible case-control studies were collected by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The association of the risk of GC with TNF-α polymorphisms was estimated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed via Cochrane's Q and I2 analyses. RESULTS A total of 46 publications involving 16, 715 cases with GC and 27, 998 controls were recruited. The study revealed a significant association for TNF-α 308 (recessive model: OR = 0.646, P = 0.035), TNF-α-1031 (homozygote model: OR = 1.584, P = 0.027), and TNF-α-857 (homozygote model: OR = 1.760, P = 0.001) polymorphisms with the GC risk. The results of subgroup analysis based ethnicity found a significant association between GC risk and TNF-α-857 polymorphism in Caucasian subgroup (P = 0.005) and TNF-α-1031 polymorphism and GC risk in Asians (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that TNF-α-857 and TNF-α-1031 polymorphisms may be associated with the increased gastric cancer risk.
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Borgenvik A, Čančer M, Hutter S, Swartling FJ. Targeting MYCN in Molecularly Defined Malignant Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 10:626751. [PMID: 33585252 PMCID: PMC7877538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.626751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Misregulation of MYC genes, causing MYC overexpression or protein stabilization, is frequently found in malignant brain tumors highlighting their important roles as oncogenes. Brain tumors in children are the most lethal of all pediatric malignancies and the most common malignant primary adult brain tumor, glioblastoma, is still practically incurable. MYCN is one of three MYC family members and is crucial for normal brain development. It is associated with poor prognosis in many malignant pediatric brain tumor types and is focally amplified in specific adult brain tumors. Targeting MYCN has proved to be challenging due to its undruggable nature as a transcription factor and for its importance in regulating developmental programs also in healthy cells. In this review, we will discuss efforts made to circumvent the difficulty of targeting MYCN specifically by using direct or indirect measures to treat MYCN-driven brain tumors. We will further consider the mechanism of action of these measures and suggest which molecularly defined brain tumor patients that might benefit from MYCN-directed precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgenvik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matko Čančer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarabi A, Hushmandi K, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Daneshi S, Hashemi F, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Dudha N, Garg M. C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:2-20. [PMID: 33069197 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201016121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Universite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM. Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namrata Dudha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, India
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Samadaei M, Pinter M, Senfter D, Madlener S, Rohr-Udilova N, Iwan D, Kamińska K, Wojaczyńska E, Wojaczyński J, Kochel A. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Chiral Sulfonamides Based on the 2-Azabicycloalkane Skeleton. Molecules 2020; 25:E2355. [PMID: 32443610 PMCID: PMC7288168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chiral sulfonamides containing the 2-azabicycloalkane scaffold were prepared from aza-Diels-Alder cycloadducts through their conversion to amines based on 2-azanorbornane or the bridged azepane skeleton, followed by the reaction with sulfonyl chlorides. The cytotoxic activity of the obtained bicyclic derivatives was evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), medulloblastoma (MB), and glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Chosen compounds were shown to notably reduce cell viability as compared to nonmalignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzeiar Samadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sibylle Madlener
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, AKH Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Dominika Iwan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (D.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Karolina Kamińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (D.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Elżbieta Wojaczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (D.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Jacek Wojaczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie St. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (J.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie St. 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (J.W.); (A.K.)
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9
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Natsumeda M, Liu Y, Nakata S, Miyahara H, Hanaford A, Ahsan S, Stearns D, Skuli N, Kahlert UD, Raabe EH, Rodriguez FJ, Eberhart CG. Inhibition of enhancer of zest homologue 2 is a potential therapeutic target for high-MYC medulloblastoma. Neuropathology 2019; 39:71-77. [PMID: 30632221 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MYC amplification is common in Group 3 medulloblastoma and is associated with poor survival. Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastomas are also known to have elevated levels of histone H3-lysine 27-tri-methylation (H3K27me3), at least in part due to high expression of the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zest homologue 2 (EZH2), which can be regulated by MYC. We therefore examined whether MYC expression is associated with elevated EZH2 and H3K27me3 in medulloblastoma, and if high-MYC medulloblastomas are particularly sensitive to pharmacological EZH2 blockade. Western blot analysis of low (DAOY, UW228, CB SV40) and high (DAOY-MYC, UW228-MYC, CB-MYC, D425) MYC cell lines showed that higher levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 were associated with elevated MYC. In fixed medulloblastoma samples examined using immunohistochemistry, most MYC positive tumors also had high H3K27me3, but many MYC negative ones did as well, and the correlation was not statistically significant. All high MYC lines tested were sensitive to the EZH2 inhibitor EPZ6438. Many low MYC lines also grew more slowly in the presence of EPZ6438, although DAOY-MYC cells responded more strongly than parent DAOY cultures with lower MYC levels. We find that higher MYC levels are associated with increased EZH2, and pharmacological blockade of EZH2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for aggressive medulloblastoma with elevated MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Allison Hanaford
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sama Ahsan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Duncan Stearns
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulf D Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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The Myc/Max/Mxd Network Is a Target of Mutated Flt3 Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Flt3-ITD-Induced Myeloproliferative Disease. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3286949. [PMID: 30420889 PMCID: PMC6215545 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3286949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has poor prognosis due to various mutations, e.g., in the FLT3 gene. Therefore, it is important to identify pathways regulated by the activated Flt3 receptor for the discovery of new therapeutic targets. The Myc network of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is involved in mechanisms regulating proliferation and survival of cells, including that of the hematopoietic system. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the Myc oncogenes and Mxd antagonists in hematopoietic stem cell and myeloid progenitor populations in the Flt3-ITD-knockin myeloproliferative mouse model. Our data shows that the expression of Myc network genes is changed in Flt3-ITD mice compared with the wild type. Mycn is increased in multipotent progenitors and in the pre-GM compartment of myeloid progenitors in the ITD mice while the expression of several genes in the tumor suppressor Mxd family, including Mxd1, Mxd2, and Mxd4, is concomitantly downregulated, as well as the expression of the Mxd-related gene Mnt and the transcriptional activator Miz-1. LSKCD150+CD48− hematopoietic long-term stem cells are decreased in the Flt3-ITD cells while multipotent progenitors are increased. Of note, PKC412-mediated inhibition of Flt3-ITD signaling results in downregulation of cMyc and upregulation of the Myc antagonists Mxd1, Mxd2, and Mxd4. Our data provides new mechanistic insights into downstream alterations upon aberrant Flt3 signaling and rationale for combination therapies for tyrosine kinase inhibitors with Myc antagonists in treating AML.
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11
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Liu SC, Lin H, Huang CC, Chang Chien CC, Tsai CC, Ou YC, Fu HC, Liu JM, Ma YY. Prognostic role of excision repair cross complementing-1 and topoisomerase-1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 55:213-9. [PMID: 27125404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer worldwide and chemoresistance is one of the major causes of treatment failure. We investigated whether ERCC1, TAU, TOPO2A, TOPO1, P53, and C-MYC expression could be used as predictors for treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to examine the expression of these biomarkers in resected tumor specimens from 38 patients treated in our institute. Clinicopathological data including demographics, staging, histological type, treatment response, expression of the biomarkers, and patient outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 47.5 months (range, 10-135 months) and the median overall survival was 56.0 months. Patients who did not have expression of ERCC1, and those who had expression of TOPO1 had significantly better overall survival. Cox regression analysis also confirmed that these two biomarkers were significant independent factors predicting survival (ERCC1, hazard ratio 5.51, 95% confidence interval: 2.02-14.00, p = 0.001; TOPO1, hazard ratio 0.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.06-0.77, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION We concluded that poor overall survival was significantly associated with positive ERCC1 and negative TOPO1 expression. The results might be the consequence of chemoresistance to platinum and camptothecins, both of which are commonly used regimens in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chao Chang Chien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline M Liu
- TTY Oncology Translational Research Center, Taiwan Tung Yang Biopharm, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ying Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan.
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12
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Gravina GL, Festuccia C, Popov VM, Di Rocco A, Colapietro A, Sanità P, Monache SD, Musio D, De Felice F, Di Cesare E, Tombolini V, Marampon F. c-Myc Sustains Transformed Phenotype and Promotes Radioresistance of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Lines. Radiat Res 2017; 185:411-22. [PMID: 27104757 DOI: 10.1667/rr14237.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the MEK/ERK pathway sustains in vitro and in vivo transformed phenotype and radioresistance of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) cell lines. Furthermore, we found that aberrant MEK/ERK signaling activation promotes c-Myc oncoprotein accumulation. In this study, the role of c-Myc in sustaining the ERMS transformed and radioresistant phenotype is characterized. RD and TE671 cell lines conditionally expressing MadMyc chimera protein, c-Myc-dominant negative and shRNA directed to c-Myc were used. Targeting c-Myc counteracted in vitro ERMS adherence and in suspension, growth motility and the expression of pro-angiogenic factors. c-Myc depletion decreased MMP-9, MMP-2, u-PA gelatinolytic activity, neural cell adhesion molecule sialylation status, HIF-1α, VEGF and increased TSP-1 protein expression levels. Rapid but not sustained targeting c-Myc radiosensitized ERMS cells by radiation-induced apoptosis, DNA damage and impairing the expression of DNA repair proteins RAD51 and DNA-PKcs, thereby silencing affected ERMS radioresistance. c-Myc sustains ERMS transformed phenotype and radioresistance by protecting cancer cells from radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage, while promoting radiation-induced DNA repair. This data suggest that c-Myc targeting can be tested as a promising treatment in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Gravina
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - C Festuccia
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V M Popov
- b Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Center for Innovation Fellow, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Di Rocco
- c Department of Orthopedics/Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - A Colapietro
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Sanità
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Delle Monache
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - D Musio
- d Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F De Felice
- d Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Di Cesare
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V Tombolini
- d Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Marampon
- a Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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13
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Diaz RJ, Golbourn B, Faria C, Picard D, Shih D, Raynaud D, Leadly M, MacKenzie D, Bryant M, Bebenek M, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Huang A, Rutka JT. Mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of Aurora kinase B inhibition in MYC overexpressing medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3359-74. [PMID: 25739120 PMCID: PMC4413659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma comprises four molecular subgroups of which Group 3 medulloblastoma is characterized by MYC amplification and MYC overexpression. Lymphoma cells expressing high levels of MYC are susceptible to apoptosis following treatment with inhibitors of mitosis. One of the key regulatory kinases involved in multiple stages of mitosis is Aurora kinase B. We hypothesized that medulloblastoma cells that overexpress MYC would be uniquely sensitized to the apoptotic effects of Aurora B inhibition. The specific inhibition of Aurora kinase B was achieved in MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells with AZD1152-HQPA. MYC overexpression sensitized medulloblastoma cells to cell death upon Aurora B inhibition. This process was found to be independent of endoreplication. Using both flank and intracranial cerebellar xenografts we demonstrate that tumors formed from MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells show a response to Aurora B inhibition including growth impairment and apoptosis induction. Lastly, we show the distribution of AZD1152-HQPA within the mouse brain and the ability to inhibit intracranial tumor growth and prolong survival in mice bearing tumors formed from MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells. Our results suggest the potential for therapeutic application of Aurora kinase B inhibitors in the treatment of Group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Jose Diaz
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Faria
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Shih
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Raynaud
- Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Leadly
- Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle MacKenzie
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Bryant
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Bebenek
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian A Smith
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Teng R, Hu Y, Zhou J, Seifer B, Chen Y, Shen J, Wang L. Overexpression of Lin28 Decreases the Chemosensitivity of Gastric Cancer Cells to Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, and Fluorouracil in Part via microRNA-107. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143716. [PMID: 26636340 PMCID: PMC4670127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher Lin28 expression is associated with worse pathologic tumor responses in locally advanced gastric cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, the characteristics of Lin28 and its mechanism of action in chemotherapy resistance is still unclear. In this study, we found that transfection of Lin28 into gastric cancer cells (MKN45 and MKN28) increased their resistance to the chemo-drugs oxaliplatin (OXA), paclitaxel (PTX), doxorubicin (ADM), and fluorouracil (5-Fu) compared with gastric cancer cells transfected with a control vector. When knockdown Lin28 expression by Lin28 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was evaluated in vitro, we found that the resistance to chemo-drugs was reduced. Furthermore, we found that Lin28 up-regulates C-myc and P-gp and down-regulates Cylin D1. Finally, we found that miR-107 is a target microRNA of Lin28 and that it participates in the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance. Our results suggest that the Lin28/miR-107 pathway could be one of many signaling pathways regulated by Lin28 and associated with gastric cancer chemo-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyue Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Seifer
- Postgraduate Research Associate Yale School of Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JS); (LW)
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JS); (LW)
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15
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Wang F, Remke M, Bhat K, Wong ET, Zhou S, Ramaswamy V, Dubuc A, Fonkem E, Salem S, Zhang H, Hsieh TC, O'Rourke ST, Wu L, Li DW, Hawkins C, Kohane IS, Wu JM, Wu M, Taylor MD, Wu E. A microRNA-1280/JAG2 network comprises a novel biological target in high-risk medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2709-24. [PMID: 25576913 PMCID: PMC4413612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) has been previously implicated in high-risk medulloblastoma (MB) pathogenesis. However, the exact biological functions of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ signaling in MB biology remain poorly understood. Here, we report the subgroup specific expression of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ and their associated biological pathways in MB tumors. c-MYC, a downstream target of PDGFRβ but not PDGFRα, is involved in PDGFRβ signaling associated with cell proliferation, cell death, and invasion. Concurrent inhibition of PDGFRβ and c-MYC blocks MB cell proliferation and migration synergistically. Integrated analysis of miRNA and miRNA targets regulated by both PDGFRβ and c-MYC reveals that increased expression of JAG2, a target of miR-1280, is associated with high metastatic dissemination at diagnosis and a poor outcome in MB patients. Our study may resolve the controversy on the role of PDGFRs in MB and unveils JAG2 as a key downstream effector of a PDGFRβ-driven signaling cascade and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Marc Remke
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Eric T Wong
- Brain Tumor Center & Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ekokobe Fonkem
- Scott & White Neuroscience Institute, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Saeed Salem
- Department of Computer Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Tze-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David W Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Informatics Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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16
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Wu C, Cai S, Wang R, Zhen Y, Chen S, Zhao K, Huang Y, Luketich J, Chen H. Comparison of clinicopathologic features and survival between eastern and western population with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:1780-6. [PMID: 26623101 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histologic subtype of esophageal cancer, characterized by a high mortality rate and geographic differences in incidences. It is unknown whether there is difference between "eastern" ESCC and "western" ESCC. This study is attempted to demonstrate the hypothesis by comparing ESCC between Chinese residents and Caucasians living in the US. METHODS The data sources of this study are from United States SEER limited-use database and Shanghai Cancer Registries by Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control (SMCDC). Consecutive, non-selected patients with pathologically diagnosed ESCC, between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2006, were included in this analysis. 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival estimates were computed and compared between two populations. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine factors affecting survival differences. RESULTS A total of 1,718 Chinese, 1,624 Caucasians ESCC patients with individual American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging information were included in this study. The Caucasian group had a significantly higher proportion of female patients than Chinese (38.24% vs. 18.68% P<0.01). ESCC was diagnosed in Chinese patients at an earlier age and stage than Caucasians. Generally, Chinese patients had similar overall survival rate with Caucasian by both univariate and multivariate analysis. Overall survival was significantly worse only in male Caucasians compared to Chinese patients (median survival time, 12.4 vs. 14.5 months, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ESCC from eastern and western countries might have some different features. These differences need to be taken into account for the management of ESCC patients in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Shuang Cai
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Ying Zhen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Sufeng Chen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Kuaile Zhao
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Yangle Huang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - James Luketich
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
| | - Haiquan Chen
- 1 Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 3 Department of Cancer Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China ; 6 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213, USA
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17
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Salm F, Dimitrova V, von Bueren AO, Ćwiek P, Rehrauer H, Djonov V, Anderle P, Arcaro A. The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p110α Isoform Regulates Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Expression via c-Myc and miR-125b to Promote Cell Proliferation in Medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123958. [PMID: 25915540 PMCID: PMC4411098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood and represents the main cause of cancer-related death in this age group. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of medulloblastoma cell survival and proliferation, but the molecular mechanisms and downstream effectors underlying PI3K signaling still remain elusive. The impact of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of PI3K isoforms p110α and p110δ on global gene expression was investigated by DNA microarray analysis in medulloblastoma cell lines. A subset of genes with selectively altered expression upon p110α silencing in comparison to silencing of the closely related p110δ isoform was revealed. Among these genes, the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor α (LIFR α) was validated as a novel p110α target in medulloblastoma. A network involving c-Myc and miR-125b was shown to be involved in the control of LIFRα expression downstream of p110α. Targeting the LIFRα by RNAi, or by using neutralizing reagents impaired medulloblastoma cell proliferation in vitro and induced a tumor volume reduction in vivo. An analysis of primary tumors revealed that LIFRα and p110α expression were elevated in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup of medulloblastoma, indicating its clinical relevance. Together, these data reveal a novel molecular signaling network, in which PI3K isoform p110α controls the expression of LIFRα via c-Myc and miR-125b to promote MB cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Salm
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valeriya Dimitrova
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André O. von Bueren
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Georg August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paulina Ćwiek
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascale Anderle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Arcaro
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ćwiek P, Leni Z, Salm F, Dimitrova V, Styp-Rekowska B, Chiriano G, Carroll M, Höland K, Djonov V, Scapozza L, Guiry P, Arcaro A. RNA interference screening identifies a novel role for PCTK1/CDK16 in medulloblastoma with c-Myc amplification. Oncotarget 2015; 6:116-29. [PMID: 25402633 PMCID: PMC4381582 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and is associated with a poor outcome. cMYC amplification characterizes a subgroup of MB with very poor prognosis. However, there exist so far no targeted therapies for the subgroup of MB with cMYC amplification. Here we used kinome-wide RNA interference screening to identify novel kinases that may be targeted to inhibit the proliferation of c-Myc-overexpressing MB. The RNAi screen identified a set of 5 genes that could be targeted to selectively impair the proliferation of c-Myc-overexpressing MB cell lines: AKAP12 (A-kinase anchor protein), CSNK1α1 (casein kinase 1, alpha 1), EPHA7 (EPH receptor A7) and PCTK1 (PCTAIRE protein kinase 1). When using RNAi and a pharmacological inhibitor selective for PCTK1, we could show that this kinase plays a crucial role in the proliferation of MB cell lines and the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In addition, pharmacological PCTK1 inhibition reduced the expression levels of c-Myc. Finally, targeting PCTK1 selectively impaired the tumor growth of c-Myc-overexpressing MB cells in vivo. Together our data uncover a novel and crucial role for PCTK1 in the proliferation and survival of MB characterized by cMYC amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ćwiek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zaira Leni
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Salm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valeriya Dimitrova
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gianpaolo Chiriano
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Carroll
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katrin Höland
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Arcaro
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Zhukova N, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Martin DC, Castelo-Branco P, Zhang CH, Fraser M, Tse K, Poon R, Shih DJH, Baskin B, Ray PN, Bouffet E, Dirks P, von Bueren AO, Pfaff E, Korshunov A, Jones DTW, Northcott PA, Kool M, Pugh TJ, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Pietsch T, Gessi M, Rutkowski S, Bognár L, Cho BK, Eberhart CG, Conter CF, Fouladi M, French PJ, Grajkowska WA, Gupta N, Hauser P, Jabado N, Vasiljevic A, Jung S, Kim SK, Klekner A, Kumabe T, Lach B, Leonard JR, Liau LM, Massimi L, Pollack IF, Ra YS, Rubin JB, Van Meir EG, Wang KC, Weiss WA, Zitterbart K, Bristow RG, Alman B, Hawkins CE, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Tabori U. WNT activation by lithium abrogates TP53 mutation associated radiation resistance in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:174. [PMID: 25539912 PMCID: PMC4297452 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 mutations confer subgroup specific poor survival for children with medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that WNT activation which is associated with improved survival for such children abrogates TP53 related radioresistance and can be used to sensitize TP53 mutant tumors for radiation. We examined the subgroup-specific role of TP53 mutations in a cohort of 314 patients treated with radiation. TP53 wild-type or mutant human medulloblastoma cell-lines and normal neural stem cells were used to test radioresistance of TP53 mutations and the radiosensitizing effect of WNT activation on tumors and the developing brain. Children with WNT/TP53 mutant medulloblastoma had higher 5-year survival than those with SHH/TP53 mutant tumours (100% and 36.6% ± 8.7%, respectively (p < 0.001)). Introduction of TP53 mutation into medulloblastoma cells induced radioresistance (survival fractions at 2Gy (SF2) of 89% ± 2% vs. 57.4% ± 1.8% (p < 0.01)). In contrast, β-catenin mutation sensitized TP53 mutant cells to radiation (p < 0.05). Lithium, an activator of the WNT pathway, sensitized TP53 mutant medulloblastoma to radiation (SF2 of 43.5% ± 1.5% in lithium treated cells vs. 56.6 ± 3% (p < 0.01)) accompanied by increased number of γH2AX foci. Normal neural stem cells were protected from lithium induced radiation damage (SF2 of 33% ± 8% for lithium treated cells vs. 27% ± 3% for untreated controls (p = 0.05). Poor survival of patients with TP53 mutant medulloblastoma may be related to radiation resistance. Since constitutive activation of the WNT pathway by lithium sensitizes TP53 mutant medulloblastoma cells and protect normal neural stem cells from radiation, this oral drug may represent an attractive novel therapy for high-risk medulloblastomas.
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20
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Xie C, Pan Y, Hao F, Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Xie L, Jiang G, Li Q, Wang E. C-Myc participates in β-catenin-mediated drug resistance in A549/DDP lung adenocarcinoma cells. APMIS 2014; 122:1251-8. [PMID: 25131138 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate c-Myc and β-catenin-mediated drug resistance in A549/DDP lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cisplatin sensitivity was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) toxicity assay. β-Catenin and c-Myc protein expression following cisplatin treatment were determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell cycle and apoptosis in A549, A549/DDP, and c-Myc small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected A549/DDP cells before and after treatment with different doses of cisplatin. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) in cisplatin-treated A549 and A549/DDP cells was 5.769 ± 0.24 μmol/L and 28.373 ± 0.96 μmol/L, respectively; the cisplatin resistance of A549 cells was about five times that of A549/DDP cells. Endogenous β-catenin and c-Myc expression in A549/DDP cells were higher than that in A549 cells, and were upregulated in A549/DDP cells (p < 0.05) and downregulated in A549 cells after 48 h cisplatin treatment (p < 0.05). β-catenin localization transferred from membrane/cytoplasmic/nuclear to cytoplasmic/nuclear, and c-Myc localization transferred from cytoplasmic/nuclear to nuclear in both cell lines following cisplatin treatment. The rate of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner with cisplatin. After 48-h transfection with c-myc siRNA, A549/DDP cells were blocked in the S phase, and G0/G1-phase cells increased. Simultaneously, the apoptotic rate was increased (p < 0.05) and the IC50 decreased significantly (p < 0.05). C-myc, the downstream target gene of β-catenin, plays an important role in regulating cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells. C-Myc siRNA improved the sensitivity of A549/DDP cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Xie
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Laster BH, Isaacson C, Perets E, Msamra M, Priel E, Kalef-Ezra J, Kost J. Keeping those telomeres short! an innovative intratumoral long-term drug delivery system. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:23-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhou S, Wang F, Zhang Y, Johnson MR, Qian S, Wu M, Wu E. Salinomycin Suppresses PDGFRβ, MYC, and Notch Signaling in Human Medulloblastoma. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2014; 2:1020. [PMID: 25478603 PMCID: PMC4251667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common childhood brain tumor. Despite improved therapy and management, approximately 30% of patients die of the disease. To search for a more effective therapeutic strategy, the effects of salinomycin were tested on cell proliferation, cell death, and cell cycle progression in human MB cell lines. The results demonstrated that salinomycin inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell death , and disrupts cell cycle progression in MB cells. Salinomycin was also tested on the expression levels of key genes involved in proliferation and survival signaling and revealed that salinomycin down-regulates the expression of PDGFRβ, MYC, p21 and Bcl-2 as well as up-regulates the expression of cyclin A. In addition, the results reveal that salinomycin suppresses the expression of Hes1 and Hes5 in MB cells. Our data shed light on the potential of using salinomycin as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Fengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Max R Johnson
- Retina Consultants Ltd and University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Steven Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
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23
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Zanini C, Ercole E, Mandili G, Salaroli R, Poli A, Renna C, Papa V, Cenacchi G, Forni M. Medullospheres from DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76 cells: increased stem cell population and proteomic modifications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63748. [PMID: 23717474 PMCID: PMC3663798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive pediatric tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS) usually treated according to a refined risk stratification. The study of cancer stem cells (CSC) in MB is a promising approach aimed at finding new treatment strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings The CSC compartment was studied in three characterized MB cell lines (DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76) grown in standard adhesion as well as being grown as spheres, which enables expansion of the CSC population. MB cell lines, grown in adherence and as spheres, were subjected to morphologic analysis at the light and electron microscopic level, as well as cytofluorimetric determinations. Medullospheres (MBS) were shown to express increasingly immature features, along with the stem cells markers: CD133, Nestin and β-catenin. Proteomic analysis highlighted the differences between MB cell lines, demonstrating a unique protein profile for each cell line, and minor differences when grown as spheres. In MBS, MALDI-TOF also identified some proteins, that have been linked to tumor progression and resistance, such as Nucleophosmin (NPM). In addition, immunocytochemistry detected Sox-2 as a stemness marker of MBS, as well as confirming high NPM expression. Conclusions/Significance Culture conditioning based on low attachment flasks and specialized medium may provide new data on the staminal compartment of CNS tumors, although a proteomic profile of CSC is still elusive for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zanini
- EuroClone S.p.A Research Laboratory, Molecular Biotechnology Centre-MBC, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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24
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Characterization of ectonucleotidases in human medulloblastoma cell lines: ecto-5'NT/CD73 in metastasis as potential prognostic factor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47468. [PMID: 23094051 PMCID: PMC3475694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and occurs mainly in the cerebellum. Important intracellular signaling molecules, such those present in the Sonic Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, are involved in its development and can also be employed to determine tumor grade and prognosis. Ectonucleotidases, particularly ecto-5'NT/CD73, are important enzymes in the malignant process of different tumor types regulating extracellular ATP and adenosine levels. Here, we investigated the activity of ectonucleotidases in three malignant human cell lines: Daoy and ONS76, being representative of primary MB, and the D283 cell line, derived from a metastatic MB. All cell lines secreted ATP into the extracellular medium while hydrolyze poorly this nucleotide, which is in agreement with the low expression and activity of pyrophosphate/phosphodiesterase, NTPDases and alkaline phosphatase. The analysis of AMP hydrolysis showed that Daoy and ONS76 completely hydrolyzed AMP, with parallel adenosine production (Daoy) and inosine accumulation (ONS76). On the other hand, D283 cell line did not hydrolyze AMP. Moreover, primary MB tumor cells, Daoy and ONS76 express the ecto-5'NT/CD73 while D283 representative of a metastatic tumor, revealed poor expression of this enzyme, while the ecto-adenosine deaminase showed higher expression in D283 compared to Daoy and ONS76 cells. Nuclear beta-catenin has been suggested as a marker for MB prognosis. Further it can promotes expression of ecto-5'NT/CD73 and suppression of adenosine deaminase. It was observed that Daoy and ONS76 showed greater nuclear beta-catenin immunoreactivity than D283, which presented mainly cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. In summary, the absence of ecto-5'NT/CD73 in the D283 cell line, a metastatic MB phenotype, suggests that high expression levels of this ectonucleotidase could be correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with MB.
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Mismatch repair deficiency: a temozolomide resistance factor in medulloblastoma cell lines that is uncommon in primary medulloblastoma tumours. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1399-408. [PMID: 22976800 PMCID: PMC3494444 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumours are responsive to temozolomide (TMZ) if they are deficient in O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and mismatch repair (MMR) proficient. METHODS The effect of TMZ on medulloblastoma (MB) cell killing was analysed with clonogenic survival assays. Expression of DNA repair genes and enzymes was investigated using microarrays, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. DNA sequencing and promoter methylation analysis were employed to investigate the cause of loss of the expression of MMR gene MLH1. RESULTS Temozolomide exhibited potent cytotoxic activity in D425Med (MGMT deficient, MLH1 proficient; IC(50)=1.7 μM), moderate activity against D341Med (MGMT proficient, MLH1 deficient), and DAOY MB cells (MGMT proficient, MLH1 proficient). MGMT inhibitor O(6)-benzylguanine sensitised DAOY, but not D341Med cells to TMZ. Of 12 MB cell lines, D341Med, D283Med, and 1580WÜ cells exhibited MMR deficiency due to MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. DNA sequencing of these cells provided no evidence for somatic genetic alterations in MLH1. Expression analyses of MMR and MGMT in MB revealed that all patient specimens (n=74; expression array, n=61; immunostaining, n=13) are most likely MMR proficient, whereas some tumours had low MGMT expression levels (according to expression array) or were totally MGMT deficient (3 out of 13 according to immunohistochemistry). CONCLUSION A subset of MB may respond to TMZ as some patient specimens are MGMT deficient, and tumours appear to be MMR proficient.
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26
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Wang T, Xue Y, Wang M, Sun Q. Silencing of the hTERT gene through RNA interference induces apoptosis via bax/bcl-2 in human glioma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1153-8. [PMID: 22895663 PMCID: PMC3583528 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells are characterized by their invasiveness and resistance to conventional therapeutics. The downregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) can lead to decreased cell proliferation and/or the induction of apoptotic cell death in cancer cells but has rarely been reported in glioma cells. Here, we assessed the effect of the silencing of the hTERT gene on cell apoptosis and its possible molecular mechanism in T98G glioma cells. We found that the silencing of the hTERT gene in T98G cells significantly decreased cell proliferation and telomerase activity, increased the number of cells in G1 phase and decreased the number of cells in S phase, and induced apoptosis via decreasing the protein level of bcl-2 and c-myc and increasing the protein levels of bax and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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27
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Xie Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Shao C. SirT1 confers hypoxia-induced radioresistance via the modulation of c-Myc stabilization on hepatoma cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:44-50. [PMID: 22302044 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia is an important contributory factor to tumor cell resistance to radiotherapy. SirT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent histone/protein deacetylase, has been linked to the decrease of radiation-induced DNA damage and seems to be critical for cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of SirT1 in hypoxia-induced radiation response on hepatoma cells. It was found that the administration with resveratrol, a putative SirT1 activator, enhanced the resistance of HepG2 cells against radiation-induced DNA damage of MN formation under hypoxia condition; while nicotinamide, a well-known SirT1 inhibitor, sensitized this radiation damage. Nevertheless, pretreatment of cells with 10058-F4, a specific inhibitor of c-Myc, almost eliminated the nicotinamide-induced radiosensitive effect. Further studies revealed that resveratrol inhibited c-Myc protein accumulation via up-regulation of SirT1 expression and deacetylase activity, and this loss of c-Myc protein was abolished by inhibiting its degradation in the presence of MG132, a potent inhibitor of proteasome. In contrast, nicotinamide attenuated c-Myc protein degradation induced by radiation under hypoxia through inhibition of SirT1 deacetylase activity. Our findings suggest that SirT1 could serve as a novel potent target of radiation-induced DNA damage and thus as a potential strategy to advance the efficiency of radiation therapy in hepatoma entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Li H, Nelson CE, Evans BC, Duvall CL. Delivery of intracellular-acting biologics in pro-apoptotic therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:293-319. [PMID: 21348831 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795049642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of molecular regulators of apoptosis and their roles in cellular oncogenesis has motivated the development of biomacromolecular anticancer therapeutics that can activate intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways. Pharmaceutical scientists have employed a variety of classes of biologics toward this goal, including antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, small interfering RNA, proteins, antibodies, and peptides. However, stability in the in vivo environment, tumor-specific biodistribution, cell internalization, and localization to the intracellular microenvironment where the targeted molecule is localized pose significant challenges that limit the ability to directly apply intracellular-acting, pro-apoptotic biologics for therapeutic use. Thus, approaches to improve the pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic biomacromolecules are of great significance and have included chemically modifying the bioactive molecule itself or formulation with auxiliary compounds. Recently, promising advances in delivery of pro-apoptotic biomacromolecular agents have been made using tools such as peptide "stapling", cell penetrating peptides, fusogenic peptides, liposomes, nanoparticles, smart polymers, and synergistic combinations of these components. This review will discuss the molecular mediators of cellular apoptosis, the respective mechanisms by which these mediators are dysregulated in cellular oncogenesis, the history and development of both nucleic-acid and amino-acid based drugs, and techniques to achieve intracellular delivery of these biologics. Finally, recent applications where pro-apoptotic functionality has been achieved through delivery of intracellular-acting biomacromolecular drugs will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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29
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Oehler C, von Bueren AO, Furmanova P, Broggini-Tenzer A, Orlowski K, Rutkowski S, Frei K, Grotzer MA, Pruschy M. The microtubule stabilizer patupilone (epothilone B) is a potent radiosensitizer in medulloblastoma cells. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1000-10. [PMID: 21743064 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent radiochemotherapy for medulloblastoma includes the microtubule disrupting agent vincristine; however, vincristine alone or as part of a combined treatment regimen is highly toxic. A major goal is therefore to replace vincristine with novel potent chemotherapeutic agents-in particular, with microtubule stabilizing and destabilizing compounds-with a larger therapeutic window. Here, we investigated the antiproliferative, cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effect of patupilone (epothilone B [EPO906]), a novel, non-taxane-related and nonneurotoxic microtubule-stabilizing agent in human medulloblastoma cell lines. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of patupilone alone and in combination with ionizing radiation was determined in the 3 representative human medulloblastoma cell lines D341Med, D425Med, and DAOY. Patupilone alone effectively reduced the proliferative activity and clonogenicity of all medulloblastoma cell lines tested at picomolar concentrations (50-200 pM) and resulted in an at least additive anticlonogenic effect in combination with clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (2 or 5 Gy). Cell-cycle analysis revealed a sequential G2-M arrest and sub-G1 accumulation in a dose- and treatment-dependent manner after exposure to patupilone. In tumor xenografts derived from D425Med cells, a minimal treatment regimen with patupilone and fractionated irradiation (1 × 2 mg/kg plus 3 × 3 Gy) resulted in an extended tumor growth delay for the 2 single treatment modalities alone and a supra-additive treatment response for the combined treatment modality, with complete tumor regressions. These results demonstrate the potent efficacy of patupilone against medulloblastoma cell lines and indicate that patupilone represents a promising candidate to replace vincristine as part of a combined treatment strategy with ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Oehler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Guerreiro AS, Fattet S, Kulesza DW, Atamer A, Elsing AN, Shalaby T, Jackson SP, Schoenwaelder SM, Grotzer MA, Delattre O, Arcaro A. A sensitized RNA interference screen identifies a novel role for the PI3K p110γ isoform in medulloblastoma cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:925-35. [PMID: 21652733 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and is associated with a poor outcome. We were interested in gaining further insight into the potential of targeting the human kinome as a novel approach to sensitize medulloblastoma to chemotherapeutic agents. A library of small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to downregulate the known human protein and lipid kinases in medulloblastoma cell lines. The analysis of cell proliferation, in the presence or absence of a low dose of cisplatin after siRNA transfection, identified new protein and lipid kinases involved in medulloblastoma chemoresistance. PLK1 (polo-like kinase 1) was identified as a kinase involved in proliferation in medulloblastoma cell lines. Moreover, a set of 6 genes comprising ATR, LYK5, MPP2, PIK3CG, PIK4CA, and WNK4 were identified as contributing to both cell proliferation and resistance to cisplatin treatment in medulloblastoma cells. An analysis of the expression of the 6 target genes in primary medulloblastoma tumor samples and cell lines revealed overexpression of LYK5 and PIK3CG. The results of the siRNA screen were validated by target inhibition with specific pharmacological inhibitors. A pharmacological inhibitor of p110γ (encoded by PIK3CG) impaired cell proliferation in medulloblastoma cell lines and sensitized the cells to cisplatin treatment. Together, our data show that the p110γ phosphoinositide 3-kinase isoform is a novel target for combinatorial therapies in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Guerreiro
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Azizi AA, Li L, Ströbel T, Chen WQ, Slavc I, Lubec G. Identification of c-myc-dependent proteins in the medulloblastoma cell line D425Med. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2149-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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von Bueren AO, Oehler C, Shalaby T, von Hoff K, Pruschy M, Seifert B, Gerber NU, Warmuth-Metz M, Stearns D, Eberhart CG, Kortmann RD, Rutkowski S, Grotzer MA. c-MYC expression sensitizes medulloblastoma cells to radio- and chemotherapy and has no impact on response in medulloblastoma patients. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:74. [PMID: 21324178 PMCID: PMC3050852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study whether and how c-MYC expression determines response to radio- and chemotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma (MB). Methods We used DAOY and UW228 human MB cells engineered to stably express different levels of c-MYC, and tested whether c-MYC expression has an effect on radio- and chemosensitivity using the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay, clonogenic survival, apoptosis assays, cell cycle analysis, and western blot assessment. In an effort to validate our results, we analyzed c-MYC mRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from well-documented patients with postoperative residual tumor and compared c-MYC mRNA expression with response to radio- and chemotherapy as examined by neuroradiological imaging. Results In DAOY - and to a lesser extent in UW228 - cells expressing high levels of c-MYC, the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, and etoposide was significantly higher when compared with DAOY/UW228 cells expressing low levels of c-MYC. Irradiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cell death was enhanced in DAOY cells expressing high levels of c-MYC. The response of 62 of 66 residual tumors was evaluable and response to postoperative radio- (14 responders (CR, PR) vs. 5 non-responders (SD, PD)) or chemotherapy (23 CR/PR vs. 20 SD/PD) was assessed. c-MYC mRNA expression was similar in primary MB samples of responders and non-responders (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.50, ratio 0.49, 95% CI 0.008-30.0 and p = 0.67, ratio 1.8, 95% CI 0.14-23.5, respectively). Conclusions c-MYC sensitizes MB cells to some anti-cancer treatments in vitro. As we failed to show evidence for such an effect on postoperative residual tumors when analyzed by imaging, additional investigations in xenografts and larger MB cohorts may help to define the exact function of c-MYC in modulating response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O von Bueren
- Neuro-Oncology Program, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kawata E, Ashihara E, Maekawa T. RNA interference against polo-like kinase-1 in advanced non-small cell lung cancers. J Clin Bioinforma 2011; 1:6. [PMID: 21884621 PMCID: PMC3143898 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately one and a half million new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year, and about 85% of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As the molecular pathogenesis underlying NSCLC is understood, new molecular targeting agents can be developed. However, current therapies are not sufficient to cure or manage the patients with distant metastasis, and novel strategies are necessary to be developed to cure the patients with advanced NSCLC.RNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon of sequence-specific gene silencing in mammalian cells and its discovery has lead to its wide application as a powerful tool in post-genomic research. Recently, short interfering RNA (siRNA), which induces RNAi, has been experimentally introduced as a cancer therapy and is expected to be developed as a nucleic acid-based medicine. Recently, several clinical trials of RNAi therapies against cancers are ongoing. In this article, we discuss the most recent findings concerning the administration of siRNA against polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1) to liver metastatic NSCLC. PLK-1 regulates the mitotic process in mammalian cells. These promising results demonstrate that PLK-1 is a suitable target for advanced NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kawata
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
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Zakrzewska M, Zakrzewski K, Grešner SM, Piaskowski S, Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Liberski PP. Polycomb genes expression as a predictor of poor clinical outcome in children with medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:79-86. [PMID: 20717685 PMCID: PMC3015167 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma is the most frequent type of embryonal tumor in the pediatric population, accounting for 20-25% of all brain tumors in children. Recently, the suspected contribution of the Polycomb group (PcG) genes in medulloblastoma development was described. PcG genes play an important role in developmental processes; they are also involved in the self-renewal of hematopoietic and neural stem cells as well as in malignant transformation. PURPOSE In this study, we evaluated the expression of BMI1and PCGF2, members of family of PcG genes, and their potential target, MYC oncogene, and analyzed their association with demographic and clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one children (18 males and 13 females, aged from 0.4 to 17 years) with medulloblastoma were included in this study. The gene's expression level was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, obtained using the two-color multiplexing technique. RESULTS We found that the higher expression levels of BMI1 and PCGF2 genes were associated with significantly decreased patient survival (p = 0.02 and p = 0.012, respectively). Significant differences between gender were found, with a higher expression level of the PCGF2 gene observed among females (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our analysis showed correlation between BMI1 and PCGF2 gene's expression and survival in children with medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Czechosłowacka 8/10, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Zakrzewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwia M. Grešner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwester Piaskowski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Zalewska-Szewczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, 1st Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University of Łódź, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł P. Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland
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Luoto KR, Meng AX, Wasylishen AR, Zhao H, Coackley CL, Penn LZ, Bristow RG. Tumor cell kill by c-MYC depletion: role of MYC-regulated genes that control DNA double-strand break repair. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8748-59. [PMID: 20940401 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC regulates a myriad of genes controlling cell proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. MYC also controls the expression of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair genes and therefore may be a potential target for anticancer therapy to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage or prevent genetic instability. In this report, we studied whether MYC binds to DSB repair gene promoters and modulates cell survival in response to DNA-damaging agents. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed that MYC associates with several DSB repair gene promoters including Rad51, Rad51B, Rad51C, XRCC2, Rad50, BRCA1, BRCA2, DNA-PKcs, XRCC4, Ku70, and DNA ligase IV. Endogenous MYC protein expression was associated with increased RAD51 and KU70 protein expression of a panel of cancer cell lines of varying histopathology. Induction of MYC in G(0)-G(1) and S-G(2)-M cells resulted in upregulation of Rad51 gene expression. MYC knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to decreased RAD51 expression but minimal effects on homologous recombination based on a flow cytometry direct repeat green fluorescent protein assay. siRNA to MYC resulted in tumor cell kill in DU145 and H1299 cell lines in a manner independent of apoptosis. However, MYC-dependent changes in DSB repair protein expression were not sufficient to sensitize cells to mitomycin C or ionizing radiation, two agents selectively toxic to DSB repair-deficient cells. Our results suggest that anti-MYC agents may target cells to prevent genetic instability but would not lead to differential radiosensitization or chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa R Luoto
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Albihn A, Johnsen JI, Henriksson MA. MYC in oncogenesis and as a target for cancer therapies. Adv Cancer Res 2010; 107:163-224. [PMID: 20399964 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(10)07006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MYC proteins (c-MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) regulate processes involved in many if not all aspects of cell fate. Therefore, it is not surprising that the MYC genes are deregulated in several human neoplasias as a result from genetic and epigenetic alterations. The near "omnipotency" together with the many levels of regulation makes MYC an attractive target for tumor intervention therapy. Here, we summarize some of the current understanding of MYC function and provide an overview of different cancer forms with MYC deregulation. We also describe available treatments and highlight novel approaches in the pursuit for MYC-targeting therapies. These efforts, at different stages of development, constitute a promising platform for novel, more specific treatments with fewer side effects. If successful a MYC-targeting therapy has the potential for tailored treatment of a large number of different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Albihn
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Raabe EH, Eberhart CG. High-risk medulloblastoma: does c-myc amplification overrule histopathology? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:344-5. [PMID: 20063409 PMCID: PMC4517433 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence to: Eric H. Raabe, Division of Pediatric
Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, CMSC 800, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD
21287.
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Division of Ophthalmic Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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