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Yang R, Han Y, Guan X, Hong Y, Meng J, Ding S, Long Q, Yi W. Regulation and clinical potential of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT/hTERT) in breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:218. [PMID: 37612721 PMCID: PMC10463831 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT/hTERT) serves as the pivotal catalytic subunit of telomerase, a crucial enzyme responsible for telomere maintenance and human genome stability. The high activation of hTERT, observed in over 90% of tumors, plays a significant role in tumor initiation and progression. An in-depth exploration of hTERT activation mechanisms in cancer holds promise for advancing our understanding of the disease and developing more effective treatment strategies. In breast cancer, the expression of hTERT is regulated by epigenetic, transcriptional, post-translational modification mechanisms and DNA variation. Besides its canonical function in telomere maintenance, hTERT exerts non-canonical roles that contribute to disease progression through telomerase-independent mechanisms. This comprehensive review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms governing hTERT in breast cancer and elucidates the functional implications of its activation. Given the overexpression of hTERT in most breast cancer cells, the detection of hTERT and its associated molecules are potential for enhancing early screening and prognostic evaluation of breast cancer. Although still in its early stages, therapeutic approaches targeting hTERT and its regulatory molecules show promise as viable strategies for breast cancer treatment. These methods are also discussed in this paper. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xinyu Guan
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yue Hong
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jiahao Meng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Shirong Ding
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Qian Long
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Wenjun Yi
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
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siRNA and targeted delivery systems in breast cancer therapy. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 25:1167-1188. [PMID: 36562927 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nucleic acid drugs have been considered as promising candidates in treatment of various diseases, especially cancer. Because of developing resistance to conventional chemotherapy, use of genetic tools in cancer therapy appears inevitable. siRNA is a RNAi tool with capacity of suppressing target gene. Owing to overexpression of oncogenic factors in cancer, siRNA can be used for suppressing those pathways. This review emphasizes the function of siRNA in treatment of breast tumor. The anti-apoptotic-related genes including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin can be down-regulated by siRNA in triggering cell death in breast cancer. STAT3, STAT8, Notch1, E2F3 and NF-κB are among the factors with overexpression in breast cancer that their silencing by siRNA paves the way for impairing tumor proliferation and invasion. The oncogenic mechanisms in drug resistance development in breast tumor such as lncRNAs can be suppressed by siRNA. Furthermore, siRNA reducing P-gp activity can increase drug internalization in tumor cells. Because of siRNA degradation at bloodstream and low accumulation at tumor site, nanoplatforms have been employed for siRNA delivery to suppress breast tumor progression via improving siRNA efficacy in gene silencing. Development of biocompatible and efficient nanostructures for siRNA delivery can make milestone progress in alleviation of breast cancer patients.
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3
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Monsen RC, Maguire JM, DeLeeuw LW, Chaires JB, Trent JO. Drug discovery of small molecules targeting the higher-order hTERT promoter G-quadruplex. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270165. [PMID: 35709230 PMCID: PMC9202945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s) are now widely accepted as viable targets in the pursuit of anticancer therapeutics. To date, few small molecules have been identified that exhibit selectivity for G4s over alternative forms of DNA, such as the ubiquitous duplex. We posit that the lack of current ligand specificity arises for multiple reasons: G4 atomic models are often small, monomeric, single quadruplex structures with few or no druggable pockets; targeting G-tetrad faces frequently results in the enrichment of extended electron-deficient polyaromatic end-pasting scaffolds; and virtual drug discovery efforts often under-sample chemical search space. We show that by addressing these issues we can enrich for non-standard molecular templates that exhibit high selectivity towards G4s over other forms of DNA. We performed an extensive virtual screen against the higher-order hTERT core promoter G4 that we have previously characterized, targeting 12 of its unique loop and groove pockets using libraries containing 40 million drug-like compounds for each screen. Using our drug discovery funnel approach, which utilizes high-throughput fluorescence thermal shift assay (FTSA) screens, microscale thermophoresis (MST), and orthogonal biophysical methods, we have identified multiple unique G4 binding scaffolds. We subsequently used two rounds of catalogue-based SAR to increase the affinity of a disubstituted 2-aminoethyl-quinazoline that stabilizes the higher-order hTERT G-quadruplex by binding across its G4 junctional sites. We show selectivity of its binding affinity towards hTERT is virtually unaffected in the presence of near-physiological levels of duplex DNA, and that this molecule downregulates hTERT transcription in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Monsen
- UofL Health Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Maguire
- UofL Health Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. DeLeeuw
- UofL Health Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B. Chaires
- UofL Health Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JBC); (JOT)
| | - John O. Trent
- UofL Health Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JBC); (JOT)
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4
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Stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery system based on polyethylenimine cyclodextrin nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118747. [PMID: 34823779 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy through simultaneous delivery of anti-cancer drugs and genes with nano-assembled structure has been proved to be a simple and effective approach for treating breast cancer. In this study, redox-sensitive folate-appended-polyethylenimine-β-cyclodextrin (roFPC) host-guest supramolecular nanoparticles (HGSNPs) were developed as a targeted co-delivery system of doxorubicin (Dox) and Human telomerase reverse transcriptase-small interfering RNA) hTERT siRNA) for potential cancer therapy. The nanotherapeutic system was prepared by loading adamantane-conjugated doxorubicin (Ad-Dox) into roFPC through the supramolecular assembly, followed by electrostatically-driven self-assembly between hTERT siRNA and roFPC/Ad-Dox. The roFPC' host-guest structures allow pH-dependent intracellular drug release in a sustained manner, as well as simultaneous and effective gene transfection. This co-delivery vector displayed combined anti-tumor properties of the Dox-enhanced gene transfection, good water-solubility, and biocompatibility, possesses considerably enhanced hemocompatibility, and especially targets folate receptor-positive cells only at low N/P levels to prompt effective cell apoptosis for cancer treatment.
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Ghareghomi S, Ahmadian S, Zarghami N, Hemmati S. hTERT-molecular targeted therapy of ovarian cancer cells via folate-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with MNPs/siRNA/wortmannin. Life Sci 2021; 277:119621. [PMID: 34004255 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effective telomerase-molecular targeted cancer therapy might be a promising approach for the efficient treatment of ovarian cancer. Therefore, folate-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were co-loaded with hTERT siRNA, Wortmannin (Wtmn), as a potent PI3K inhibitor, and magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) as a theranostic agent to gain a multifunctional NPs for targeted drug delivery as well as molecular targeted therapy. 1HNMR, FTIR, DLS, FE-SEM and TEM were applied to characterize the synthesized NPs. In vitro discharge pattern for siRNA and Wtmn from the dual drug-loaded NPs showed an early fast release followed by a constant release up to 200 h. According to the MRI analysis, by increasing the concentration of Fe3O4 in NPs, the weaker T2 signal intensity was enhanced, and a considerable contrast was detected in the MRI images. MTT assay and median-effect analysis showed that the Wtmn/siRNA-loaded MNPs-PLGA-F2 NPs display the most synergistic cytotoxicity on the SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the Wtmn/siRNA-loaded MNPs-PLGA-FA NPs could significantly reduce the expression of hTERT, AKT, and p-AKT than the single drug-encapsulated NPs (P < 0.05). Taken together, the findings showed that the multifunctional NPs relying on combinatorial therapy might have considerable potential for effective telomerase-molecular targeted therapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Ghareghomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Salar Hemmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Salimimoghadam S, Taefehshokr S, Loveless R, Teng Y, Bertoli G, Taefehshokr N, Musaviaroo F, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. The role of tumor suppressor short non-coding RNAs on breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 158:103210. [PMID: 33385514 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by remarkable levels of aggression and malignancy, BC remains one of the leading causes of death in females world wide. Accordingly, significant efforts have been made to develop early diagnostic tools, increase treatment efficacy, and improve patient prognosis. Hopefully, many of the molecular mechanisms underlying BC have been detected and show promising targeting potential. In particular, short and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of endogenous BC controllers and include a number of different species including microRNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs, small nucleolar RNA, short interfering RNAs, and tRNA-derivatives. In this review, we discuss the tumor suppressing roles of ncRNAs in the context of BC, and the mechanisms by which ncRNAs target tumor hallmarks, including apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cell cycle progression, in addition to their diagnostic and prognostic significance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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Li Y, Gu J, Ding Y, Gao H, Li Y, Sun Y, He M, Zhang W, Yin J, Bai C, Gao Y. A small molecule compound IX inhibits telomere and attenuates oncogenesis of drug-resistant leukemia cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:8843-8857. [PMID: 32433826 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902651rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a common obstacle in leukemia treatment and failing to eradicate leukemia stem cells is the main cause of leukemia relapse. Previous studies have demonstrated that telomerase activity is associated with deregulated self-renewal of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Here, we identified a novel compound IX, an imatinib derivative with a replacement fragment of a telomerase inhibitor, which can effectively eradicate LSCs but had no influence on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) survival. We showed that compound IX can decrease the viability of drug-resistant K562/G cells and blast crisis CML primary patient cells. Besides, IX can affect LSC survival, inhibit the colony-forming ability, and reduce LSC frequency. In vivo results showed that IX can relieve the tumor burden in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model and prolong the lifespan. We observed that compound IX can not only decrease telomerase activity, but also affect the alternative lengthening of telomeres. In addition, IX can inhibit both the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. Our data suggested this novel compound IX as a promising candidate for drug-resistant leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huier Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuigai Bai
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yingdai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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8
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Bajaj S, Kumar MS, Peters GJ, Mayur YC. Targeting telomerase for its advent in cancer therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1871-1919. [PMID: 32391613 DOI: 10.1002/med.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase has emerged as an important primary target in anticancer therapy. It is a distinctive reverse transcriptase enzyme, which extends the length of telomere at the 3' chromosomal end, and uses telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA template-containing domains. Telomerase has a vital role and is a contributing factor in human health, mainly affecting cell aging and cell proliferation. Due to its unique feature, it ensures unrestricted cell proliferation in malignancy and plays a major role in cancer disease. The development of telomerase inhibitors with increased specificity and better pharmacokinetics is being considered to design and develop newer potent anticancer agents. Use of natural and synthetic compounds for the inhibition of telomerase activity can lead to an opening of new vistas in cancer treatment. This review details about the telomerase biochemistry, use of natural and synthetic compounds; vaccines and oncolytic virus in therapy that suppress the telomerase activity. We have discussed structure-activity relationships of various natural and synthetic telomerase inhibitors to help medicinal chemists and chemical biology researchers with a ready reference and updated status of their clinical trials. Suppression of human TERT (hTERT) activity through inhibition of hTERT promoter is an important approach for telomerase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y C Mayur
- SPPSPTM, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Prasad R, Pal D, Mohammad W. Therapeutic Targets in Telomerase and Telomere Biology of Cancers. Indian J Clin Biochem 2020; 35:135-146. [PMID: 32226245 PMCID: PMC7093628 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play an important role to conserve genomic integrity by protecting the ends of chromosomes in normal cells. Since, their progressive shortening during successive cell division which lead to chromosomal instability. Notably, telomere length is perpetuated by telomerase in large majority of cancers, thereby ensure indefinite cell proliferation-a hallmark of cancer-and this unique feature has provided telomerase as the preferred target for drug development in cancer therapeutics. Cancer cells have acquired the potential to have telomere length maintenance by telomerase activation- up-regulation of hTERT gene expression in tumor cells is synchronized by multiple genetic and epigenetic modification mechanisms viz hTERT structural variants, hTERT promoter mutation and epigenetic modifications through hTERT promoter methylation which have been implicated in various cancers initiation and progression. In view of these facts, strategies have been made to target the underlining molecular mechanisms involved in telomerase reactivation as well as of telomere structure with special reference to distortion of sheltrin proteins. This review is focussed on extensive understanding of telomere and telomerase biology. which will provide indispensable informations for enhancing the efficiency of rational anticancer drug design. However, there is also an urgent need for better understanding of cell signalling pathways for alternative lengthening of telomere which is present in telomerase negative cancer for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Science and Research, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207 India
| | - Deeksha Pal
- Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Wajid Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Science and Research, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207 India
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Choi SH, Cho KJ, Yun SH, Jin B, Lee HY, Ro SW, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Han KH, Park JY. HKR3 regulates cell cycle through the inhibition of hTERT in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. J Cancer 2020; 11:2442-2452. [PMID: 32201515 PMCID: PMC7066026 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant disease with improved hepatic regeneration and survival, and is activated by human telomere transferase (hTERT). hTERT is expressed during early fetal development and switched off in most adult tissues, but it becomes reactivated in HCC. The exact mechanism regulating these expression changes remains unknown during HCC progress. We evaluated the relationship between hTERT expression and human kruppel-related 3 (HKR3) and cell cycle-related factors in HCC cell lines. Following transfection for hTERT knockdown and HKR3 overexpression, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses related to hTERT were performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) in HCC cell lines. The expression levels of hTERT, HKR3, and cell cycle-related factors were measured using western blotting, and tumor growth were evaluated via cell proliferation and cell cycle assays. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showed that HKR3, hTERT and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) were correlated. Up-regulation of HKR3 expression decreased hTERT and cyclin activation and suppressed the G1/S phase of the cell cycle through CDKN2A activation. Our results suggest that HKR3 induced regulation of cell cycle through hTERT inhibition and CDKN2A activation. Our results will facilitate further exploration of the pathways regulating human telomerase activity in HCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Choi
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus project for medical science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Yun
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Drug & Disease Target Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Jin
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus project for medical science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Lee
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Drug & Disease Target Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Bio-Analysis Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon W Ro
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus project for medical science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Drug & Disease Target Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Yonsei Liver Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 plus project for medical science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Shalem-Cohavi N, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Rozovski U, Raanani P, Lahav M, Uziel O. The Effects of Proteasome Inhibitors on Telomerase Activity and Regulation in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2509. [PMID: 31117293 PMCID: PMC6566333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains telomere length, has been reported in many malignancies in general and in multiple myeloma (MM) in particular. Proteasome inhibitors are clinically used to combat effectively MM. Since the mechanism of action of proteasome inhibitors has not been fully described we sought to clarify its potential effect on telomerase activity (TA) in MM cells. Previously we showed that the first generation proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Brt) inhibits TA in MM cells by both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms and has a potential clinical significance. In the current study we focused around the anti- telomerase activity of the new generation of proteasome inhibitors, epoxomicin (EP) and MG-132 in order to clarify whether telomerase inhibition represents a class effect. We have exposed MM cell lines, ARP-1, CAG, RPMI 8226 and U266 to EP or MG and the following parameters were assessed: viability; TA, hTERT expression, the binding of hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) transcription factors and post-translational modifications. Epoxomicin and MG-132 differentially downregulated the proliferation and TA in all MM cell lines. The downregulation of TA and the expression of hTERT were faster in CAG than in ARP-1 cells. Epoxomicin was more potent than MG-132 and therefore further mechanistic studies were performed using this compound. The inhibition of TA was mainly transcriptionally regulated. The binding of three positive regulator transcription factors: SP1, c-Myc and NF-κB to the hTERT promoter was decreased by EP in CAG cells as well as their total cellular expression. In ARP-1 cells the SP1 and c-MYC binding and protein levels were similarly affected by EP while NF-κB was not affected. Interestingly, the transcription factor WT-1 (Wilms' tumor-1) exhibited an increased binding to the hTERT promoter while its total cellular amount remained unchanged. Our results combined with our previous study of bortezomib define telomerase as a general target for proteasome inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of TA is exerted by several regulatory levels, transcriptional and post translational. SP1, C-Myc and NF-κB were involved in mediating these effects. A novel finding of this study is the role of WT-1 in the regulation of telomerase which appears as a negative regulator of hTERT expression. The results of this study may contribute to future development of telomerase inhibition as a therapeutic modality in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Shalem-Cohavi
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
| | - Jardena Nordenberg
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Uri Rozovski
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Pia Raanani
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Meir Lahav
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Medical Center; Petah-Tikvah 49100, Israel.
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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12
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Ghasemimehr N, Farsinejad A, Mirzaee Khalilabadi R, Yazdani Z, Fatemi A. The telomerase inhibitor MST-312 synergistically enhances the apoptotic effect of doxorubicin in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1742-1750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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13
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Barczak W, Sobecka A, Golusinski P, Masternak MM, Rubis B, Suchorska WM, Golusinski W. hTERT gene knockdown enhances response to radio- and chemotherapy in head and neck cancer cell lines through a DNA damage pathway modification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5949. [PMID: 29654294 PMCID: PMC5899166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of hTERT gene knockdown in HNSCC cells by using novel in vitro models of head and neck cancer (HNSCC), as well as improving its personalized therapy. To obtain the most efficient knockdown siRNA, shRNA-bearing lentiviral vectors were used. The efficiency of hTERT silencing was verified with qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. Subsequently, the type of cell death and DNA repair mechanism induction after hTERT knockdown was assessed with the same methods, followed by flow cytometry. The effect of a combined treatment with hTERT gene knockdown on Double-Strand Breaks levels was also evaluated by flow cytometry. Results showed that the designed siRNAs and shRNAs were effective in hTERT knockdown in HNSCC cells. Depending on a cell line, hTERT knockdown led to a cell cycle arrest either in phase G1 or phase S/G2. Induction of apoptosis after hTERT downregulation with siRNA was observed. Additionally, hTERT targeting with lentiviruses, followed by cytostatics administration, led to induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, an increase in Double-Strand Breaks accompanied by activation of the main DNA repair mechanism, NER, was also observed. Altogether, we conclude that hTERT knockdown significantly contributes to the efficacy of HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Barczak
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland. .,Radiobiology Lab, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Sobecka
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.,Radiobiology Lab, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.,Head and Neck Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.,University of Central Florida, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, FL, 32827, Orlando, USA
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 Str., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria M Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Str., 61-866, Poznan, Poland
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14
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Zhang XH, Hao S, Gao B, Tian WG, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Guo LJ, Luo DL. A network meta-analysis for toxicity of eight chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of metastatic/advanced breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84533-84543. [PMID: 27811367 PMCID: PMC5356679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the incidence of toxicity of 8 different chemotherapy regimens, including doxorubicin + paclitaxel, doxorubicin, capecitabine, CMF (cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + 5-fluorouracil), FAC (fluorouracil + doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide), doxorubicin + docetaxel, doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel in the treatment of metastatic/advanced breast cancer. Results This network meta-analysis included 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The findings revealed that, with regard to capecitabine alone regimen exhibited higher incidence of nausea/vomiting than doxorubicin + paclitaxel regimen, doxorubicin alone regimen and paclitaxel alone regimen in the treatment of patients with metastatic/advanced breast cancer (OR = 32.48, 95% CI = 1.65~2340.57; OR = 22.75, 95% CI = 1.03~1923.52; OR = 59.63, 95% CI = 2.22~5664.88, respectively). Furthermore, doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide regimen had lower incidence of febrile neutropenia than doxorubicin + docetaxel (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03~0.96). No significant difference in the incidence of stomatitis was observed among eight chemotherapy regimens. Materials and Methods We initially searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase databases from the founding of these databases to January 2016. Eligible studies investigating the 8 different chemotherapy regimens for treatment of metastatic/advanced breast cancer were included for direct and indirect comparison. The odds ratio (OR) and surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) value of the incidence of toxicity among eight chemotherapy regimens were analyzed. Conclusions Capecitabine alone regimen and doxorubicin + docetaxel regimen may have a more frequent toxicity in the treatment of metastatic/advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Guo Tian
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ji Guo
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Lin Luo
- Department of Breast, Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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15
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Azimi A, Majidinia M, Shafiei-Irannejad V, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Ahmadi Y, Karimian A, Mir SM, Karami H, Yousefi B. Suppression of p53R2 gene expression with specific siRNA sensitizes HepG2 cells to doxorubicin. Gene 2018; 642:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Abstract
It is well known that a decreased expression or inhibited activity of telomerase in cancer cells is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to some drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil). However, the mechanism of the resistance resulting from telomerase alteration remains elusive. There are theories claiming that it might be associated with telomere shortening, genome instability, hTERT translocation, mitochondria functioning modulation, or even alterations in ABC family gene expression. However, association of those mechanisms, i.e., drug resistance and telomerase alterations, is not fully understood yet. We review the current theories on the aspect of the role of telomerase in cancer cells resistance to therapy. We believe that revealing/unravelling this correlation might significantly contribute to an increased efficiency of cancer cells elimination, especially the most difficult ones, i.e., drug resistant.
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17
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Maggisano V, Celano M, Lombardo GE, Lepore SM, Sponziello M, Rosignolo F, Verrienti A, Baldan F, Puxeddu E, Durante C, Filetti S, Damante G, Russo D, Bulotta S. Silencing of hTERT blocks growth and migration of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 448:34-40. [PMID: 28288903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the hTERT promoter responsible for constitutive telomerase activity are the most frequent genetic alteration detected in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and proposed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in these tumours. In this study we analyzed hTERT expression in a series of human ATCs and investigated the effects of small-interfering RNA-mediated silencing of hTERT on viability and migration and invasive properties of three human ATC cell lines. Expression of hTERT mRNA resulted increased in 8/10 ATCs compared to normal thyroid tissues. Silencing of hTERT in CAL-62, 8505C and SW1736 cells did not modify telomere length but determined a significant decrease (about 50%) of cell proliferation in all cell lines and a great reduction (about 50%) of migration and invasion capacity. These finding demonstrate that hTERT may be considered as a molecular target for ATC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Saverio Massimo Lepore
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosignolo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Efisio Puxeddu
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Gomez DLM, Armando RG, Cerrudo CS, Ghiringhelli PD, Gomez DE. Telomerase as a Cancer Target. Development of New Molecules. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 16:2432-40. [PMID: 26873194 PMCID: PMC4997958 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160212122425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are the terminal part of the chromosome containing a long repetitive and non-codifying sequence that has as function protecting the chromosomes. In normal cells, telomeres lost part of such repetitive sequence in each mitosis, until telomeres reach a critical point, triggering at that time senescence and cell death. However, in most of tumor cells in each cell division a part of the telomere is lost, however the appearance of an enzyme called telomerase synthetize the segment that just has been lost, therefore conferring to tumor cells the immortality hallmark. Telomerase is significantly overexpressed in 80–95% of all malignant tumors, being present at low levels in few normal cells, mostly stem cells. Due to these characteristics, telomerase has become an attractive target for new and more effective anticancer agents. The capability of inhibiting telomerase in tumor cells should lead to telomere shortening, senescence and apoptosis. In this work, we analyze the different strategies for telomerase inhibition, either in development, preclinical or clinical stages taking into account their strong points and their caveats. We covered strategies such as nucleosides analogs, oligonucleotides, small molecule inhibitors, G-quadruplex stabilizers, immunotherapy, gene therapy, molecules that affect the telomere/telomerase associated proteins, agents from microbial sources, among others, providing a balanced evaluation of the status of the inhibitors of this powerful target together with an analysis of the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology. Quilmes National University, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. R. Saenz Peña 352, (1876) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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PTEN Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Promotes Cell Apoptosis, and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest via Downregulating the PI3K/AKT/ hTERT Pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2476842. [PMID: 27822469 PMCID: PMC5086351 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2476842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PTEN plays an essential role in tumorigenesis and both its mutation and inactivation can influence proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in tumor cells. However, the precise role of PTEN in lung cancer cells has not been well studied. To address this, we have generated lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells overexpressing wild-type or mutant PTEN as well as A549 cells expressing a siRNA directed toward endogenous PTEN. Overexpression of wild-type PTEN profoundly inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, caused cell cycle arrest at G1, downregulated p-AKT, and decreased expression of the telomerase protein hTERT. In contrast, in cells expressing a PTEN directed siRNA, the opposite effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, p-AKT levels, and hTERT protein expression were observed. A549 cells transfected with a PTEN mutant lacking phosphatase activity (PTEN-C124A) or an empty vector (null) did not show any effect. Furthermore, using the PI3K/AKT pathway blocker LY294002, we confirmed that the PI3K/AKT pathway was involved in mediating these effects of PTEN. Taken together, we have demonstrated that PTEN downregulates the PI3K/AKT/hTERT pathway, thereby suppressing the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our study may provide evidence for a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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20
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Aguirre G, Villar-Alvarez E, González A, Ramos J, Taboada P, Forcada J. Biocompatible stimuli-responsive nanogels for controlled antitumor drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Garbiñe Aguirre
- POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Department of Applied Chemistry, UFI 11/56, Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Apdo. 1072 Donostia-San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Eva Villar-Alvarez
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, 15782 Campus Sur; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Adrián González
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, 15782 Campus Sur; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jose Ramos
- POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Department of Applied Chemistry, UFI 11/56, Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Apdo. 1072 Donostia-San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, 15782 Campus Sur; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Department of Applied Chemistry, UFI 11/56, Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Apdo. 1072 Donostia-San Sebastián 20080 Spain
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21
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Kong W, Lv N, Wysham WZ, Roque DR, Zhang T, Jiao S, Song D, Chen J, Bae-Jump VL, Zhou C. Knockdown of hTERT and Treatment with BIBR1532 Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Endometrial Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2015; 6:1337-45. [PMID: 26640594 PMCID: PMC4643090 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity and expression of the catalytic protein hTERT are associated with cell proliferation and advanced stage in endometrial cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of inhibition of hTERT by siRNA and BIBR1532 on cell growth, apoptosis and invasion in endometrial cancer cells. Knockdown of hTERT or treatment of the cells with BIBR1532 decreased telomerase activity, inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced cell invasion in Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells. Either hTERT siRNA or BIBR1532 in combination with paclitaxel promoted a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell growth through induction of Annexin V expression and a remarkable reduction in cell invasion through reduction of protein expression of MMP9, MMP2, and MMP3. Increased telomerase activity and hTERT protein expression by transfections enhanced the protein expression of MMPs and increased the cell invasion ability. BIBR1532 significantly antagonized cell invasion induced by increased hTERT expression. These findings suggest that telomerase and hTERT facilitate cell invasion via MMP family in human endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Kong
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nenan Lv
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weiya Z Wysham
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Dario R Roque
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhang
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Jiao
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Song
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America. ; 3. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America. ; 3. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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22
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A combination of the telomerase inhibitor, BIBR1532, and paclitaxel synergistically inhibit cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. Target Oncol 2015; 10:565-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Fairlie J, Harrington L. Enforced telomere elongation increases the sensitivity of human tumour cells to ionizing radiation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 25:54-9. [PMID: 25484304 PMCID: PMC4286114 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
More than 85% of all human cancers possess the ability to maintain chromosome ends, or telomeres, by virtue of telomerase activity. Loss of functional telomeres is incompatible with survival, and telomerase inhibition has been established in several model systems to be a tractable target for cancer therapy. As human tumour cells typically maintain short equilibrium telomere lengths, we wondered if enforced telomere elongation would positively or negatively impact cell survival. We found that telomere elongation beyond a certain length significantly decreased cell clonogenic survival after gamma irradiation. Susceptibility to irradiation was dosage-dependent and increased at telomere lengths exceeding 17kbp despite the fact that all chromosome ends retained telomeric DNA. These data suggest that an optimal telomere length may promote human cancer cell survival in the presence of genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fairlie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lea Harrington
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR Edinburgh, UK; Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 2950 chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada H3T 1J4.
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24
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Li D, Tang X, Pulli B, Lin C, Zhao P, Cheng J, Lv Z, Yuan X, Luo Q, Cai H, Ye M. Theranostic nanoparticles based on bioreducible polyethylenimine-coated iron oxide for reduction-responsive gene delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3347-61. [PMID: 25045265 PMCID: PMC4099417 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s61463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostic nanoparticles based on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) have a great promise for tumor diagnosis and gene therapy. However, the availability of theranostic nanoparticles with efficient gene transfection and minimal toxicity remains a big challenge. In this study, we construct an intelligent SPIO-based nanoparticle comprising a SPIO inner core and a disulfide-containing polyethylenimine (SSPEI) outer layer, which is referred to as a SSPEI-SPIO nanoparticle, for redox-triggered gene release in response to an intracellular reducing environment. We reveal that SSPEI-SPIO nanoparticles are capable of binding genes to form nano-complexes and mediating a facilitated gene release in the presence of dithiothreitol (5–20 mM), thereby leading to high transfection efficiency against different cancer cells. The SSPEI-SPIO nanoparticles are also able to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the silencing of human telomerase reverse transcriptase genes in HepG2 cells, causing their apoptosis and growth inhibition. Further, the nanoparticles are applicable as T2-negative contrast agents for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of a tumor xenografted in a nude mouse. Importantly, SSPEI-SPIO nanoparticles have relatively low cytotoxicity in vitro at a high concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of a disulfide-containing cationic polymer-decorated SPIO nanoparticle as highly potent and low-toxic theranostic nano-system for specific nucleic acid delivery inside cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Pulli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, People's Republic of China
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Shi YA, Zhao Q, Zhang LH, Du W, Wang XY, He X, Wu S, Li YL. Knockdown of hTERT by siRNA inhibits cervical cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1216-24. [PMID: 24920549 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic component of telomerase that facilitates tumor cell invasion and proliferation. It has been reported that telomerase and hTERT are significantly upregulated in majority of cancers including cervical cancer, thus, downregulation of hTERT is a promising target in malignant tumor treatment. We established a short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting hTERT, and transfected it into HeLa cells (a cervical cancer cell line) to investi-gate the effect of cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in cervical cancer cells. The results showed that siRNA targeting hTERT could effectively knock down hTERT expression, remarkably suppress telomerase activity, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis of cervical cancers cells in vitro. In addition, we evaluated whether siRNA targeting hTERT affects tumor growth in nude mice, and found that it dramatically inhibited tumorigenesis and growth of mice injected with siRNA targeting hTERT. Furthermore, we also found that knockdown of hTERT was able to significantly suppress constitutive phosphorylation of Akt, PI3K, which might imply that reduction of hTERT inhibited tumor growth via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to some extent. These results suggest that the suppression of hTERT expression by siRNA inhibits cervical cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and may provide a novel target for anticancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yao Wang
- Norman Bethune College of Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xu He
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P.R. China
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Li WZ, Wang J, Long R, Su GH, Bukhory DK, Dai J, Jin N, Huang SY, Jia P, Li T, Fan C, Liu K, Wang Z. Novel antibody against a glutamic acid-rich human fibrinogen-like protein 2-derived peptide near Ser91 inhibits hfgl2 prothrombinase activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94551. [PMID: 24728278 PMCID: PMC3984148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) is highly expressed in microvascular endothelial cells in diseases associated with microcirculatory disturbances and plays a crucial role in microthrombosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Ser89 residue is a critical site for mouse fgl2 prothrombinase activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prothrombinase inhibitory ability of antibodies against an hfgl2-derived peptide. The peptide was termed NPG-12 because it is located at the N-terminus of membrane-bound hfgl2, contains 12 amino acid residues (corresponding to residues 76 to 87), and is rich in Glu. This peptide was selected as an antigenic determinant to produce antibodies in immunized rabbits using the DNAStar and HomoloGene software program. Abundant hfgl2 expression was induced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through treatment with TNF-α. The generated anti-NPG-12 antibodies specifically recognize fgl2, as determined by ELISA, Western Blot and immunostaining. Moreover, one-stage clotting and thrombin generation tests provide evidence that the antibodies can reduce the hfgl2 prothrombinase activity without affecting the platelet-poor plasma prothrombin time (PT) or the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). In addition, the antibodies exerted undetectable influence on the proliferation or activation of bulk T cell populations. In conclusion, the selected peptide sequence NPG-12 may be a critical domain for hfgl2 prothrombinase activity, and the development of inhibitors against this sequence may be promising for research or management of hfgl2-associated microcirculatory disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dinesh-Kumar Bukhory
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Strong LE, Dahotre SN, West JL. Hydrogel-nanoparticle composites for optically modulated cancer therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2014; 178:63-8. [PMID: 24462898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (NIPAAm-co-AAm) hydrogel with near-infrared (NIR) absorbing silica-gold nanoshells was designed as a platform for pulsatile delivery of cancer therapeutics. This hydrogel was designed to have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) above physiologic temperature, such that the material will transition from a hydrated state to a collapsed state above ~40°C. Additionally, the silica-gold nanoshells used were designed to have a peak extinction coefficient in the NIR, where penetration of light through tissue is maximal. This heat-triggered material phase transition of the composite was found to follow exposure of NIR light, indicating the ability of the NIR absorption by the nanoshells to sufficiently drive this transition. The composite material was loaded with either doxorubicin or a DNA duplex (a model nucleic acid therapeutic), two cancer therapeutics with differing physical and chemical properties. Release of both therapeutics was dramatically enhanced by NIR light exposure, causing 2-5x increase in drug release. Drug delivery profiles were influenced by both the molecular size of the drug as well as its chemical properties. The DNA therapeutic showed slower rates of nonspecific delivery by passive diffusion due to its larger size. Additionally, only 70% of the more hydrophobic doxorubicin was released from the material, whereas the more hydrophilic DNA showed over 90% release. Further, hydrogel composites were used to deliver the doxorubicin to CT.26-WT colon carcinoma cells, eliciting a therapeutic response. This work validates the potential application for this material in site-specific cancer therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shreyas N Dahotre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Zhang J, Fang D, Ma Q, He Z, Ren K, Zhou R, Zeng S, Li B, He L, He G, Song X. Dual-Functional PEI-Poly(γ-Cholesterol-l
-Glutamate) Copolymer for Drug/Gene Co-delivery. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
- West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Dailong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Zhiyao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Shi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Lili He
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 PR China
- West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China
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Yang L, Xu Z, Liu L, Luo X, Lu J, Sun L, Cao Y. Targeting EBV-LMP1 DNAzyme enhances radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting telomerase activity. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 15:61-8. [PMID: 24145206 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In previous studies, we experimentally demonstrated that downregulation of LMP1 expression by targeting EBV-LMP1 DNAzyme (Dz1) could increase the radiosensitivity of NPC. However, how Dz1 contributes to the radiosensitivity in NPC is still not clear. In the present study, we confirmed that Dz1 decreases LMP1 expression and downregulates the expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT), both at the protein and mRNA levels (P<0.01), and therefore, consequently inhibits telomerase activity (P<0.05) in LMP1-positive NPC cells. We also observed that LMP1 mediated Akt phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of hTERT expression and phosphorylation. After LMP1 and hTERT expression was silenced by Dz1 and hTERT-targeted siRNA, respectively, the radiosensitivity increased in CNE1-LMP1 cells (P<0.05). The inhibition was more significant after Dz1 treatment was combined with siRNA (P<0.01). We concluded that hTERT expression and phosphorylation could be regulated by LMP1 through the Akt pathway, and Dz1 enhances radiosensitivity of LMP1-positive NPC cells by inhibiting telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China; Center for Molecular Medicine; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute; Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, PR China
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30
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Clozel T, Yang S, Elstrom RL, Tam W, Martin P, Kormaksson M, Banerjee S, Vasanthakumar A, Culjkovic B, Scott DW, Wyman S, Leser M, Shaknovich R, Chadburn A, Tabbo F, Godley LA, Gascoyne RD, Borden KL, Inghirami G, Leonard JP, Melnick A, Cerchietti L. Mechanism-based epigenetic chemosensitization therapy of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1002-19. [PMID: 23955273 PMCID: PMC3770813 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although aberrant DNA methylation patterning is a hallmark of cancer, the relevance of targeting DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) remains unclear for most tumors. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) we observed that chemoresistance is associated with aberrant DNA methylation programming. Prolonged exposure to low-dose DNMT inhibitors (DNMTI) reprogrammed chemoresistant cells to become doxorubicin sensitive without major toxicity in vivo. Nine genes were recurrently hypermethylated in chemoresistant DLBCL. Of these, SMAD1 was a critical contributor, and reactivation was required for chemosensitization. A phase I clinical study was conducted evaluating azacitidine priming followed by standard chemoimmunotherapy in high-risk patients newly diagnosed with DLBCL. The combination was well tolerated and yielded a high rate of complete remission. Pre- and post-azacitidine treatment biopsies confirmed SMAD1 demethylation and chemosensitization, delineating a personalized strategy for the clinical use of DNMTIs. SIGNIFICANCE The problem of chemoresistant DLBCL remains the most urgent challenge in the clinical management of patients with this disease. We describe a mechanism-based approach toward the rational translation of DNMTIs for the treatment of high-risk DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Azacitidine/adverse effects
- Azacitidine/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA Modification Methylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Middle Aged
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Smad1 Protein/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clozel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - ShaoNing Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Elstrom
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Wayne Tam
- Pathology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Peter Martin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | | | - Samprit Banerjee
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Public Health Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Aparna Vasanthakumar
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, United States
| | - Biljana Culjkovic
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer & Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - David W. Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Wyman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Michael Leser
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Pathology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Fabrizio Tabbo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucy A. Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, United States
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine L. Borden
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer & Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - John P. Leonard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
- Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States
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31
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Fatemian T, Othman I, Chowdhury EH. Strategies and validation for siRNA-based therapeutics for the reversal of multi-drug resistance in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:71-8. [PMID: 23974068 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs is the main reason for the failure of traditional cancer treatments. Various cellular components and different loops within the signaling pathways contribute to drug resistance which could be modulated with the aim to restore drug efficacy. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms for cancer drug resistance has now paved the way for the development of novel approaches to regulate the response rates to anticancer drugs at the genetic level. The recent progress on identification and validation of the vital genes directly or indirectly involved in development of cancer drug resistance with the aid of the specific knock down ability of RNA interference technology is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Fatemian
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia.
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Telomerase downregulation induces proapoptotic genes expression and initializes breast cancer cells apoptosis followed by DNA fragmentation in a cell type dependent manner. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4995-5004. [PMID: 23677713 PMCID: PMC3723976 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the consequence of silencing genes coding for the key subunits of the telomerase complex, i.e. TERT, TERC and TP1 in human breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-231cells. The transfection was performed using Lipofectamine2000 and pooled siRNAs. The cytotoxic and/or antiproliferative effect of siRNA was measured by the SRB assay, the cell cycle was analysed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation by TUNEL analysis. Telomerase activity was assessed by TRAP, followed by PAGE and ELISA assays. Telomerase downregulation was also assessed using qPCR in order to estimate the changes in the expression profile of genes engaged in apoptosis. It was revealed that treatment of breast cancer cells with different siRNAs (100 nM) resulted in a cell type and time-dependent effects. The downregulation of telomerase subunits was followed by reduction of telomerase activity down to almost 60% compared to control cells. However, a significant effect was only observed when the TERT subunit was downregulated. Its silencing resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase of apoptosis (over 10% in MCF7 and about 5% in MDA-MB-231 cells, corresponding to the Annexin V assay) and DNA fragmentation (almost 30% in MCF7 and over 25% in MDA-MB-231 cells). Interestingly, also several proapoptotic genes were induced after the downregulation of the key telomerase subunit, including Bax, Bik or caspase-1 and caspase-14, as well as NGFR and TNFSF10 which were upregulated twice and more.
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Holysz H, Lipinska N, Paszel-Jaworska A, Rubis B. Telomerase as a useful target in cancer fighting-the breast cancer case. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1371-80. [PMID: 23558965 PMCID: PMC3661921 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase was initially considered as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer from normal cells. During detailed studies, it appeared that its expression and activity is not only limited to cancer cells however, but in this particular cells, the telomerase is much more abundant. Thus, it has become a very promising target for an anticancer therapy. It was revealed in many studies that regulation of telomerase is a multifactorial process in mammalian cells, involving regulation of expression of telomerase subunits coding genes, post-translational protein–protein interactions, and protein phosphorylation. Numerous proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are engaged in this mechanism, and the complexity of telomerase control is studied in the context of tumor development as well as aging. Additionally, since numerous studies reveal a correlation between short telomeres and increased genome instability or cell mortality, the telomerase control appears to be one of the crucial factors to study in order to improve the cancer diagnostics and therapy or prevention. Interestingly, almost 100 % of adenocarcinoma, including breast cancer cells, expresses telomerase which makes it a good target for telomerase-related therapy. Additionally, telomerase is also supposed to be associated with drug resistance. Thus, targeting the enzyme might result in attenuation of this phenomenon. Moreover, since stem cells existence was reported, it must be considered whether targeting telomerase can bring some serious side effects and result in stem cells viability or their regenerative potential decrease. Thus, we review some molecular mechanisms engaged in therapy based on targeting telomerase in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Holysz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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34
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hTERT: Another brick in the wall of cancer cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2013; 752:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Telomerase and the search for the end of cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Chen M, Xing LN. siRNA-mediated Inhibition of hTERC Enhances Radiosensitivity of Cervical Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5975-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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37
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Weiss C, Uziel O, Wolach O, Nordenberg J, Beery E, Bulvick S, Kanfer G, Cohen O, Ram R, Bakhanashvili M, Magen-Nativ H, Shilo N, Lahav M. Differential downregulation of telomerase activity by bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells-multiple regulatory pathways in vitro and ex vivo. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1844-52. [PMID: 23169337 PMCID: PMC3504947 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of telomerase in multiple myeloma (MM) is well established; however, its response to bortezomib has not been addressed. METHODS The effect of bortezomib on telomerase activity and cell proliferation was evaluated in four MM cell lines and in myeloma cells obtained from eight patients. The mechanism of telomerase regulation on epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational levels was further assessed in two selected cell lines: ARP-1 and CAG. Clinical data were correlated with the laboratory findings. RESULTS Bortezomib downregulated telomerase activity and decreased proliferation in all cell lines and cells obtained from patients, albeit in two different patterns of kinetics. ARP-1 cells demonstrated higher and earlier sensitivity than CAG cells due to differential phosphorylation of hTERT by PKCα. Methylation of hTERT promoter was not affected. Transcription of hTERT was similarly inhibited in both lines by decreased binding of SP-1 and not of C-Myc and NFκB. The ex vivo results confirmed the in vitro findings and suggested existence of clinical relevance. CONCLUSION Bortezomib downregulates telomerase activity in MM cells both transcriptionally and post-translationally. MM cells, both in vitro and in patients, exhibit different sensitivity to the drug due to different post-translational response. The effect of bortezomib on telomerase activity may correlate with resistance to bortezomib in patients, suggesting its potential utility as a pre-treatment assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weiss
- Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel
| | - O Uziel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Wolach
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Nordenberg
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Beery
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Bulvick
- Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel
| | - G Kanfer
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Cohen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Ram
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Davidoff, Israel
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - M Bakhanashvili
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - H Magen-Nativ
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Davidoff, Israel
| | - N Shilo
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - M Lahav
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
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Aravind A, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Aptamer-conjugated polymeric nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 2:418-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim S, Youn H, Song MG, Kang JH, Chung HK, Lee DS, Chung JK. Complementary treatment of siTERT for improving the antitumor effect of TERT-specific I-131 therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:263-70. [PMID: 22301953 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-based radionuclide therapy provides an effective means of treating malignant tumors. However, it is sometimes inadequate because of limited effects on radio-resistant tumors, and thus, combination therapies with other therapeutic options have been requested to enhance its efficacy. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) has been reported to be involved in the progression of most cancers and also been viewed as a good candidate for targeting tumor. Application of TERT-specific radionuclide therapies using NIS gene transfer have been reported to treat TERT-positive tumors, but this approach only demonstrated tumor regression rather than eradication. As inhibiting TERT expression by introducing the hTERT-specific shRNA (siTERT) has been suggested as a therapeutic option, we investigated the complementary role of siTERT treatment after the TERT-specific I-131 therapy and its possibility as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy. Retroviruses containing TERT promoter/NIS for TERT specific Radionuclide therapy and siTERT for TERT targeting antisense therapy were produced. Hep3B cells expressing TERT specific NIS (Hep3B-TERT/NIS) were xenografted into nude mouse and visualized with micro-SPECT/CT for monitoring NIS activity. The levels of hTERT mRNA, protein and its activity were confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and Telomerase repeat amplification protocol assay. Cell proliferation was monitored by MTT assay and induced apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin-V-PI staining. Therapeutic effects of I-131 and/or siTERT were evaluated by clonogenic assay and mouse tumor model. Reduction of hTERT mRNA, protein and TERT activity by siTERT were observed in Hep3B-TERT/NIS cells. The viabilities of the infected cells were significantly decreased to 50% versus siScramble treated controls. The early apoptotic cell population was increased by siTERT. The survival rates of cells treated with siTERT or I-131 alone were 72.4±7.6% and 56.2±5.2%, respectively. However, the survival rate of cells treated with I-131 and siTERT were decreased to 22.1±2.8%. From mouse xenograft model, we also found that the siTERT gene therapy showed synergism to the radioiodine therapy for reducing tumor growth in vivo. Our Results suggested that complementary siTERT gene therapy offers a novel strategy of cancer therapy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of TERT-specific I-131.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xia W, Wang P, Lin C, Li Z, Gao X, Wang G, Zhao X. Bioreducible polyethylenimine-delivered siRNA targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase inhibits HepG2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2012; 157:427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gladych M, Wojtyla A, Rubis B. Human telomerase expression regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:359-76. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, it has become a very promising target for anti-cancer therapy. A correlation between short telomere length and increased mortality was revealed in many studies. The telomerase expression/activity appears to be one of the most crucial factors to study to improve cancer therapy and prevention. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels. Thus, several strategies have been proposed to control telomerase in cancer cells such as anti-sense technology against TR and TERT, ribozymes against TERT, anti-estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, quadruplex stabilizers, telomere and telomerase targeting agents, modulation of interaction with other proteins involved in the regulation of telomerase and telomeres, etc. However, the transcription control of key telomerase subunits seems to play the crucial role in whole complexes activity and cancer cells immortality. Thus, the research of telomerase regulation can bring significant insight into the knowledge concerning stem cells metabolism but also ageing. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms at the transcription level in human that might become attractive anti-cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gladych
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojtyla
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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Sun K, Wang J, Zhang J, Hua M, Liu C, Chen T. Dextran–g–PEI nanoparticles as a carrier for co-delivery of adriamycin and plasmid into osteosarcoma cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xiong XB, Lavasanifar A. Traceable multifunctional micellar nanocarriers for cancer-targeted co-delivery of MDR-1 siRNA and doxorubicin. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5202-5213. [PMID: 21627074 DOI: 10.1021/nn2013707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article we report on the development of polymeric micelles that can integrate multiple functions in one system, including the capability to accommodate a combination of therapeutic entities with different physicochemical properties (i.e., siRNA and doxorubicin; DOX), passive and active cancer targeting, cell membrane translocation, and pH-triggered drug release. A micellar system was constructed from degradable poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) block copolymers with functional groups on both blocks. The functional group on the PCL block was used to incorporate short polyamines for complexation with siRNA or to chemically conjugate DOX via a pH-sensitive hydrazone linkage. A virus mimetic shell was conferred by attaching two ligands, i.e., the integrin αvβ3-specific ligand (RGD4C) for active cancer targeting and the cell-penetrating peptide TAT for membrane activity. This system was used to improve the efficacy of DOX in multidrug-resistant MDA-MB-435 human tumor models that overexpress P-glycoprotein (P-gp), by simultaneous intracellular delivery of DOX and siRNA against P-gp expression. The carrier was tagged with near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes to provide a means to follow the fate of the system in vivo upon intravenous administration. Dy677-labeled siRNA was also used to assess the in vivo stability of the siRNA carrier. This multifunctional polymeric micellar system was shown to be capable of DOX and siRNA delivery to their intracellular targets, leading to the inhibition of P-gp-mediated DOX resistance in vitro and targeting of αvβ3-positive tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Xiong
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Li W, Tao KX. Advances in research of the epigenetic regulation of hTERT expression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1026-1031. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i10.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of the telomerase, is the rate-limiting component for telomerase activity. Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription does not change DNA sequences but depends on chemical modification of either DNA or histones or non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic regulation is inheritable and plays an important role in controlling gene expression. The expression of hTERT may also be subjected to epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, and non-coding RNAs.
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Kim E, Jung Y, Choi H, Yang J, Suh JS, Huh YM, Kim K, Haam S. Prostate cancer cell death produced by the co-delivery of Bcl-xL shRNA and doxorubicin using an aptamer-conjugated polyplex. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4592-9. [PMID: 20206379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the synergism between shRNAs against Bcl-xL and doxorubicin (DOX) using aptamer-conjugated polyplexes (APs) in combination cancer therapy. Synergistic and selective cancer cell death was achieved by AP-mediated co-delivery of very small amounts of DOX and Bcl-xL-specific shRNA, which simultaneously activated an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. A branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) was grafted to polyethylene glycol (PEI-PEG) to serve as a vehicle for shRNA delivery, and its surface was further conjugated with an anti-PSMA aptamer (APT) for the selective delivery of APs to prostate cancer cells that express prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMA) on their cell surface. The APs were finally obtained after intercalation of DOX to form shRNA/PEI-PEG-APT/DOX conjugates. Cell viability assays and FACS analysis of GFP expression against PC3 (PSMA deficient) and LNCaP (PSMA overexpressed) cells demonstrated that the synthesized APs inhibited the growth of PSMA-abundant prostate cancer cells with strong cell selectivity. Consequently, IC(50) values of APs loaded with both DOX and shRNA were approximately 17-fold less than those for the simple mixture of shRNA plus drug (shRNA/Lipofectamine + DOX). These results suggest that AP-mediated co-delivery of an anti-cancer drug and shRNA against Bcl-xL may widen the therapeutic window and allow for the selective destruction of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Singh R, George J, Shukla Y. Role of senescence and mitotic catastrophe in cancer therapy. Cell Div 2010; 5:4. [PMID: 20205872 PMCID: PMC2827387 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence and mitotic catastrophe (MC) are two distinct crucial non-apoptotic mechanisms, often triggered in cancer cells and tissues in response to anti-cancer drugs. Chemotherapeuticals and myriad other factors induce cell eradication via these routes. While senescence drives the cells to a state of quiescence, MC drives the cells towards death during the course of mitosis. The senescent phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that survived drug exposure but lost the ability to form colonies from those that recover and proliferate after treatment. Although senescent cells do not proliferate, they are metabolically active and may secrete proteins with potential tumor-promoting activities. The other anti-proliferative response of tumor cells is MC that is a form of cell death that results from abnormal mitosis and leads to the formation of interphase cells with multiple micronuclei. Different classes of cytotoxic agents induce MC, but the pathways of abnormal mitosis differ depending on the nature of the inducer and the status of cell-cycle checkpoints. In this review, we compare the two pathways and mention that they are activated to curb the growth of tumors. Altogether, we have highlighted the possibilities of the use of senescence targeting drugs, mitotic kinases and anti-mitotic agents in fabricating novel strategies in cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), PO Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow-226001, India.
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