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Fujii S, Hasegawa K, Maehara T, Kurppa KJ, Heikinheimo K, Warner KA, Maruyama S, Tajiri Y, Nör JE, Tanuma JI, Kawano S, Kiyoshima T. Wnt/β-catenin-C-kit axis may play a role in adenoid cystic carcinoma prognostication. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155148. [PMID: 38277753 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common malignant salivary gland tumors. ACC is composed of myoepithelial and epithelial neoplastic cells which grow slowly and have a tendency for neural invasion. The long term prognosis is still relatively poor. Although several gene abnormalities, such as fusions involving MYB or MYBL1 oncogenes and the transcription factor gene NFIB, and overexpression of KIT have been reported in ACC, their precise functions in the pathogenesis of ACC remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that the elevated expression of Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), specifically expressed in myoepithelial neoplastic cells, might function as a novel oncogene-related molecule to enhance cell proliferation through activated AKT signaling in 9/10 (90%) ACC cases. In the current study, the patient with ACC whose tumor was negative for SEMA3A in the previous study, revisited our hospital with late metastasis of ACC to the cervical lymph node eight years after surgical resection of the primary tumor. We characterized this recurrent ACC, and compared it with the primary ACC using immunohistochemical methods. In the recurrent ACC, the duct lining epithelial cells, not myoepithelial neoplastic cells, showed an elevated Ki-67 index and increased cell membrane expression of C-kit, along with the expression of phosphorylated ERK. Late metastasis ACC specimens were not positive for β-catenin and lymphocyte enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1), which were detected in the nuclei of perineural infiltrating cells in primary ACC cells. In addition, experiments with the GSK-3 inhibitor revealed that β-catenin pathway suppressed not only KIT expression but also proliferation of ACC cells. Moreover, stem cell factor (SCF; also known as KIT ligand, KITL) induced ERK activation in ACC cells. These results suggest that inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may promote C-kit-ERK signaling and cell proliferation of in metastatic ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujii
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, and Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Maehara
- Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, and Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Kristiina Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Kristy A Warner
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yudai Tajiri
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, 1-1-1 Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka 811-3195, Japan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Tanuma
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan; Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Maruyama S, Yamazaki M, Abé T, Cheng J, Saku T, Tanuma JI. Hypoxia-Induced Biosynthesis of the Extracellular Matrix Molecules, Perlecan and Fibronectin, Promotes the Growth of Pleomorphic Adenoma Cells In Vitro Models. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2981. [PMID: 38001981 PMCID: PMC10669301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary pleomorphic adenoma is histopathologically characterized by its colorful stroma with myxoid, chondroid, and hyaline appearances, due to enhanced biosynthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and poor vascularity. Thus, pleomorphic adenoma cells embedded in the stroma typically survive under hypoxic conditions. We determined the expression kinetics of ECM molecules, such as perlecan and fibronectin (FN), under hypoxia in SM-AP1 cells which are duct epithelial differentiated cells, and in SM-AP4 cells, which are myoepithelial differentiated cells, cloned from pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. We investigated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-inducing pathways through a variety of ECM molecules in association with their cellular proliferation and migration. We observed that hypoxic conditions with elevated HIF-1α protein levels induced increased expression of perlecan and FN in SM-AP cells than in controls. Moreover, perlecan and FN knockdown reduced the proliferation of SM-AP1 and SM-AP4 cells under hypoxia. Further, SM-AP1 cell migration was enhanced by both perlecan and FN knockdown, whereas SM-AP4 cell migration was increased by perlecan knockdown and inhibited by fibronectin knockdown. The results indicated that pleomorphic adenoma cells can survive under hypoxic conditions by promoting cell proliferation via enhanced synthesis of ECM molecules. Overall, ECM molecules may be a new anti-tumor target under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, 1-754 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkoucho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (T.A.); (J.-i.T.)
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkoucho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (T.A.); (J.-i.T.)
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkoucho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (T.A.); (J.-i.T.)
| | - Takashi Saku
- PCL Fukuoka Pathology Cytology Center, 4-11-32 Yoshizuka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0041, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Tanuma
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Faculty of Dentistry & Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkoucho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan (T.A.); (J.-i.T.)
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3
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Chen W, Gu T, Chen Q, Qu C, Zhang C, Hu Y, Xia R, Zhang Y, Wang M, Huang X, Li J, Shi C, Tian Z. Extracellular matrix remodelling and stiffening contributes to tumorigenesis of salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma--A study based on patient-derived organoids. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:122. [PMID: 37393249 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is defined as a carcinoma that develops from benign pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Abnormally activated Androgen signaling pathway and amplification of HER-2/neu(ERBB-2) gene are known to be involved in CXPA tumorigenesis. Recent progress in tumour microenvironment research has led to identification that extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and increased stiffness act as critical contributing role in tumour carcinogenesis. This study examined ECM modifications to elucidate the mechanism underlying CXPA tumorigenesis. RESULTS PA and CXPA organoids were successfully established. Histological observation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and whole-exome sequencing demonstrated that organoids recapitulated phenotypic and molecular characteristics of their parental tumours. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of organoids showed that differentially expressed genes are highly enriched in ECM-associated terms, implying that ECM alternations may be involved in carcinogenesis. Microscopical examination for surgical samples revealed that excessive hyalinized tissues were deposited in tumour during CXPA tumorigenesis. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that these hyalinized tissues were tumour ECM in nature. Subsequently, examination by picrosirius red staining, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and cross-linking analysis indicated that tumour ECM was predominantly composed of type I collagen fibers, with dense collagen alignment and an increased level of collagen cross-linking. IHC revealed the overexpression of COL1A1 protein and collagen-synthesis-related genes, DCN and IGFBP5 (p < 0.05). Higher stiffness of CXPA than PA was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy and elastic imaging analysis. We utilized hydrogels to mimic ECM with varying stiffness degrees in vitro. Compared with softer matrices (5Kpa), CXPA cell line and PA primary cells exhibited more proliferative and invasive phenotypes in stiffer matrices (50Kpa, p < 0.01). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of RNA-sequencing data revealed that AR and ERBB-2 expression was associated with TWIST1. Moreover, surgical specimens demonstrated a higher TWIST1 expression in CXPA over PA. After knocking down TWIST1 in CXPA cells, cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness were significantly inhibited (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Developing CXPA organoids provides a useful model for cancer biology research and drug screening. ECM remodelling, attributed to overproduction of collagen, alternation of collagen alignment, and increased cross-linking, leads to increased ECM stiffness. ECM modification is an important contributor in CXPA tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of ultrasound, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Chuxiang Qu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Chaoji Shi
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Chen W, Ye S, Wang X, Qian J, Xia L, Tian Z. Soluble E-cadherin promotes invasiveness of neoplastic cells in salivary gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2023; 52:63-71. [PMID: 36445289 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble E-cadherin (sEcad), a tumor suppressor gene, has pro-oncogenic effects by binding to human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). In our previous study, 1/3 of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) cases had HER-2 amplification, which is associated with tumorigenesis and malignancy. This study examines the role of sEcad in HER-2 amplified CXPA. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine E-cadherin (Ecad) expression in HER-2-amplified CXPA samples (n = 35). Western blot and ELISA were used to detect sEcad in two samples with Ecad and HER-2 overexpression and CXPA cell line. Lentivirus-mediated transfection was performed to knock down sEcad in CXPA cells. The cell proliferation, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to compare sEcad-knockdown cells with cells pretreated with recombinant human sEcad (rhEcad/Fc). sEcad and HER-2 interaction was determined through co-immunoprecipitation. RNA-sequencing, differential expression analysis, GO and KEGG analysis were used to identify sEcad-related signaling pathways and their protein phosphorylation levels were verified by western blotting. RESULTS Ecad was overexpressed in 77.1% of HER-2-positive CXPA, and sEcad was found in the CXPA cell line and two samples. sEcad promoted CXPA migration and invasion in vitro without sEcad and HER-2 interaction. sEcad-related differentially expressed genes were enriched in the IL-17, cAMP, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, sEcad activated the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Most HER-2+ CXPAs express Ecad. sEcad could affect the invasiveness and migration of in vitro CXPA cells without HER-2. sEcad may be a therapeutic biomarker for CXPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai Ye
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Qian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xia
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Matsumiya-Matsumoto Y, Morita Y, Uzawa N. Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Glands and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144210. [PMID: 35887973 PMCID: PMC9324325 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a localized tumor that presents pleomorphic or mixed characteristics of epithelial origin and is interwoven with mucoid tissue, myxoid tissue, and chondroid masses. The literature reported that PA most often occurs in adults aged 30–60 years and is a female predilection; the exact etiology remains unclear. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the transdifferentiation of stationary epithelial cells primarily activated by a core set of transcription factors (EMT-TFs) involved in DNA repair and offers advantages under various stress conditions. Data have suggested that EMTs represent the basic principle of tissue heterogeneity in PAs, demonstrating the potential of adult epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells. It has also been reported that multiple TFs, such as TWIST and SLUG, are involved in EMT in PA and that SLUG could play an essential role in the transition from myoepithelial to mesenchymal cells. Given this background, this review aims to summarize and clarify the involvement of EMT in the development of PA, chondrocyte differentiation, and malignant transformation to contribute to the fundamental elucidation of the mechanisms underlying EMT.
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Kim H, Lee SB, Myung JK, Park JH, Park E, Il Kim D, Lee C, Kim Y, Park CM, Kim MB, Lim GC, Jang B. SLUG is a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pleomorphic adenoma. J Transl Med 2022; 102:631-640. [PMID: 35145202 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The histogenesis of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the salivary glands remains controversial. PAs are characterized by the transition of epithelial cells to spindled mesenchymal cells, known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study aimed to identify a major EMT-inducing transcription factor (EMT-TF) in PAs. Real-time PCR analysis of SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1, and TWIST1 demonstrated that only SLUG was significantly upregulated in normal salivary glands and PAs. Combined in situ hybridization for SLUG and multiplex immunohistochemistry for CK19 and P63 revealed that SLUG was specifically expressed in the myoepithelial cells of normal salivary glands. In PAs, SLUG was expressed in neoplastic myoepithelial cells and stromal cells but not in the luminal cells lining the inner layers of tumor glands. SLUG expression showed no correlation with PLAG1 expression, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that PLAG1 suppression in primary cultured PA cells or PLAG1 overexpression in HEK 293 T cells did not affect SLUG levels, indicating that PLAG1 was not involved in the upregulation of SLUG in PAs. The suppression of SLUG expression in cultured PA cells resulted in a morphology change to a less elongated shape and attenuated tumor growth. In addition, SLUG downregulation led to increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin and vimentin expression levels along with decreased migratory activity in cultured PA cells. These findings suggest that SLUG is a major TF that can induce EMT in PAs. In summary, SLUG is specifically and highly expressed in the myoepithelial cells and stromal cells of PAs and is a key regulator of EMT in PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunsun Park
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Dong Il Kim
- Department of Pathology, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Min Park
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Min Bum Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Gil Chai Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bogun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea.
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Xia L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhang C, Gu T, Wang L, Li J, Yu W, Tian Z. Human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 in human salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6571-6579. [PMID: 30555262 PMCID: PMC6280888 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s182652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To inhibit human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) and investigate the effects on tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. To assess the possibility of blocking HER2 to improve the malignant biological behavior of CXPA. Materials and methods HER2 expression and amplification were examined using an immunofluorescence assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization in 2 CXPA cell lines (SM-AP1 and SM-AP4 cells). The effects on tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and HER2 downstream pathways were verified after the application of a HER2 inhibitor. Results HER2 was overexpressed and amplified in SM-AP1 and SM-AP4 cell lines. After blocking HER2, the tumor proliferation and cell cycle were significantly induced, and the apoptosis process was activated. Moreover, the downstream pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK were significantly inhibited. Conclusion HER2 was overexpressed and amplified in CXPA cell lines and might thus play an important role in tumor development. Inhibiting HER2 may be a novel targeted therapy for poor biological behavior of CXPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
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Xia L, Hu Y, Gu T, Wang L, Tian Z. Promoter hypermethylation may contribute to E‑cadherin repression in the human salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:496-504. [PMID: 29207084 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of promoter methylation in the inactivation of E‑cadherin (CDH1) in salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the role and potential clinical implications of CDH1 promoter methylation in salivary CXPA. The CDH1 promoter methylation status was determined by bisulfite sequencing PCR in 37 primary CXPA tissues and 2 CXPA cell lines. E‑cadherin expression levels were determined by immunohistochemical analysis of each tumor. E‑cadherin protein levels and CDH1 mRNA levels were examined by immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively, in 2 CXPA cell lines. Cells were treated with 5‑Aza-dC or TGF‑β1 to test the influence of promoter methylation on CDH1 mRNA and protein expression. Associations between CDH1 molecular alterations and patients' clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis were statistically evaluated. CDH1 promoter hypermethylation was detected in 21 of 37 tumors (56.76%). Of these 37 tumors, 13 tumors (35.14%) showed low E‑cadherin expression. Tumors that had CDH1 promoter methylation had a histological tendency toward luminal differentiation (P=0.004), high tumor grade (P=0.005), high T stage (P=0.024) and high TNM stage (P=0.038) compared with tumors that did not. The two CXPA cell lines exhibited an inverse relationship between CDH1 promoter methylation status and CDH1 mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of the hypermethylated cell line with 5‑Aza-dC restored CDH1 mRNA and E‑cadherin protein expression. The induction of hypermethylation by TGF‑β1 resulted in the repression of CDH1 mRNA and protein expression. CDH1 is commonly silenced in CXPA through promoter methylation. CDH1 methylation is closely related to tumor cell differentiation, histological grade, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage, indicating that CDH1 methylation may play a role in the initiation and progression of CXPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Tsuneki M, Madri JA, Saku T. Cell–extracellular matrix interactions in oral tumorigenesis: Roles of podoplanin and CD44 and modulation of Hippo pathway. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Scognamiglio T, Joshi R, Kuhel WI, Tabbara SO, Rezaei MK, Hoda RS. Noninvasive carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: A difficult diagnosis on fine needle aspiration. Cytojournal 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25972908 PMCID: PMC4421923 DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.156080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare epithelial malignancy that arises from a primary or recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (PA). It may be noninvasive (NI) or invasive. NI CXPA is extremely rare. Preoperative diagnosis on fine needle aspiration (FNA) of CXPA may be difficult and poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians and pathologists. Herein, we describe the FNA findings of a case of NI-CXPA. A 69-year-old woman presented with rapid enlargement of a stable parotid mass of 25 years. Cytologically, malignant cells were focally associated with metachromatic fibromyxoid matrix that was homogeneous and dense with a vague fibrillary quality. There were cell groups, papillary-like clusters and single malignant cells. The nuclei were pleomorphic with irregularly dispersed chromatin, and the cytoplasm was ill-defined and granular. Nucleoli were small to inconspicuous. Mitoses and necrosis were not seen. Cytological features were not specific for any type of salivary gland carcinoma. The FNA diagnosis was primary high-grade adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland, not otherwise specified. Facial nerve-sparing total parotidectomy was performed, which histologically showed PA interspersed with ducts and nests composed of pleomorphic atypical nuclei surrounded by extensive hyalinization. Single cells were also noted. No capsular infiltration was seen in the entirely sampled tumor. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 showed a higher proliferation rate in the malignant ducts and p63 positive cells focally surrounded some of the malignant ducts. Histological diagnosis was NI-CXPA. Accurate diagnosis is important for proper surgical management; however, the preoperative diagnosis of NI-CXPA is difficult to make on FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Scognamiglio
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohan Joshi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William I Kuhel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sana O Tabbara
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - M Katayoon Rezaei
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rana S Hoda
- Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
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A novel cell line derived from pleomorphic adenoma expresses MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2, and shows numeric chromosomal anomalies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105231. [PMID: 25137137 PMCID: PMC4138172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland neoplasm, and it can be locally invasive, despite its slow growth. This study aimed to establish a novel cell line (AP-1) derived from a human pleomorphic adenoma sample to better understand local invasiveness of this tumor. AP-1 cell line was characterized by cell growth analysis, expression of epithelial and myoepithelial markers by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, 3D cell culture assays, cytogenetic features and transcriptomic study. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) was also analyzed by immunofluorescence and zymography. Furthermore, epithelial and myoepithelial markers, MMPs and TIMPs were studied in the tumor that originated the cell line. AP-1 cells showed neoplastic epithelial and myoepithelial markers, such as cytokeratins, vimentin, S100 protein and smooth-muscle actin. These molecules were also found in vivo, in the tumor that originated the cell line. MMPs and TIMPs were observed in vivo and in AP-1 cells. Growth curve showed that AP-1 exhibited a doubling time of 3.342 days. AP-1 cells grown inside Matrigel recapitulated tumor architecture. Different numerical and structural chromosomal anomalies were visualized in cytogenetic analysis. Transcriptomic analysis addressed expression of 7 target genes (VIM, TIMP2, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1, ACTA2 e PLAG1). Results were compared to transcriptomic profile of non-neoplastic salivary gland cells (HSG). Only MMP9 was not expressed in both libraries, and VIM was expressed solely in AP-1 library. The major difference regarding gene expression level between AP-1 and HSG samples occurred for MMP2. This gene was 184 times more expressed in AP-1 cells. Our findings suggest that AP-1 cell line could be a useful model for further studies on pleomorphic adenoma biology.
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Podoplanin is a novel myoepithelial cell marker in pleomorphic adenoma and other salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. Virchows Arch 2012; 462:297-305. [PMID: 23262786 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of podoplanin, one of the representative immunohistochemical markers for lymphatic endothelium, is upregulated in various kinds of cancers. Based on our previous studies, we have developed a hypothesis that podoplanin plays a role in cell adhesion via its association with extracellular matrix (ECM). Since salivary pleomorphic adenoma is histologically characterized by its ECM-enriched stroma, we firstly wanted to explore the expression modes of podoplanin in pleomorphic adenoma and related salivary tumors by immunohistochemistry. In normal salivary gland, podoplanin was specifically localized in myoepithelial cells, which were also positively labeled by antibodies against P63, of the intercalated duct as well as acini. In pleomorphic adenoma, podoplanin was colocalized with P63 and CD44 in basal cells of glandular structures as well as in stellate/spindle cells in myxochondroid matrices, where perlecan and hyaluronic acid were enriched. The expression of podoplanin was confirmed at both protein and mRNA levels in pleomorphic adenoma cell systems (SM-AP1 and SM-AP4) by using immunofluorescence, western blotting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Podoplanin was localized on the cell border as well as in the external periphery of the cells. Moreover, podoplanin expression was also confirmed in tumor cells with myoepithelial differentiation in myoepithelioma and intraductal papilloma. The results indicate that podoplanin can be regarded as a novel myoepithelial marker in salivary gland tumors and suggest that podoplanin's communication with ECM molecules is essential to phenotypic differentiation to myoepithelial cells.
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Ghahhari NM, Ghahhari HM, Kadivar M. Could a Possible Crosstalk between AMPK and TGF-β Signaling Pathways Be a Key Player in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors? Oncol Res Treat 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000345131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mohammadi Ghahhari N, Mohammadi Ghahhari H, Kadivar M. GSK3β and CREB3 gene expression profiling in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 16:140-4. [PMID: 23023215 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1050.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare lesions with uncertain histopathology. One of the major signaling pathways that participate in the development of several tumors is protein kinase A. In this pathway, glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB3) are two genes which are supposed to be down regulated in most human tumors. The expression level of the genes was evaluated in SGT to scrutinize their possible under expression in these tumors. METHODS Forty eight fresh tissue samples were obtained from patients with benign and malignant SGT, including pleomorphic adenoma, warthin's tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), salivary duct carcinoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Eight normal samples were used as controls. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression level of interest genes. RESULTS Data was analyzed by statistical methods. GSK3β was downregulate in all samples and all results were statistically significant (P<0.05). CREB3 did not show a significant decrease or increase in its mRNA expression, but the results were significant in MEC and salivary duct carcinoma. CONCLUSION GSK3β down regulation has been reported in many human tumors. This gene stimulates CREB3, inducing cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Our findings showed GSK β down regulation; however, CREB3 expression level was close to normal group. No association between CREB3 expression and inactivated GSK3β could be postulated in SGT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehdi Kadivar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Metwaly H, Maruyama S, Yamazaki M, Tsuneki M, Abé T, Jen KY, Cheng J, Saku T. Parenchymal-stromal switching for extracellular matrix production on invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1973-81. [PMID: 22575259 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is poorly understood which cell type, tumor cells, or stromal cells are responsible for the production of extracellular matrix molecules in the neoplastic stroma. We studied the expression of 4 extracellular matrix molecules at the protein and messenger RNA levels in monocellular and 2 kinds of coculture systems between human squamous cell carcinoma (ZK-1) and fibroblast (OF-1) cell lines, which may correspond to carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ tissue sections were also investigated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemically, perlecan and tenascin C were localized in carcinoma cells in carcinoma in situ, whereas they were in the stromal space in squamous cell carcinoma. In monocellular culture conditions, expression levels for perlecan, tenascin C, and laminin were more predominant in ZK-1 than in OF-1, although those for fibronectin were more enhanced in OF-1. However, these extracellular matrix expression levels of OF-1 were elevated, whereas those of ZK-1 dropped when they were in coculture conditions. The differences between ZK-1 and OF-1 were significantly more evident in direct contact (ZK-1/OF-1, 56%-22%) than in indirect contact (63%-39%). These results indicate that oral squamous cell carcinoma cells produce extracellular matrix in the absence of stromal fibroblasts (or in carcinoma in situ) and that they stop producing extracellular matrix in the presence of fibroblasts (or in squamous cell carcinoma). It is hence suggested that stromal fibroblasts after direct contact with invading squamous cell carcinoma cells are more responsible than squamous cell carcinoma cells for the formation of neoplastic stroma, whereas carcinoma in situ cells have to produce and deposit extracellular matrix by themselves to form intraepithelial microstromal spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Metwaly
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Ahsan MS, Yamazaki M, Maruyama S, Kobayashi T, Ida-Yonemochi H, Hasegawa M, Henry Ademola A, Cheng J, Saku T. Differential expression of perlecan receptors, α-dystroglycan and integrin β1, before and after invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:552-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ianez RF, Buim ME, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Schultz R, Soares FA, Lourenço SV. Human salivary gland morphogenesis: myoepithelial cell maturation assessed by immunohistochemical markers. Histopathology 2010; 57:410-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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