1
|
Bendix MB, Houston A, Forde PF, Brint E. Defining optimal parameters to maximize the effect of electrochemotherapy on lung cancer cells whilst preserving the integrity of immune cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108257. [PMID: 36116295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is becoming an established therapy for melanoma and is under investigation for application in additional cancer types. One potential cancer type that may benefit from ECT is lung cancer as lung cancer treatments remain unable to deliver long-lasting treatment responses. Given the importance of the immune system in lung cancer, here we have also examined the impact of ECT on immune populations. The impact of electroporation and ECT on three human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460, SK-MES 1), one murine cell line (LLC) and murine T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages was examined. The viability, metabolic activity and recovery potential post-treatment of all cell types was determined to evaluate the potential utility of ECT as a lung cancer treatment. Our findings demonstrate that cisplatin at 11 µM would be the suggested drug of choice when using ECT for lung cancer treatment. Our study also shows that T cells are not impacted by any tested condition, whilst dendritic cells and macrophages are significantly negatively impacted by electric field strengths surpassing 800 V/cm in vitro. Therefore, current ECT protocols (using 1000 V/cm in vivo) might need to adapted to improve viability of the immune population, thus improving therapy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura B Bendix
- Cancer Research @ UCC, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Pathology, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Ireland
| | - Aileen Houston
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Ireland
| | | | - Elizabeth Brint
- Department of Pathology, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transcriptional effects of electroporation on Echinococcus multilocularis primary cell culture. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1155-1168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
3
|
Electroporation of suspension cell lines - A proposed assay set for optimizations. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107891. [PMID: 34425391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To make in vitro single cell electroporation protocols more comparable between various cancer types and groups, we propose a set of assays to test a range of electric field strengths at the start of any new project to determine the optimal electric field strength for a given cell line. While testing a range of electric field strengths, we kept the other ESOPE parameters constant (8 pulses, 100 µs pulse duration, 1 Hz pulse frequency). Basic assays were employed to measure short-term viability, effectiveness of treatment, metabolic activity, and recovery potential post-treatment to determine the optimal field strength for a particular cell line. Six cancer cell lines were tested, three of human (A549, A375 and Pan02) and three murine (LLC, B16F10 and MIA-PACA2). Our findings demonstrate that the optimal electroporation setting while keeping with all other ESOPE parameters are 800 V/cm for A549 and Pan02, 700 V/cm for A375, Mia-PACA2, and B16F10, and 1300 V/cm for LLC. Having an agreed upon set of assays to determine each cell lines optimal electric field strength should allow an improve translation of findings between cell lines for in vitro work from various groups and potentially improve translation into the clinic.
Collapse
|
4
|
da Luz JCDS, Antunes F, Clavijo-Salomon MA, Signori E, Tessarollo NG, Strauss BE. Clinical Applications and Immunological Aspects of Electroporation-Based Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:727. [PMID: 34358144 PMCID: PMC8310106 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible electropermeabilization (RE) is an ultrastructural phenomenon that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane upon application of electrical pulses. The technique was described in 1972 by Neumann and Rosenheck and is currently used in a variety of applications, from medicine to food processing. In oncology, RE is applied for the intracellular transport of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as the delivery of genetic material in gene therapies and vaccinations. This review summarizes the physical changes of the membrane, the particularities of bleomycin, and the immunological aspects involved in electrochemotherapy and gene electrotransfer, two important EP-based cancer therapies in human and veterinary oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlos dos Santos da Luz
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.d.L.); (F.A.); (N.G.T.)
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.d.L.); (F.A.); (N.G.T.)
| | | | - Emanuela Signori
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nayara Gusmão Tessarollo
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.d.L.); (F.A.); (N.G.T.)
| | - Bryan E. Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.d.L.); (F.A.); (N.G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Intracellular delivery of trehalose renders mesenchymal stromal cells viable and immunomodulatory competent after cryopreservation. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:391-411. [PMID: 33875905 PMCID: PMC8047578 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a nontoxic disaccharide and a promising cryoprotection agent for medically applicable cells. In this study, the efficiency of combining trehalose with reversible electroporation for cryopreservation of two types of human mesenchymal stromal cells was investigated: adipose-derived stromal cells, and umbilical-cord-derived stromal cells. Comparable results to standard dimethyl sulfoxide cryopreservation protocols were achieved, even without extensive electroporation parameters and protocol optimization. The presence of high extracellular trehalose resulted in comparable cell viabilities without and with electroporation. According to the determination of trehalose concentrations, 250 mM extracellular trehalose resulting in, 20 mM to 50 mM intracellular trehalose were sufficient for successful cryopreservation of cells. With electroporation, higher (i.e. 50 mM to 90 mM) intracellular trehalose was achieved after cryopreservation, although cell survival was not improved significantly. To evaluate the impact of electroporation and cryopreservation on cells, stress and immune-activation-related gene expression were analyzed. Electroporation and/or cryopreservation resulted in increased SOD2 and HSPA1A expression. Despite the increased stress response, the high up-regulation by mesenchymal stromal cells of immunomodulatory genes in the inflammatory environment was not affected. Highest expression was seen for the IDO1 and TSG6 genes. In conclusion, cryopreservation of mesenchymal stromal cells in trehalose results in comparable characteristics to their cryopreservation using dimethyl sulfoxide.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bozic T, Sersa G, Kranjc Brezar S, Cemazar M, Markelc B. Gene electrotransfer of proinflammatory chemokines CCL5 and CCL17 as a novel approach of modifying cytokine expression profile in the tumor microenvironment. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107795. [PMID: 33789177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of immunotherapy highly correlates with the degree and the type of infiltrated immune cells in the tumor tissue. Treatments based on modifying the immune cell infiltrate of the tumor microenvironment are thus gaining momentum. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of gene therapy with two proinflammatory chemokines CCL5 and CCL17 on inflammatory cytokine expression profile and immune cell infiltrate in two murine breast tumor models, 4T1 and E0771, and two murine colon tumor models, CT26 and MC38. In vitro, lipofection of plasmid DNA encoding CCL5 or CCL17 resulted in changes in the cytokine expression profile similar to control plasmid DNA, implying that the main driver of these changes was the entry of foreign DNA into the cell's cytosol. In vivo, gene electrotransfer resulted in high expression levels of both Ccl5 and Ccl17 transgenes in the 4T1 and CT26 tumor models. Besides a minor increase in the survival of the treated mice, the therapy also resulted in increased expression of Cxcl9 and Ifnγ, potent activators of the immune system, in CT26 tumors. However, this was not recapitulated in changes of TME, implying that a further refinement of the dosing schedule is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Bozic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Kranjc Brezar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | - B Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Z, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Huo N, Shi X, Li L, Jia L, Lu Y, Peng Y, Song Y. Proteomics-Based Mechanistic Investigation of Escherichia coli Inactivation by Pulsed Electric Field. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2644. [PMID: 31781086 PMCID: PMC6857472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has been widely applied to inactivate pathogenic bacteria in food products. Though irreversible pore formation and membrane disruption is considered to be the main contributing factor to PEF's sterilizing effects, the exact molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, by using mass spectrometry (MS)-based label-free quantitative proteomic analysis, we compared the protein profiles of PEF-treated and untreated Escherichia coli. We identified a total of 175 differentially expressed proteins, including 52 candidates that were only detected in at least two of the three samples in one experiment group but not in the other group. Functional analysis revealed that the differential proteins were primarily involved in the regulation of cell membrane composition and integrity, stress response, as well as various metabolic processes. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted on the genes of selected differential proteins at varying PEF intensities, which were known to result in different cell killing levels. The qRT-PCR data confirmed that the proteomic results could be reliably used for further data interpretation, and that the changes in the expression levels of the differential candidates were, to a large extent, caused directly by the PEF treatment. The findings of the current study offered valuable insight into PEF-induced cell inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liu
- Information Science and Engineering College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lingying Zhao
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Qin Zhang
- Life Science College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Nan Huo
- Life Science College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Life Science College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Information Science and Engineering College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Liyan Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Life Science College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Song
- Life Science College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Forjanic T, Markelc B, Marcan M, Bellard E, Couillaud F, Golzio M, Miklavci D. Electroporation-Induced Stress Response and Its Effect on Gene Electrotransfer Efficacy: In Vivo Imaging and Numerical Modeling. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:2671-2683. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2894659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Phonesouk E, Lechevallier S, Ferrand A, Rols MP, Bezombes C, Verelst M, Golzio M. Increasing Uptake of Silica Nanoparticles with Electroporation: From Cellular Characterization to Potential Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E179. [PMID: 30621089 PMCID: PMC6337455 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the fields of biology and medicine, nanoproducts such as nanoparticles (NPs) are specifically interesting as theranostic tools, since they offer the double capacity to locally deliver active drugs and to image exactly where the product is delivered. Among the many described possibilities, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) represent a good choice because of their ease of synthesis, the possibility of their vast functionalization, and their good biocompatibility. However, SiNPs' passive cell internalization by endocytosis only distributes NPs into the cell cytoplasm and is unable to target the nucleus if SiNPs are larger than a few nanometers. In this study, we demonstrate that the cell penetration of SiNPs of 28⁻30 nm in diameter can be strongly enhanced using a physical method, called electroporation or electropermeabilization (EP). The uptake of fluorescently labelled silica nanoparticles was improved in two different cancer cell lines, namely, HCT-116 (human colon cancer) cells and RL (B-lymphoma) cells. First, we studied cells' capability for the regular passive uptake of SiNPs in vitro. Then, we set EP parameters in order to induce a more efficient and rapid cell loading, also comprising the nuclear compartment, while preserving the cell viability. In the final approach, we performed in vivo experiments, and evidenced that the labeling was long-lasting, as confirmed by fluorescence imaging of labeled tumors, which enabled a 30-day follow-up. This kind of SiNPs delivery, achieved by EP, could be employed to load extensive amounts of active ingredients into the cell nucleus, and concomitantly allow the monitoring of the long-term fate of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Phonesouk
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
- Chromalys SAS, 29 rue jeanne Marvig, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM (U1220), INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| | - Christine Bezombes
- UMR1037 INSERM, Université de Toulouse, ERL5294 CNRS, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marc Verelst
- Chromalys SAS, 29 rue jeanne Marvig, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cryopreservation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Combination with Trehalose and Reversible Electroporation. J Membr Biol 2016; 250:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Josserand V, Kéramidas M, Lavaud J, Righini C, Vollaire J, Bellard E, Rols MP, Teissié J, Coll JL, Golzio M. Electrochemotherapy guided by intraoperative fluorescence imaging for the treatment of inoperable peritoneal micro-metastases. J Control Release 2016; 233:81-7. [PMID: 27155365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Surgery is often the first therapeutic indication in cancer. Patient survival essentially depends on the completeness of tumor resection. This is a major challenge, particularly in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), where tumors are widely disseminated in the large peritoneal cavity. These small tumors can be difficult to visualize and are often positioned in delicate locations, further increasing the risk of producing serious tissue/organ damage during their ablation. We propose an innovative therapeutic approach based on intraoperative fluorescence (IF) guided electrochemotherapy (ECT) for the treatment of peritoneal micro-metastases. ECT combines the effects of tissue electro-permeabilization (EP) with the administration of an antimitotic agent (bleomycin) that has poor permeability across intact membranes. IF significantly improves the detection of small tumor lesions. ECT is clinically validated for the treatment of cutaneous tumors in animals and humans, but this is the first time that it has been used along with IF imaging for the targeted treatment of peritoneal metastases in a preclinical model. We set up a murine model of PC that develops secondarily to the resection of a distant primary tumor. Tumor growth and metastasis were finely monitored by non-invasive multimodal imaging (bioluminescence and 3D fluorescence/microCT). Once metastases were detected, mice were randomized into three groups: the ECT group (bleomycin injected intravenously followed by EP) and 2 control groups (bleomycin alone and EP alone). Twenty four hours after the intravenous injection of the tumor targeting agent Angiostamp™700, mice in all groups underwent an abdominal surgery for metastases exploration assisted by fluorescence imaging with the Fluobeam®700 portative device. EP was applied to every nodule detected by IF, except in the bleomycin control group. After surgery, the metastatic invasion was tracked by bioluminescence imaging. In mice treated with bleomycin or EP alone, the metastatic load progressed very rapidly and mice showed no significant difference in lifespan compared to non-operated mice (median lifespan: 27days vs. 25days, respectively). In contrast, the mice treated with ECT displayed a decreased metastatic load and an increased survival rate (median lifespan: 34days). These results provide evidence that IF guided ECT is an effective approach for the treatment of inoperable intraperitoneal micro-metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Josserand
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M Kéramidas
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Lavaud
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Righini
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CHU, Grenoble, France
| | - J Vollaire
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E Bellard
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - M P Rols
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - J Teissié
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France
| | - J L Coll
- INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut Albert Bonniot, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - M Golzio
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeted electro-delivery of oligonucleotides for RNA interference: siRNA and antimiR. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:161-8. [PMID: 24819217 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, the understanding of RNA interference (RNAi) has been a growing field of interest. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that play an important role in disease development and progression and therefore represent a potential new class of therapeutic targets. However, delivery of RNAi-based oligonucleotides is one of the most challenging hurdles to RNAi-based drug development. Electropermeabilization (EP) is recognized as a successful non-viral method to transfer nucleic acids into living cells both in vitro and in vivo. EP is the direct application of electric pulses to cells or tissues that transiently permeabilize plasma membranes, allowing the efficient delivery of exogenous molecules. The present review focused on the mechanism of RNAi-based oligonucleotides electrotransfer, from cellular uptake to intracellular distribution. Biophysical theories on oligonucleotide electrotransfer will be also presented. The advantages and few drawbacks of EP-mediated delivery will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rangel MMM, Chaible LM, Nagamine MK, Mennecier G, Cogliati B, de Oliveira KD, Fukumasu H, Sinhorini IL, Mir LM, Dagli MLZ. Electroporation transiently decreases GJB2 (connexin 26) expression in B16/BL6 melanoma cell line. J Membr Biol 2014; 248:47-52. [PMID: 25298064 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions. Perturbations in the cell membrane reportedly promote changes in the expression profile of connexins. Electroporation promotes destabilization by applying electrical pulses, and this procedure is used in electrochemotherapy and gene therapy, among others. This in vitro work aimed to study the interference of electroporation on the expression profile of GJB2 (Cx26 gene) and Connexin 26 in melanoma cell line B16/BL6. The techniques of immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR were used. After electroporation, cells showed a transient decrease in GJB2 mRNA. The immunostaining of Cx26 showed no noticeable change after electroporation at different time points. However, Western blot showed a significant reduction in Cx26 30 min after electroporation. Our results showed that electroporation interferes transiently in the expression of Connexin 26 in melanoma and are consistent with the idea that electroporation is a process of intense stress that promotes cell homeostatic imbalance and results in disruption of cell physiological processes such as transcription and translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Monte Mór Rangel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chiarella P, De Santis S, Fazio VM, Signori E. Hyaluronidase contributes to early inflammatory events induced by electrotransfer in mouse skeletal muscle. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:406-16. [PMID: 23360544 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrotransfer of genes is one of the preferred strategies used to deliver plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle. In our experience, the combination of hyaluronidase (HYA) with electrotransfer (ET) of DNA vaccine enhances transfection of muscular fibers and increases expression of the encoded antigen. However, the contribution of HYA to the inflammatory reaction induced by ET, and its role in supporting ET adjuvancy, has never been investigated. We analyzed the events occurring in the first 2 weeks after electrotransfer to mouse muscle in the presence of HYA, to verify whether HYA contributes to the local inflammatory response induced by ET. Our results demonstrate that HYA amplifies the ET effect in terms of inflammatory cell recruitment enhancing the early release of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 cytokines. In contrast, HYA does not induce helper T cell type 1 and 2 cytokine production, confirming that the DNA vaccine is indispensable to induce mediators of antigen-specific immune responses. We observed inflammatory cell migration in the muscle treated with HYA plus ET in a time window between days 4 and 7 after cytokine induction. These observations are important in the choice of prime-boost intervals for optimizing ET-based DNA vaccination protocols. Because HYA contributes to vaccine spread and enhances the proinflammatory effect of ET in muscle we strongly support the use of HYA to potentiate DNA vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieranna Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Assessment of the tumourigenic and metastatic properties of SK-MEL28 melanoma cells surviving electrochemotherapy with bleomycin. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:32-45. [PMID: 22933978 PMCID: PMC3423760 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment combining chemotherapy and electroporation and is highly effective treatment approach for subcutaneous tumours of various histologies. Contrary to surgery and radiation, the effect of electrochemotherapy on metastatic potential of tumour cells has not been extensively studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin on the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viable cells 48 hours after electrochemotherapy were tested for their ability to migrate and invade through Matrigel coated porous membrane. In addition, microarray analysis and quantitative Real-Time PCR were used to detect changes in gene expression after electrochemotherapy. RESULTS Cell migration and invasion were not changed in melanoma cells surviving electrochemotherapy. Interestingly, only a low number of tumourigenesis related genes was differentially expressed after electrochemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that metastatic potential of human melanoma cells is not affected by electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, confirming safe role of electrochemotherapy in the clinics.
Collapse
|
16
|
Teissié J, Escoffre JM, Paganin A, Chabot S, Bellard E, Wasungu L, Rols MP, Golzio M. Drug delivery by electropulsation: Recent developments in oncology. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:3-6. [PMID: 21996516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electro-permeabilisation allows the free access of polar compounds to the cytoplasm by a reversible alteration of the cell membrane. It is now used in clinics for the eradication of cutaneous solid tumors. New developments predict its future applications for other anti-cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Teissié
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cemazar M, Golzio M, Sersa G, Escoffre JM, Coer A, Vidic S, Teissie J. Hyaluronidase and collagenase increase the transfection efficiency of gene electrotransfer in various murine tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:128-37. [PMID: 21797718 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the applications of electroporation/electropulsation in biomedicine is gene electrotransfer, the wider use of which is hindered by low transfection efficiency in vivo compared with viral vectors. The aim of our study was to determine whether modulation of the extracellular matrix in solid tumors, using collagenase and hyaluronidase, could increase the transfection efficiency of gene electrotransfer in histologically different solid subcutaneous tumors in mice. Tumors were treated with enzymes before electrotransfer of plasmid DNA encoding either green fluorescent protein or luciferase. Transfection efficiency was determined 3, 9, and 15 days posttransfection. We demonstrated that pretreatment of tumors with a combination of enzymes significantly increased the transfection efficiency of electrotransfer in tumors with a high extracellular matrix area (LPB fibrosarcoma). In tumors with a smaller extracellular matrix area and less organized collagen lattice, the increase was not so pronounced (SA-1 fibrosarcoma and EAT carcinoma), whereas in B16 melanoma, in which only traces of collagen are present, pretreatment of tumors with hyaluronidase alone was more efficient than pretreatment with both enzymes. In conclusion, our results suggest that modification of the extracellular matrix could improve distribution of plasmid DNA in solid subcutaneous tumors, demonstrated by an increase in transfection efficiency, and thus have important clinical implications for electrogene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Farley EK, Gale E, Chambers D, Li M. Effects of in ovo electroporation on endogenous gene expression: genome-wide analysis. Neural Dev 2011; 6:17. [PMID: 21527010 PMCID: PMC3105949 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In ovo electroporation is a widely used technique to study gene function in developmental biology. Despite the widespread acceptance of this technique, no genome-wide analysis of the effects of in ovo electroporation, principally the current applied across the tissue and exogenous vector DNA introduced, on endogenous gene expression has been undertaken. Here, the effects of electric current and expression of a GFP-containing construct, via electroporation into the midbrain of Hamburger-Hamilton stage 10 chicken embryos, are analysed by microarray. Results Both current alone and in combination with exogenous DNA expression have a small but reproducible effect on endogenous gene expression, changing the expression of the genes represented on the array by less than 0.1% (current) and less than 0.5% (current + DNA), respectively. The subset of genes regulated by electric current and exogenous DNA span a disparate set of cellular functions. However, no genes involved in the regional identity were affected. In sharp contrast to this, electroporation of a known transcription factor, Dmrt5, caused a much greater change in gene expression. Conclusions These findings represent the first systematic genome-wide analysis of the effects of in ovo electroporation on gene expression during embryonic development. The analysis reveals that this process has minimal impact on the genetic basis of cell fate specification. Thus, the study demonstrates the validity of the in ovo electroporation technique to study gene function and expression during development. Furthermore, the data presented here can be used as a resource to refine the set of transcriptional responders in future in ovo electroporation studies of specific gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farley
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kajbafzadeh AM, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Ahmadi H, Sotoudeh M. Intravesical electromotive botulinum toxin type A administration: part I--Experimental study. Urology 2010; 77:1460-4. [PMID: 21168901 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the depth and pattern of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) distribution throughout the rabbit bladder wall by intravesical electromotive drug administration (EMDA). METHODS In an experimental study, 15 male healthy New Zealand white rabbits were allocated in 3 groups of BTX-A injection into the bladder wall, intravesical electromotive BTX-A administration (BTX-A/EMDA), and electromotive saline administration. In BTX-A injection group, a total dose of 10 IU/kg of BTX-A (Dysport) was injected into 10 sites of bladder detrusor muscle using a 6-Fr rigid cystoscope. In BTX-A/EMDA group, a current generator delivered a total of 2-2.4 mA with a frequency of 2.5 kHz to a fully distended bladder containing 10 IU/kg BTX-A for 15 minutes. In electromotive saline administration group, electrical current with the same characteristics was delivered to a saline-filled bladder. Three different specimens from the bladder dome, posterior, and anterior bladder walls were obtained and submitted for pathologic evaluation. RESULTS Pattern of immunohistochemical staining in bladder specimens from BTX-A injection group was weak and heterogeneous in the urothelium, interstitium, and muscular layers. However, in BTX-A/EMDA group the staining was uniform in urothelium, interstitial and muscular layers in all submitted specimens. In electromotive saline administration group, the urothelium, interstitium, and muscular layers were intact. CONCLUSIONS There is no clinical or experimental report of intravesical BTX-A/EMDA in the literature. This method demonstrated deep and homogenous penetration of the toxin throughout the urinary bladder layers compared with the intravesical BTX-A injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Department of Pediatric Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beebe SJ, Schoenbach KH, Heller R. Bioelectric applications for treatment of melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1731-70. [PMID: 24281185 PMCID: PMC3837335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new cancer therapies apply bioelectric principles. These methods target tumor structures locally and function by applying millisecond electric fields to deliver plasmid DNA encoding cytokines using electrogene transfer (EGT) or by applying rapid rise-time nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs). EGT has been used to locally deliver cytokines such as IL-12 to activate an immune response, resulting in bystander effects. NsPEFs locally induce apoptosis-like effects and affect vascular networks, both promoting tumor demise and restoration of normal vascular homeostasis. EGT with IL-12 is in melanoma clinical trials and nsPEFs are used in models with B16F10 melanoma in vitro and in mice. Applications of bioelectrics, using conventional electroporation and extensions of it, provide effective alternative therapies for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics/Old Dominion University 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, Virginia 23508, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Plasmid injection and application of electric pulses alter endogenous mRNA and protein expression in B16.F10 mouse melanomas. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:864-71. [PMID: 20706286 PMCID: PMC2981654 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The application of electric pulses to tissues causes cell membrane destabilization, allowing exogenous molecules to enter the cells. This delivery technique can be used for plasmid gene therapy. Reporter gene expression after plasmid delivery with eight representative published protocols was compared in B16.F10 mouse melanoma tumors. This expression varied significantly based on the pulse parameters utilized for delivery. To observe the possible influence of plasmid injection and/or pulse application on endogenous gene expression, levels of stress related mRNAs four and 24 hours after delivery were determined by PCR array. Increases in mRNA levels for several inflammatory chemokines and cytokines were observed in response to plasmid injection, electric pulses alone, or the combination. This upregulation was confirmed by individual real-time reverse transcription TaqMan PCR assays. Proteins were extracted at the same time points from identically treated tumors and inflammatory protein levels were assayed by ELISA and by a custom multiplex bead array. Increases in inflammatory protein levels generally paralleled mRNA levels. Some differences were observed, which may have been due to differing expression kinetics. The observed upregulated expression of these cytokines and chemokines may aid or inhibit the therapeutic effectiveness of immune-based cancer gene therapies.
Collapse
|