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Duan L, Zhang J, Chen Z, Gou Q, Xiong Q, Yuan Y, Jing H, Zhu J, Ni L, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Zeng H, Zou Q, Zhao Z. Antibiotic Combined with Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail Protects Mice Against Bacteremia and Acute Pneumonia from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4267-4282. [PMID: 34511967 PMCID: PMC8415768 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously reported that monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail improves survival in Staphylococcus aureus infection. In this study, we used acute pneumonia model and lethal sepsis model to investigate the efficacy of antibiotic combined with epitope-specific mAb cocktail in treating MRSA252 infection. Methods MRSA252 was challenged by tail vein injection or tracheal intubation to establish sepsis model or pneumonia model. One hour after infection, the mice received a single intravenous injection of normal saline, vancomycin, and vancomycin combined monoclonal antibody, linezolid alone or linezolid combined monoclonal antibody. Daily record survival rate (total 7 days), bacterial load, histology, cytokine analysis of serum and alveolar lavage fluid, and in vitro determination of the neutralizing ability of antibodies to SEB toxin and Hla toxin explained the mechanism of antibody action. Results The mAb cocktail combined with low doses of vancomycin or linezolid improved survival rates in acute pneumonia model (70%, 80%) and lethal sepsis model (80%, 80%). Epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies reduced bacterial colonization in the kidneys and lungs of mice and inhibited the biological functions of the toxins Hla and SEB in vitro. Compared to the antibiotic alone or PBS groups, the combination group had higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β and IFN-γ and lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α. Further, the combination of antibiotic and mAb cocktail improved infection survival against the clinical MRSA isolates in a lethal sepsis model. Conclusion This study demonstrates a novel method to treat people with low immunity against drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- LianLi Duan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, 400050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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Zeng H, Zhang J, Song X, Zeng J, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Xu L, Gou Q, Yang F, Zeng N, Zhang Y, Peng L, Zhao L, Zhu J, Liu Y, Luo P, Zou Q, Zhao Z. An Immunodominant Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail Improves Survival in a Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1743-1752. [PMID: 32959055 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no vaccine or monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Staphylococcus aureus has been approved for use in humans. Our laboratory has developed a 5-antigen S. aureus vaccine (rFSAV), which is now under efficacy evaluation in a phase 2 clinical trial. In the current study, using overlapping peptides and antiserum from rFSAV-immunized volunteers, we identified 7 B-cell immunodominant epitopes on 4 antigens in rFSAV, including 5 novel epitopes (Hla48-65, IsdB402-419, IsdB432-449, SEB78-95, and MntC7-24). Ten immunodominant epitope mAbs were generated against these epitopes, and all of them exhibited partial protection in a mouse sepsis model. Four robust mAbs were used together as an mAb cocktail to prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain 252 infection. The results showed that the mAb cocktail was efficient in combating S. aureus infection and that its protective efficacy correlated with a reduced bacterial burden and decreased infection pathology, which demonstrates that the mAb cocktail is a promising S. aureus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangmin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Xu
- Chengdu Olymvax Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Chengdu Olymvax Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Chengdu Olymvax Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liusheng Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Medical Corps Department, Unit 69016, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Livingston ET, Mursalin MH, Callegan MC. A Pyrrhic Victory: The PMN Response to Ocular Bacterial Infections. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E537. [PMID: 31703354 PMCID: PMC6920826 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some tissues of the eye are susceptible to damage due to their exposure to the outside environment and inability to regenerate. Immune privilege, although beneficial to the eye in terms of homeostasis and protection, can be harmful when breached or when an aberrant response occurs in the face of challenge. In this review, we highlight the role of the PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) in different bacterial ocular infections that invade the immune privileged eye at the anterior and posterior segments: keratitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, and endophthalmitis. Interestingly, the PMN response from the host seems to be necessary for pathogen clearance in ocular disease, but the inflammatory response can also be detrimental to vision retention. This "Pyrrhic Victory" scenario is explored in each type of ocular infection, with details on PMN recruitment and response at the site of ocular infection. In addition, we emphasize the differences in PMN responses between each ocular disease and its most common corresponding bacterial pathogen. The in vitro and animal models used to identify PMN responses, such as recruitment, phagocytosis, degranulation, and NETosis, are also outlined in each ocular infection. This detailed study of the ocular acute immune response to infection could provide novel therapeutic strategies for blinding diseases, provide more general information on ocular PMN responses, and reveal areas of bacterial ocular infection research that lack PMN response studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T. Livingston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (E.T.L.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (E.T.L.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (E.T.L.); (M.H.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Miller FC, Coburn PS, Huzzatul MM, LaGrow AL, Livingston E, Callegan MC. Targets of immunomodulation in bacterial endophthalmitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100763. [PMID: 31150824 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the posterior segment of the eye (endophthalmitis) leads to a robust host response that often results in irreversible damage to the layers of the retina, significant vision loss, and in some patients, enucleation of the globe. While a great deal of effort has gone into understanding the role of bacterial virulence factors in disease initiation and propagation, it is becoming increasingly clear that the host response to infection plays a major role in causing the damage associated with endophthalmitis. Researchers have identified the host receptors which detect infecting organisms and initiate the cascade of events that result in inflammation. This inflammation may damage nonregenerative tissues of the eye while attempting to clear the infection. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can cause endophthalmitis. These organisms initiate an immune response by activating toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. Once an inflammatory response is initiated, the expression of immunomodulators, such as proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, affect the recruitment of PMNs and other inflammatory cells into the eye. We and others have reported that knockout mice that do not express specific inflammatory pathways and molecules have an attenuated response to infection and retain significant retinal function. These findings suggest that host immune mediators are important components of the response to infections in the posterior segment of the eye, and the timing and level of their production may be related to the severity of the damage and the ultimate visual outcome. If that is the case, a better understanding of the complex and often redundant role of these pathways and inflammatory mediators may identify host molecules as potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic targets. This review highlights potential anti-inflammatory targets during acute inflammation in endophthalmitis, compares and contrasts those with findings in other models of ocular inflammation, and translates current immunomodulatory strategies for other types of infection and inflammation to this blinding disease. Given the poor visual outcomes seen in patients treated with antibiotics alone or in combination with corticosteroids, immunomodulation in addition to antibiotic therapy might be more effective in preserving vision than current regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Miller
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, USA; Department of Cell Biology, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, USA; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Abstract
Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections. Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the eye. Treatments for intraocular infections include intravitreal antibiotics and corticosteroids or surgical vitrectomy in serious cases. The increase in multidrug-resistant infections calls for novel treatment options. In the present study, a biomimetic erythrocyte-derived nanosponge was tested for the ability to neutralize pore-forming toxins from the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial causes of intraocular infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). Nanosponge pretreatment of supernatants reduced hemolytic activity in vitro. In a murine sterile endophthalmitis model, nanosponge pretreatment of injected supernatants resulted in greater retinal function and less ocular pathology compared to that in eyes injected with untreated supernatants from all pathogens except methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In a murine bacterial endophthalmitis model, treatment with gatifloxacin and gatifloxacin-nanosponges reduced intraocular bacterial burdens, except in the case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. For all pathogens, eyes in both treatment groups showed decreased ocular pathology and inflammation. Overall, reductions in retinal function loss afforded by gatifloxacin-nanosponge treatment were significant for E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not for B. cereus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. These results suggest that clinical improvements in intraocular infections following nanosponge treatment were dependent on the complexity and types of toxins produced. Nanosponges might serve as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ocular infections. IMPORTANCE Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections.
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The Role of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in Ocular Infectious Diseases. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2018; 2018:2525173. [PMID: 30538741 PMCID: PMC6257906 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2525173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic pathogen that can cause severe infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and middle ear infections. It is also one of the top pathogens contributing to bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. Though two pneumococcal vaccines exist for the prevention of nonocular diseases, they do little to fully prevent ocular infections. This pathogen has several virulence factors that wreak havoc on the conjunctiva, cornea, and intraocular system. Polysaccharide capsule aids in the evasion of host complement system. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that acts as pore-forming toxin. Neuraminidases assist in adherence and colonization by exposing cell surface receptors to the pneumococcus. Zinc metalloproteinases contribute to evasion of the immune system and disease severity. The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the multiple studies that have been conducted on several pneumococcal virulence factors and the role each plays in conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis.
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Köffel R, Wolfmeier H, Larpin Y, Besançon H, Schoenauer R, Babiychuk VS, Drücker P, Pabst T, Mitchell TJ, Babiychuk EB, Draeger A. Host-Derived Microvesicles Carrying Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins Deliver Signals to Macrophages: A Novel Mechanism of Shaping Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1688. [PMID: 30100903 PMCID: PMC6072879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infectious diseases are a leading cause of death. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are important virulence factors of Gram-positive pathogens, which disrupt the plasma membrane of host cells and can lead to cell death. Yet, host defense and cell membrane repair mechanisms have been identified: i.e., PFTs can be eliminated from membranes as microvesicles, thus limiting the extent of cell damage. Released into an inflammatory environment, these host-derived PFTs-carrying microvesicles encounter innate immune cells as first-line defenders. This study investigated the impact of microvesicle- or liposome-sequestered PFTs on human macrophage polarization in vitro. We show that microvesicle-sequestered PFTs are phagocytosed by macrophages and induce their polarization into a novel CD14+MHCIIlowCD86low phenotype. Macrophages polarized in this way exhibit an enhanced response to Gram-positive bacterial ligands and a blunted response to Gram-negative ligands. Liposomes, which were recently shown to sequester PFTs and so protect mice from lethal bacterial infections, show the same effect on macrophage polarization in analogy to host-derived microvesicles. This novel type of polarized macrophage exhibits an enhanced response to Gram-positive bacterial ligands. The specific recognition of their cargo might be of advantage in the efficiency of targeted bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Köffel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Yu Larpin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Besançon
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Teweldemedhin M, Gebreyesus H, Atsbaha AH, Asgedom SW, Saravanan M. Bacterial profile of ocular infections: a systematic review. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 29178851 PMCID: PMC5702129 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are the major contributor of ocular infections worldwide. Ocular infections, if left untreated, can damage the structures of the eye with possible blindness and visual impairments. This work was aimed to review the bacterial profile of ocular infections. METHODS Literature search was made in different electronic databases; the review was systematically made to get concrete findings. RESULTS As far as this review, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the leading isolates in ocular infections. Frequent pathogens of the respective clinical diagnose include Staphylococci, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in blepharitis; Staphylococci, Streptococus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Conjunctivitis; Staphylococci, P. aeruginosa and E. coli in dacryocystitis; Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in keratitis; Streptococcus viridians, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Coagulase negative Staphylococci in endophthalmitis diagnoses. Endogenous endophthalmitis is associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae whereas Coagulase negative Staphylococci and Bacillus spp. are common causes of post-operative and post-traumatic endophthalmitis. However, the predominant pathogens may not be exactly same in all areas of the world, in the United States for instance, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the major causes of conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION Gram positive bacteria are the major contributor of bacterial ocular infections. The distribution and proportion of bacterial isolates among clinical diagnoses varied but without exclusive anatomical restriction. To mitigate the burden of bacterial ocular infections, physicians should regard on risk reduction and comply with etiologic approach of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Hailay Gebreyesus
- Department of Public health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Tigray Ethiopia
| | | | - Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray Ethiopia
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray Ethiopia
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Krzyściak W, Pluskwa KK, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D. The pathogenicity of the Streptococcus genus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1361-76. [PMID: 24141975 PMCID: PMC3824240 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus infections are still one of the important problems facing contemporary medicine. As the World Health Organization (WHO) warns, Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for the highest number of pneumonia cases all over the world. Despite an increasing number of pneumococcal vaccinations, incidences of disease connected to this pathogen's infection stay at the same level, which is related to a constantly increasing number of infections caused by nonvaccinal serotypes. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of bacteria of the Streptococcus genus is also connected to species considered to be physiological flora in humans or animals and, additionally, new species exhibiting pathogenic potential have been discovered. This paper presents an opinion concerning the epidemiology of streptococci infections based on case studies and other publications devoted to this problem. It also sheds new light based on recent reports on the prevention of protective vaccinations application in the case of streptococci infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Pharmacy Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland,
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