Time trend of prevalence of self-reported cataract and its association with prolonged sitting in Taiwan from 2001 and 2013

Association between amiodarone use and risk of cataract: a population-based active-comparator study

BACKGROUND

Despite previous concerns about ocular side effects related to amiodarone, the relationship between amiodarone and cataract remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential association between amiodarone use and the subsequent risk of cataract, taking into account potential confounders.

METHODS

This population-based, active comparator-controlled cohort study utilized the data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program and involved adults over 40 years old between 2001 and 2013. We analyzed 12 055 new amiodarone users and contrasted them with a propafenone user cohort. The primary outcome was the incidence of cataract. Inverse-probability treatment-weighting (IPTW) was further used to eliminate the potential confounding effects, and Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses were performed to calculate the risk of cataract. Serial subgroup analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

In the main analysis, amiodarone users did not exhibit a significant causal relationship in both full cohort [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.994, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.913-1.082] and IPTW cohort (IPTW-aHR 0.977, 95% CI: 0.900-1.060). Furthermore, it is important to highlight a significantly reduced risk of cataract among patients with heart failure (IPTW-aHR 0.708, 95% CI: 0.554-0.905) and during the 2-year follow-up period (IPTW-aHR 0.889, 95% CI: 0.794-0.996), implying potential advantages linked to the use of amiodarone.

CONCLUSIONS

The study found no increased risk of cataract with amiodarone, one of the most frequently used antiarrhythmic medications, compared to the use of propafenone. Future research is recommended to explore potential mechanisms and their implications for clinical practice.

Sarcopenia Screened with SARC-F and Subjective Memory Complaints Are Independently Associated with Increased Risk of Incident Dementia among Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults

OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this study was to examine the association of sarcopenia and subjective memory complaints with the incidence of dementia in a population-based cohort of cognitively unimpaired older adults.

DESIGN

Three-year longitudinal study.

SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS

A total of 2163 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older who participated in the National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan, 2017.

MEASUREMENTS

Sarcopenia was determined based on SARC-F, a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire that includes five components: strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, and falls. Two questions ("Do you have difficulties with your memory or attention?" and "Do you have difficulties with your memory only or attention only or both?") were used to screen for subjective memory complaints (SMCs). The incidence of dementia was determined by data linkage to the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database from 2018 to 2020.

RESULTS

Among the 2163 participants without dementia at baseline, 135 had incident dementia during the 3-year follow-up, giving a crude incidence rate of 6.2% (135/2163). Compared to participants free from sarcopenia and SMCs, the adjusted hazard ratio for incident dementia was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-2.72) for SMCs alone, 2.40 (95% CI: 1.17-4.93) for sarcopenia alone, and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.21-5.11) for coexisting SMCs and sarcopenia.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that sarcopenia screened with SARC-F and SMCs independently predict the cognitively unimpaired older adults at risk of incident dementia. Our findings highlight the importance of screening not only for cognitive but also muscle deficits to identify those at increased risk of incident dementia.

Pro re nata versus fixed aflibercept regimen for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Aflibercept is a relatively new anti-VEGF used to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of pro re nata (PRN) and fixed regimen (bimonthly) of aflibercept injection for neovascular AMD on visual outcomes at 12 months of follow-up.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, EBSCOHost, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Number of injections, number of hospital visit, mean change of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean change of central macular thickness (CMT), and adverse effects of the included studies were evaluated. Meta-analysis were performed using Review Manager 5.4.

RESULTS

Four studies were selected for meta-analyses synthesis (3 RCT, 1 retrospective study). A total of 197 eyes in PRN group and 241 eyes in the fixed group. All four studies favored fixed regimen with standardized mean difference of 0.56 (95% CI 0.36-0.75, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in CMT between both group with SMD of 0.17 (95% CI - 0.14-0.48, I2 = 26%, p = 0.28).

CONCLUSION

The present meta-analysis shows that bimonthly injection of aflibercept for neovascular AMD is superior compared to PRN injection, shown by better improvement in BCVA at 12 months follow-up. However, high risk of bias downgrade the certainty of evidence.

Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Cataract in a Large Taiwanese Population Study

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a known risk factor. In this study, we investigated the association between the risk of cataract with MetS and its components in a large-scale study. Data were derived from the Taiwan Biobank, and 121,380 individuals were included. The NCEP-ATP III criteria modified for use in an Asian population were used to define MetS and its components. The occurrence of cataract was identified through a standardized interview and self-reported questionnaire. Multivariable analysis showed that MetS (OR, 1.129; 95% CI, 1.0175−1.184; p < 0.001), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (OR, 1.057; 95% CI, 1.005−1.113; p = 0.032), and hyperglycemia (OR, 1.162; 95% CI, 1.108−1.218; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with cataract. Furthermore, a stepwise increase in the prevalence of cataract corresponding to the number of MetS components was found. The presence of three MetS components (vs. 0; OR, 1.103; 95% CI, 1.024−1.188; p = 0.010), four MetS components (vs. 0; OR, 1.137; 95% CI, 1.040−1.242; p = 0.005), and five MetS components (vs. 0; OR, 1.208; 95% CI, 1.059−1.378; p = 0.005) were significantly associated with cataract. In conclusion, significant associations were found between a high incidence of cataract with MetS and its components, including low HDL-cholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Further, a stepwise increase in the prevalence of cataract corresponding to the number of MetS components was also found. The results of this study indicate that MetS may increase the development of cataract in Taiwan.

Habitual Tea Consumption and Risk of Cataracts: A Longitudinal Study

We aimed to investigate the association between habitual tea consumption and the risk of developing cataracts in a large community-based cohort study. We prospectively collected volunteers from 29 recruitment centers that were ≧ 55 years old with no history of cataracts at the beginning of the study. There were 12,080 participants with available information in our study and were divided into two groups according to habitual tea consumption; non-tea-drinking and tea-drinking groups. The mean age was 59 years. Compared to the non-tea-drinking group, the tea-drinking group had a significantly lower incidence of developing cataracts (15.5% vs 12.1%) during follow-up of 46 months. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the relative risk (RR) of incident cataracts was lower in the tea-drinking group than the non-tea-drinking group (RR = 0.848; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.751 to 0.957). Participants with ≧ 2 cups per day were associated with almost 16% reduction in the risk of developing cataracts compared with the non-tea-drinking group (RR = 0.844; 95% CI = 0.741 to 0.961). Our study suggests that habitual tea consumption can reduce the incidence of cataracts and raises the possibility that the tea content may slow the progression of cataracts.

Physical activity, health and well-being among a nationally representative population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults in India, 2017-2018

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the association between physical activity (PA) and health and well-being in middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults in India.

METHODS

The cross-sectional sample consisted of 72,262 individuals (≥45 years) from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 in 2017-2018. Logistic regression, adjusted for relevant confounders, was used to predict associations between PA levels and 23 health indicators.

RESULTS

In all 23.8% of participants were inactive, 12.9% had low, 7.6% moderate, and 55.7% high PA. In the final adjusted logistic regression analyses, higher PA levels were associated with better mental health (less insomnia symptoms, less depressive symptoms, less loneliness, and better cognitive functioning), and better well-being (self-rated health status, life satisfaction, happiness, functional ability, and hand grip strength). Moreover, moderate and/or high PA were negatively associated with diabetes, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, chronic lung disease, vision impairment, cataract, chronic renal failure, and Alzheimer's disease/dementia. While in unadjusted analysis, moderate and/or high PA were protective against major depressive disorder and bone or joint diseases, this became non-significant in the adjusted model. PA was not significantly associated with abdominal obesity and cancer.

CONCLUSION

Overall, higher PA levels were positively associated with 10 of 11 mental health and well-being indicators as well as being protective against 9 of 12 chronic conditions.

The elevated risk of sight-threatening cataract in diabetes with retinopathy: a retrospective population-based cohort study

Background

The effect of diabetic retinopathy (DR) on the development of sight-threatening cataracts was assessed using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) and DR were enrolled in the study group. Age- and sex-matched DM individuals without DR and patients without DM served as the DM control group and non-DM control group, respectively, both with 1:4 ratios. The outcome was set as the performance of cataract surgery. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of DR considering multiple factors underlying cataract formation.

Results

A total of 3297 DR patients, 13,188 DM control patients and 13,188 non-DM control subjects were enrolled. The study group included 919 events of sight-threatening cataracts (27.87%), the DM control group included 1108 events (8.40%), and the non-DM control group included 957 events (7.26%). A multivariable analysis indicated that the study group presented a higher aHR of cataract surgery (2.93, 95% CI: 2.60–3.30) and a higher cumulative probability of cataract surgery than both the DM control and non-DM control groups (both log rank P < 0.001). In addition, both the proliferative DR (3.90, 95% CI: 3.42–4.45) and nonproliferative DR (2.35, 95% CI: 2.08–2.65) subgroups showed a higher aHR of cataract surgery than the DM control group.

Conclusion

The presence of DR increases the risk of sight-threatening cataracts that warrant surgery, and the effect is prominent among patients with both proliferative DR and nonproliferative DR.

Secular decreasing trends in gastric cancer incidence in Taiwan: A population-based cancer registry study

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In Taiwan, gastric cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality in both males and females.

AIM

To evaluate secular trends in gastric cancer incidence according to age, sex, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment in Taiwan.

METHODS

In this population-based study, we used the national Taiwan Cancer Registry database. Annual percent changes in incidence rates were used to describe secular trends in incidence rates and sex ratios of gastric cancer in Taiwan. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlation between annual age-adjusted incidence rates and the annual number of patients treated with antibiotic therapy for H. pylori infection.

RESULTS

The annual percent changes showed continuously decreasing rates of gastric cancer among both males and females. However, the decreasing trends differed by sex, with an annual percent change of -2.58% in males and -2.14% in females. The age-specific incidence rates increased with age. Within the same age group, more recent time periods showed lower incidence rates than greater time periods. Similarly, the sex ratio was lower in later birth cohorts than in earlier birth cohorts. Age-adjusted incidence rates substantially decreased with increasing numbers of patients being treated with antibiotic therapy for H. pylori infection during 2005 to 2016 (r = 0.72).

CONCLUSION

We observed steadily decreasing trends with differential sex ratios in the incidence of gastric cancer in Taiwan. These results support H. pylori eradication programs in Taiwan.

Impact of Urbanization and Sunlight Exposure on Cataract Incidence

The impact of urbanization on cataract incidence is still inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the association of urbanization and sunlight exposure with cataract incidence using a nationwide population-based database in Taiwan. The researchers used data retrieved from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database from 2001 to 2010 (LHID2010). The LHID2010 consists of medical claims data for reimbursement for 1 million individuals randomly selected from all enrollees (N = 23.25 million) in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) program in 2010. For adults aged over 40, we identified a total of 3080 people diagnosed with senile cataracts (ICD-9:360) and 393,241 people without senile cataracts in the LHID2010. In addition, sunlight exposure data between 2001 and 2011 were obtained from 28 meteorological stations of the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. Logistic regression was performed to test the hypothesis. When controlled for the confounding factors, such as demographic factors, comorbidities, and sunlight exposure, the logistic regression results showed that those living in highly urbanized areas are more likely to suffer from senile cataracts (p < 0.001).

Cataract prevalence following a nationwide policy to shorten wait time for cataract surgery

Background

Cataract is an age-related eye disease. Visual impairment from cataract can be restored by cataract surgery. In 2004 the Canadian federal government invested in a multibillion dollar wait time strategy to shorten the wait time for cataract surgery, a government-insured health service in all Canadian jurisdictions. We assessed if this nationwide policy reduced the number of Canadians waiting for cataract surgery as more individuals with cataract were free of cataract following the rapidly conducted surgery.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study we analyzed data from randomly selected individuals aged ≥ 45 years responding to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) in 2000/2001, 2003, 2005, and the CCHS Healthy Aging in 2008/2009. Information on cataract was obtained from self-reported questionnaire. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of cataract was calculated for comparisons.

Results

Cataract was reported by 0.93 million Canadians in 2000/2001, 0.99 million in 2003, 1.10 million in 2005, and 1.34 million in 2008/2009. This corresponds to an age- and sex-standardized prevalence of 8.9% in 2000/2001, 9.0% in 2003, 9.5% in 2005, and 10.2% (P <0.05) in 2008/2009. The increase in age- and sex-standardized prevalence was greater in individuals without secondary school graduation than those with secondary school graduation or higher (4.3% versus 1.3%, P < 0.05) and was seen in all Canadian provinces. The largest increase was documented in a province (Saskatchewan, from 9.8% in 2000/2001 to 12.6% in 2008/2009, P < 0.05) with the longest median wait times for cataract surgery (118 days in 2008) and the lowest number of ophthalmologists per 100 000 population (1.96 versus 3.35 national average).

Conclusions

The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of cataract increased 4‒5 years after the multibil- lion-dollar wait time strategy was launched in 2004. A lower threshold to diagnose cataract may be one potential reason for this finding. Further research is needed to understand the true reasons for the increase.

Relationship between practices of eye protection against solar ultraviolet radiation and cataract in a rural area

BACKGROUND

Cataract is a public health concern worldwide that differentially affects rural residents of outlying islands where ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may have greater penetration because of less shading.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the relationships between attitudes and practices of eye protection and eye diseases for residents of an offshore island of Taiwan.

METHODS

Questionnaire survey was administered to local residents (age > 50 years) regarding socio-demographic information, attitudes/practices of eye protection under sun exposure and eye diseases.

RESULTS

A total of 816 participants (response rate 90.7%, 816/900) completed the questionnaires. Mean age was 63.7 (+ 10.8) years. Among these participants, 44.4%, 15.1% and 8.3% had cataract, dry eye and glaucoma, respectively. Although 86.3% and 88.2% of participants agreed that they should avoid outdoor activities and wear glasses/broad-brimmed hats in harsh daylight, 69.4% and 48.3% of participants never/rarely used glasses or hats/umbrellas in harsh daylight, respectively. Predictors of less practices of eye protection against solar UVR included residents who were male, with lower education level, with longer residence and lack of commercial health insurance. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that practices of eye protection under sun exposure were significantly associated with less cataract, but not glaucoma or dry eye. Participants who did not wear glasses, broad-brimmed hats/use umbrellas or both in harsh sunlight (almost) every time were respectively associated with a 57% (P = 0.028), 45% (P = 0.027) or 70% (P = 0.026) increase of cataract than those who did in harsh sunlight (almost) every time.

CONCLUSIONS

Practices of eye protection under sun exposure is associated with lower risk of cataract.

Physical activity and risk of age-related cataract

AIM

To summarize quantitatively the prospective association between physical activity and age-related cataract (ARC) risk.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for all relevant follow up studies until July 2019. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from individual studies were used to calculate the overall summary estimates. The dose-response relationship was assessed using generalized least-squares trend estimation.

RESULTS

Six prospective cohort studies, involving 19 173 cases in 6.2-12.1y follow up of 171 620 participants, were included in the analysis. Increased physical activity was significantly associated with reduced risk of ARC by 10% (RR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.81, 0.99, P=0.04). Stratified analysis by assessment method for physical activity suggest that studies using metabolic equivalent (MET) per day tended to report a slightly stronger association with ARC (RR: 0.85; 95%CI: 0.81, 0.90, P<0.001) than studies which assessed activity by weekly activity (RR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.89, 1.03, P=0.24). Dose-response analysis indicated that the risk of ARC decreased by 2% (RR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.98, 0.99, P<0.001) for every 6 METs per day increase in activity.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this Meta-analysis provide additional evidence that increased physical activity is inversely associated with ARC risk dose-responsively.

Crude and standardized prevalences of cataract and related factors in the elderly people in Northern Iran

Purpose:

This study aims to estimate the crude and standardized prevalences of cataract and its related factors among old people in northern parts of Iran.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was carried out among 397 people aged 60 and older in northern Iran. Required information about treated and nontreated cataract was collected using a standard checklist. The World Standard Population was applied for direct standardization.

Results:

The standardized prevalence (95% confidence interval) of cataract among men, women, and all people were 27.5% (21.2–33.8), 30.9% (24.5–37.4), and 29.1% (24.6–33.6), respectively. Based on multivariate logistic regression models, age over 75 years (OR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.21–7.59), living alone (OR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.86‒12.86), diabetes mellitus (odds ratio = 19.10, 95% confidence interval: 8.13–44.89), rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 7.76, 95% CI: 2.32–25.99), history of infectious diseases (OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.35‒11.98), hypertension (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.59–6.42), history of ophthalmic surgery (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.29–6.16), history of sedative drug use (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.35–5.47), history of vitamin supplementation use (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08–0.55), and familial history of cataract (OR = 2.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.38–5.72) increased the odds of cataract. Our multiple logistic regression model explained 53% of the variation in developing cataract.

Conclusion:

Our study showed that the prevalence of cataract in the study population was relatively high. We also found that aging, living alone, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, infectious diseases, ophthalmic surgery, sedative drugs and familial history of cataract were the risk factors of cataract and vitamin supplementations were its protective factors.

Frailty and health care use among community-dwelling older adults with diabetes: a population-based study

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of frailty and its relationship with health care use among community-dwelling older adults with diabetes.

Methods

We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years and above (n=3,203) participating in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan. A total of 719 participants had a history of self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes. The presence of frailty was determined based on the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss of weight (FRAIL) scale proposed by the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. FRAIL scores range from 0 to 5 and are categorized as frail (3–5), pre-frail (1–2), and robust (0). Participants were asked whether they had been hospitalized or had visited an emergency department in the past year.

Results

Among community-dwelling older adults with diabetes, 9.4% of participants were frail and 35.3 % were pre-frail. After adjustment for other factors, being frail was significantly associated with hospitalization during the past year (OR =5.31, 95% CI =1.87–15.10), whereas being pre-frail was not associated with hospitalization. Both being pre-frail and frail were significantly associated with emergency department visits during the past year (OR =2.64, 95% CI =1.35–5.17 and OR =4.05, 95% CI =1.31–12.49, respectively) after adjustment for other factors.

Conclusion

Our results highlight the high prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older adults with diabetes. Furthermore, being frail is associated with a greater burden of hospitalizations and emergency department visits.

Frequency of Cataract in Iran: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

PURPOSE:

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness and the second cause of low vision in the world. In the world, Asia has the highest number of blind population. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the frequency of clinical cataracts in Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The frequency of clinical cataract was defined based on the international criteria and the measured outcome of the disease. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. We explored PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, and national databases (scientific information database, Magiran) to evaluate the clinical cataract of cataract in the Iranian populations from 1995 to July 2017. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 14.0 software.

RESULTS:

Of 283 studies, 27 studies utilized meta-analysis. In 2017, the pooled overall frequency of clinical cataract in 59668 people was 9.27% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.09, 10.45, I² = 98.82%). Based on subgroup analysis, in the random effect method, the frequency of clinical cataract in males and females were 8.03% (CI: 6.78, 9.28) and 8.32% (CI: 7.08, 9.55), respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Regarding the high frequency of clinical cataract in Iran, it seems that paying attention to the results of the current study and the application of international policy plans may contribute to better cataract control in Iran.

Accessibility of ophthalmic healthcare for residents of an offshore island-an example of integrated delivery system

BACKGROUND

To assess the utilization of and satisfaction with ophthalmic healthcare provided by integrated delivery system (IDS) since 2000 and vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) for residents of an offshore island of Taiwan.

METHODS

Facilitators interviewed residents (age ≥ 50 years) with the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) for VRQoL and a questionnaire on clinical information, ophthalmic care utilization and satisfaction.

RESULTS

A total of 841 participants (response rate 93.4 %, 841/900) completed the questionnaire survey. Mean age was 63.7 (±10. 7) years. The common eye diseases were cataract (44.7 %), dry eye (15.5 %), and glaucoma (8.7 %). Among the participants, 61.0 % sought ophthalmic care under the IDS in the past year and 17.6 % experienced unmet ophthalmic needs in the past 6 months. Satisfaction with ophthalmic care under the IDS was 88.1 %. Determinants of dissatisfaction under the IDS were distance to healthcare facility and VRQoL. Predictors of VRQoL included age, residential area, marital status, occupation, comorbid condition, commercial insurance, household income, cataracts and glaucoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of IDS improves accessibility of ophthalmic care for residents of an offshore island. Geographic proximity to avail healthcare facility and VRQoL affect satisfaction with the IDS.

Childbearing May Increase the Risk of Nondiabetic Cataract in Chinese Women's Old Age

Backgrounds. Ocular changes may arise during pregnancy and after childbirth, but very few studies have reported the association between childbearing and cataract among older adults. Methods. 14,292 individuals aged 60+ years were recruited in Xiamen, China, in 2013. Physician-diagnosed cataract and diabetes status were assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. Childbearing status was measured by number of children (NOC). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among NOC, diabetes, and cataract. Gender-specific logistic models regressing nondiabetic cataract on NOC were performed by adjusting some covariates. Results. 14,119 participants had complete data, of whom 5.01% suffered from cataract, with higher prevalence in women than men (6.41% versus 3.51%). Estimates of SEM models for women suggested that both NOC and diabetes were risk factors for cataract and that no correlation existed between NOC and diabetes. Women who had one or more children faced roughly 2–4 times higher risk of nondiabetic cataract than their childless counterparts (OR [95% CI] = 3.88 [1.24, 17.71], 3.21 [1.04, 14.52], 4.32 [1.42, 19.44], 4.41 [1.46, 19.74], and 3.98 [1.28, 18.10] for having 1, 2, 3, 4-5, and 6 or more children, resp.). Conclusions. Childbearing may increase the risk of nondiabetic cataract in Chinese women's older age.