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Zhong X, Ding J, Wang Z, Gao Y, Wu Y, Shen Y, Song H, Zhao Z, Chen X, Zhang P, Xu G, Yao C, Zhang H, Zhong F, Tang Y, Wang H, Wang W, Li W, Zhang W, Zhu S, Shang M. Risk Factors Associated With Abnormal Urinalysis in Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:649068. [PMID: 33869116 PMCID: PMC8044805 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.649068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Targeted urinalysis has been suggested to improve screening efficiency in adults. However, there is no well-defined target population in children yet, with limited information on the risk factors for urinalysis abnormalities. Methods: Children from infants to 17 years old were randomly selected. Dipstick urinalysis was initially performed. Among those who were abnormal, a repeat dipstick or dipstick with microscopic urinalysis was performed for confirmation. Results: In total, 70,822 children were included, with 37,866 boys and 32,956 girls. Prevalence of abnormal urinalysis was 4.3%. Age was significantly associated with abnormal urinalysis, with the highest prevalence among 12-14-year-olds. Girls were 2.0 times more likely to exhibit abnormalities. Compared with children whose guardians had a college degree or higher, those whose guardians had a high school degree or lower had a higher likelihood of abnormalities. Geographic location was also associated with abnormal results. Conclusion: Girls, children aged 12-14 years old, and children whose guardians had a low educational level and children in certain geographic locations were significantly associated with abnormal urinalysis. Identification of children at high risk would contribute to targeted urinalysis screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhao
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Infant Healthcare Section, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Puhong Zhang
- Diabetes Research Program, The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guobin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanxia Zhang
- Department of Infant Healthcare Section, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sainan Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Shang
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Alharthi AA, Taha AA, Edrees AE, Elnawawy AN, Abdelrahman AH. Screening for urine abnormalities among preschool children in western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2014; 35:1477-81. [PMID: 25491212 PMCID: PMC4362158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the frequency of urinary problems among preschool children. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1000 preschool asymptomatic children attending the outpatient clinics of the Children's Hospital, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between August 2013 and December 2013 were subjected to dipstick urine analysis. Microscopic examination was performed for the abnormal dipstick samples, and children with hematuria were investigated for kidney function. RESULTS Dipstick urine analysis revealed abnormal findings in 25.1% of the screened children. The most common dipstick abnormalities were positive nitrite test in 18.1%, hematuria in 16.9%, and positive leukocyte esterase test in 14.3% of the cases. The most common abnormality in microscopic urine examination was crystals in 13% of the cases. Pyuria were evident in 5% of cases and hematuria in 2.5%. The most common bacteria in positive urine culture samples was Escherichia coli in 62.6%. CONCLUSION In view of these important findings, dipstick screening should be implemented in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A. Alharthi
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department (Alharthi), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha, Elnawawy), Department of Medicine (Edrees, Abdelrahman), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha), Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt.
| | - Azza A. Taha
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department (Alharthi), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha, Elnawawy), Department of Medicine (Edrees, Abdelrahman), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha), Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt.
| | - Awatif E. Edrees
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department (Alharthi), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha, Elnawawy), Department of Medicine (Edrees, Abdelrahman), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha), Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt.
| | - Ali N. Elnawawy
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department (Alharthi), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha, Elnawawy), Department of Medicine (Edrees, Abdelrahman), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha), Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt.
| | - Azza H. Abdelrahman
- From the Pediatric Nephrology Department (Alharthi), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha, Elnawawy), Department of Medicine (Edrees, Abdelrahman), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Taha), Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt.
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