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Patjamontri S, Spiers A, Smith RB, Shen C, Adaway J, Keevil BG, Toledano MB, Faisal Ahmed S. Salivary androgens in adolescence and their value as a marker of puberty: results from the SCAMP cohort. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230084. [PMID: 37800674 PMCID: PMC10692692 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Context Salivary androgens represent non-invasive biomarkers of puberty that may have utility in clinical and population studies. Objective To understand normal age-related variation in salivary sex steroids and demonstrate their correlation to pubertal development in young adolescents. Design, setting and participants School-based cohort study of 1495 adolescents at two time points for collecting saliva samples approximately 2 years apart. Outcome measures The saliva samples were analyzed for five androgens (testosterone, androstenedione (A4), 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; in addition, salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and oestradiol (OE2) were analysed by ELISA. The pubertal staging was self-reported using the Pubertal Development Scale (PDS). Results In 1236 saliva samples from 903 boys aged between 11 and 16 years, salivary androgens except DHEA exhibited an increasing trend with an advancing age (ANOVA, P < 0.001), with salivary testosterone and A4 concentration showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.55, P < 0.001 and r = 0.48, P < 0.001, respectively). In a subgroup analysis of 155 and 63 saliva samples in boys and girls, respectively, morning salivary testosterone concentrations showed the highest correlation with composite PDS scores and voice-breaking category from PDS self-report in boys (r = 0.75, r = 0.67, respectively). In girls, salivary DHEA and OE2 had negligible correlations with age or composite PDS scores. Conclusion In boys aged 11-16 years, an increase in salivary testosterone and A4 is associated with self-reported pubertal progress and represents valid non-invasive biomarkers of puberty in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitcha Patjamontri
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexander Spiers
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel B Smith
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chen Shen
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Adaway
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mireille B Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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Wang H, Zhang S, Wu S, Qin S, Liu C. Cortisol awakening response and testosterone jointly affect adolescents' theory of mind. Horm Behav 2022; 146:105258. [PMID: 36116196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of neurobiological processes and hormone secretion. Recent studies on the dual-hormone hypothesis have indicated that basal cortisol and testosterone jointly affect dominant and aggressive behavior among adolescents and adults. Whether this hypothesis applies to prosocial-related understanding of others' mental states remains unclear. The present study investigated associations between basal testosterone, basal cortisol (and cortisol awakening response [CAR]), and the cognitive/affective theory of mind (ToM) in 243 adolescents (67.9 % male, aged 14 to 17 years, Mage = 16.09, standard deviation = 0.62). Cognitive ToM (cToM) and affective ToM (aToM) were assessed with a cartoon story reasoning task: In the cToM condition, participants viewed a comic strip story and needed to predict what would happen based on a character's intentions, and in the aToM condition, they viewed a comic strip of two characters interacting and needed to think about what would make the protagonist feel better. The results showed that basal testosterone and basal cortisol did not interact with each other to affect the performance of ToM, either in terms of ToM accuracy or response speed. However, under the condition of low CAR, testosterone is associated with the fast performance of cToM, although the interaction of testosterone and CAR occurred only in female adolescents. Overall, our data provide new evidence for the dual-hormone hypothesis and further extend the hypothesis to social understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Sihui Zhang
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China.
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3
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Romanova Z, Karailievova L, Garafova A, Hlavacova N, Oravcova H, Jezova D. Testosterone but not cortisol concentrations in hair correlate between mothers and their prepubertal children under real-life stress conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 143:105844. [PMID: 35772281 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that there is an association between the neuroendocrine state, reflected by testosterone and cortisol concentrations in hair, of the mother and her child under difficult real-life stress conditions (COVID-19 pandemic). The research sample consisted of 45 healthy mothers and their prepubertal children (7 - 11 years) of both sexes. The hair samples of mother-child dyads were collected twice to obtain cumulative stress hormone concentrations from April till the end of June and July till the end of September 2020. Thus, 90 mother-child pairs were analyzed. The results showed that both cortisol and testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in the hair of mothers compared to those in their children. The results of cortisol concentrations in hair do not support the hypothesis stated above. In line with our hypothesis are the results of hair testosterone measurements showing a positive correlation between testosterone concentrations in mothers and their children. With respect to the known relationship of testosterone with aggressive behavior, an important finding is that above-mentioned correlation was particularly strong in women with intense subjective feelings of anger in the investigated three months period. Women with strongly prevalent subjective feelings of sadness failed to show a significant correlation between hair cortisol concentrations in mothers and their children, in spite of the known relationship of cortisol to depressive mood. It may be suggested that chronic testosterone secretion reflects the association between the neuroendocrine function of the mother and her child under real-life stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Romanova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L Karailievova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - A Garafova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Slovak Medical University, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bratislava, Antolska 11, 851 07 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - N Hlavacova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - H Oravcova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - D Jezova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Babarro I, Andiarena A, Fano E, García-Baquero G, Lebeña A, Arranz-Freijo EB, Ibarluzea J. Do prepubertal hormones, 2D:4D index and psychosocial context jointly explain 11-year-old preadolescents' involvement in bullying? Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108379. [PMID: 35690279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullying is a type of aggressive behavior that occurs repeatedly and intentionally in school environments and where there is a power imbalance. The main objective of this study was to analyze the association that hormones and the psychosocial context jointly have with bullying behavior. METHOD Participants were 302 11-year-old preadolescents from the Gipuzkoan cohort of the INMA Project. Bullying was assessed using the Olweus Bully/victim Questionnaire. Prenatal sexual hormones were assessed by calculating 2D:4D ratio and in order to measure prepubertal testosterone and cortisol levels saliva samples were collected within a week of each other. Additionally, various psychosocial factors were evaluated: executive function, family context, school environment and social context. To analyze our complex hypothesis, six metamodels were tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS In relation to victims, results showed that victimization was related to worse school environment' perception in boys, and higher stress and conflict in the family in girls. In the case of their involvement in bullying as a bully, lower salivary cortisol levels, worse school environment' perception and lower peers and social support was related to being more frequently involved as a bully in boys, while having more family stress and conflict was related with being a bully in girls. CONCLUSIONS This approach makes it possible not only to explore the different biological and psychosocial factors affect bullying behavior, but also to explore associations between the predictor variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Babarro
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fano
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García-Baquero
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lebeña
- University of Linköping, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Enrique B Arranz-Freijo
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus Ibarluzea
- Faculty of Psychology of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, 20013 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
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Psotta R, Kraus J, Krejčí M, Juras G. Phasic alertness indicated by simple motor reaction time in late childhood: The effect of age and sex. ACTA GYMNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2021.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Owen DL, Sjaastad LE, Farrar MA. Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:2031-2041. [PMID: 31591259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of a comprehensive regulatory T (Treg) cell compartment in the thymus is required to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. In this study, we review cellular and molecular determinants of Treg cell development in the thymus. We focus on the evidence for a self-antigen-focused Treg cell repertoire as well as the APCs responsible for presenting self-antigens to developing thymocytes. We also cover the contribution of different cytokines to thymic Treg development and the cellular populations that produce these cytokines. Finally, we update the originally proposed "two-step" model of thymic Treg differentiation by incorporating new evidence demonstrating that Treg cells develop from two Treg progenitor populations and discuss the functional importance of Treg cells generated via either progenitor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Owen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Louisa E Sjaastad
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Development of a Derivatization Method for Investigating Testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Saliva Samples from Young Professional Soccer Players Pre- and Post-Training. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm87020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) combined with electrospray ionization (ESI) has been widely used for determining low concentrations of steroids, and derivatization has often been employed to enhance detection. In the present study, endogenous steroids were extracted using a Strata-XL polymeric reverse phase cartridge. The isolated steroids were reacted with 2-hydrazino-1- methylpyridine (HMP) at 50 °C for 30 min. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used in a positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the quantification of testosterone (T) and its precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), in saliva samples collected from twenty young Saudi professional soccer players. The analytes were separated on an ACE Ultracore 2.5 Superphenylhexyl column (150 × 3.0 mm id). The extraction recovery during the pre-treatment was >89% and gave <±20% for inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 20 pg/mL for (T and DHEA) and 50 pg/mL for Epitestosterone (EPI). The results showed no significant variation in the concentration of T between pre and post training, whereas DHEA was significantly increased after short-term exercise. These results could indicate that there is no correlation between T and its precursor DHEA level following short term physical activity. EPI concentrations could not be detected with a LOQ of 50 pg/mL in the saliva samples.
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Op de Macks ZA, Bunge SA, Bell ON, Wilbrecht L, Kriegsfeld LJ, Kayser AS, Dahl RE. Risky decision-making in adolescent girls: The role of pubertal hormones and reward circuitry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:77-91. [PMID: 27591399 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by a greater tendency to take risks. While the adult literature has shown that sex steroids influence reward-related brain functioning and risk taking, research on the role of these hormones during puberty is limited. In this study, we examined the relation between pubertal hormones and adolescent risk taking using a probabilistic decision-making task. In this task, participants could choose on each trial to play or pass based on explicit information about the risk level and stakes involved in their decision. We administered this task to 58 11-to-13-year-old girls while functional MRI images were obtained to examine reward-related brain processes associated with their risky choices. Results showed that higher testosterone levels were associated with increased risk taking, which was mediated by increased medial orbitofrontal cortex activation. Furthermore, higher estradiol levels were associated with increased nucleus accumbens activation, which in turn related to decreased risk taking. These findings offer potential neuroendocrine mechanisms that can explain why some adolescent girls might engage in more risk taking compared to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňa A Op de Macks
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2310 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2310 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Orly N Bell
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2310 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2310 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2310 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA; Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, 1121 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1690, USA
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9
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Kilian Y, Engel F, Wahl P, Achtzehn S, Sperlich B, Mester J. Markers of biological stress in response to a single session of high-intensity interval training and high-volume training in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2177-2186. [PMID: 27614882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs high-volume training (HVT) on salivary stress markers [cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), alpha-amylase (sAA)], metabolic and cardiorespiratory response in young athletes. METHODS Twelve young male cyclists (14 ± 1 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 mL min-1 kg-1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of HIIT (4 × 4 min intervals at 90-95 % peak power output separated by 3 min of active rest) and one session of HVT (90 min constant load at 60 % peak power output). The levels of sC, sT, their ratio (sT/sC) and sAA were determined before and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after each intervention. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress was characterized by blood lactate, blood pH, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), ventilation (V E) and ventilatory equivalent (V E/[Formula: see text]). RESULTS sC increased 30 and 60 min after HIIT. However, 180 min post exercise, sC decreased below baseline levels in both conditions. sT increased 0 and 30 min after HIIT and 0 min after HVT. sAA and sT/sC ratio did not change significantly over time in HIIT nor HVT. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress, evidenced by blood lactate, HR, [Formula: see text], V E, and V E/[Formula: see text] was higher during HIIT compared to HVT. CONCLUSION The metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress during HIIT was higher compared to HVT, but based on salivary analyses (cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase), we conclude no strong acute catabolic effects neither by HIIT nor by HVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kilian
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Florian Engel
- Research Centre for School Sports and the Physical Education of Children and Young Adults, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Büttler RM, Peper JS, Crone EA, Lentjes EGW, Blankenstein MA, Heijboer AC. Reference values for salivary testosterone in adolescent boys and girls determined using Isotope-Dilution Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS). Clin Chim Acta 2016; 456:15-18. [PMID: 26920638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of testosterone in saliva is an attractive alternative to serum analysis due to the simple and non-invasive sample collection. In children and adolescents salivary testosterone is mainly measured to investigate whether puberty has started or not. This study aimed to establish reference values for salivary testosterone during puberty in boys and girls. We measured salivary testosterone using ID-LC-MS/MS in a cohort of 131 girls and 123 boys of whom each had salivary testosterone measured at two time points during puberty. Salivary testosterone concentrations start to increase with the start of puberty around eight years and continuously increase up to adult concentrations in the following ten years. Reference values were calculated using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS)-curve fitting method and provided per year from 8 to 26 years of age in boys and girls. These reference ranges may help clinicians and researchers to interpret salivary testosterone results in both individual patients and study subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel M Büttler
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiska S Peper
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eef G W Lentjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marinus A Blankenstein
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1361-8. [PMID: 20853205 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supra-maximal exercise on circulating concentrations of salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A in female adolescents. Nineteen apparently healthy females aged 15-16 years participated in this study. All participants completed 668 s sprints, interspersed with 30 s recovery intervals on a cycle ergometer. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A samples were taken before and 5 min after exercise. Experimental procedures continued over two mornings, at least 3 h after a light breakfast. Participants refrained from performing any strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to the exercise test. None of the participants were engaged in a structured training programme. The group mean (± s) for peak power output was 562 ± 113.0 W. Female adolescents recruited for this study showed no changes in salivary testosterone, cortisol or immunoglobulin A following repeated bouts of supra-maximal cycling (P > 0.05). To date, there has been a paucity of information concerning adolescents' hormonal and mucosal immune function responses to supra-maximal exercise. Our data provide further guidance with regard to physical activities and sports prescription for female adolescents. Further research, on a larger sample of females, is required to elucidate the physiological significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Thomas
- Centre for Children and Young People's Health and Well-Being, School of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Corbett L, Muir C, Ludwa IA, Yao M, Timmons BW, Falk B, Klentrou P. Correlates of mucosal immunity and upper respiratory tract infections in girls. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:579-87. [PMID: 20662331 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined whether salivary hormones, physical activity and adiposity were correlated with secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and frequency of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in 43 early-pubertal and 59 late-pubertal girls. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers and relative body fat was assessed using bioelectrical impendence. Resting saliva samples were obtained between 1500 and 1800 hr and assayed for sIgA, cortisol and testosterone. Participants completed a one-month health log to record URTI frequency. Early-pubertal girls were more physically active, had less adiposity, but lower concentrations of sIgA than late-pubertal adolescents (122.7 +/- 91.6 vs 201.9 +/- 102.9 pg/ml, respectively). The frequency of URTI was similar in the two groups. Neither sIgA nor URTI were correlated with salivary hormones, physical activity or adiposity within the early-pubertal girls. In the late-pubertal group, sIgA was negatively associated (r = -0.44; p < 0.05) with cortisol, and positively associated (r = 0.41; p < 0.05) with the testosterone to cortisol ratio. These results suggest that mucosal immunity increases with pubertal maturation, while higher cortisol is associated with lower mucosal immunity in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Corbett
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
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The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15–16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:455-61. [PMID: 19669787 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Celec P, Ostatníková D, Holešová Z, Minárik G, Ficek A, Kelemenová S, Putz Z, Kúdela M. Spatial Abilities in Prepubertal Intellectually Gifted Boys and Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Testosterone Metabolism. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803.23.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spatial abilities are known to be related to testosterone levels in men. Polymorphisms of genes related to androgen metabolism, however, have not been previously analyzed in association with spatial abilities. Our study analyzes genetic polymorphisms of androgen receptor (AR), aromatase (CYP19), and 5-alpha reductase (SRD5A2) in relation to mental rotation and spatial visualization in prepubertal intellectually gifted boys. DNA samples of 36 boys with an average age of 10.0 ± 0.7 years and an IQ higher than 130 were isolated from buccal cells in saliva. DNA was subsequently used for amplification by PCR. The CYP19 C1558-T polymorphism and SRD5A2 A49T polymorphism were determined by RFLP analysis, and the AR (CAG)n polymorphism was determined by fragment analysis. Salivary testosterone levels were measured with radioimmunoassay. Spatial abilities (mental rotation and spatial visualization) were assessed using standard psychometric tests. AR and CYP19 polymorphisms were not associated with spatial abilities. Heterozygotes in A49T polymorphisms (AT) of SRD5A2 had significantly better results in both mental rotation and spatial visualization tests compared to AA homozygotes. TT homozygotes were not found. The T allele of A49T polymorphism of the SRD5A2 was reported to have a 5-fold increased activity in comparison to the A allele. AT heterozygotes outscored AA homozygotes in tests of spatial performance. Since dihydrotestosterone – the product of 5-alpha reductase catalyzed reaction – has a higher affinity to AR, this might indicate a potential molecular mechanism for the influence of SRD5A2 polymorphism on spatial abilities in intellectually gifted prepubertal boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Celec
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Ostatníková
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Holešová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriel Minárik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Ficek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Kelemenová
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdeněk Putz
- National Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, L’ubochňa, Slovak Republic
| | - Matúš Kúdela
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ostatníková D, Celec P, Putz Z, Hodosy J, Schmidt F, Laznibatová J, Kúdela M. Intelligence and salivary testosterone levels in prepubertal children. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:1378-85. [PMID: 17166527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormones are one of the regulatory systems influencing brain-cognition interactions and subsequent emotions and behavior in humans and animals. Sex hormones have been found to influence brain structures prenatally, so as to prepare targeted neuronal circuits for activation during and after puberty. Testosterone is believed to affect cognition and thinking in humans as well as between-sex differences in cognitive abilities. AIM The aim of this paper was to investigate associations between testosterone and different levels of intelligence in young prepubertal children of both sexes. METHODS Two hundred and eighty four prepubertal children of both sexes between 6 and 9 years of age provided saliva samples. Of these, 107 were intellectually gifted (IQ above 130), 100 children of average intelligence--randomly chosen from general population (IQ between 70 and 130), and 77 children mentally challenged (IQ less than 70). RESULTS Our results have revealed the differences in salivary testosterone levels in boys grouped according to IQ, intellectually gifted and mentally challenged boys having lower salivary testosterone levels than their peers characterized by average intelligence proposing the common biological characteristic of minority IQ groups on both ends of the Gauss curve. In girls, no differences in salivary testosterone levels were found among IQ groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are the first that present the relationship between testosterone and the broad range of general IQ in childhood. The boys of average intelligence had significantly higher testosterone levels than both mentally challenged and intellectually gifted boys, with the latter two groups showing no significant difference between each other. The functional implications of the brain-cognition interactions remain to be fully explored with regard to the internal milieu influencing neural substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ostatníková
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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