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Støve MP, Hirata RP, Palsson TS. Regional and widespread pain sensitivity decreases following stretching in both men and women - Indications of stretch-induced hypoalgesia. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:32-37. [PMID: 38876646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of sex on regional and widespread pain sensitivity following acute bouts of stretching and to investigate the acute effect of stretching on regional and widespread pain sensitivity following stretching. METHODS 73 healthy adults (36 females; mean age 25.6 ± 6.7 years) with an age range from 19 to 62 years were recruited for this experimental study. Regional and distant pain pressure pain thresholds, passive knee extension range of motion and passive resistive torque were measured before and 30 s after four bouts of 30-s static muscle stretching of the knee flexors with 20-s rest between bouts. RESULTS No significant sex differences were found for pressure pain thresholds (p > 0.132), range of motion (p = 0.446) or passive resistive torque (p = 0.559) between pre-stretch and post-stretch measures. There were significant increases in pressure pain thresholds (p = 0.010), range of motion (p = 0.001) and passive resistive torque (p = 0.007) between pre-stretch and post-stretch measures. CONCLUSION Muscle stretching significantly decreased regional and widespread pain sensitivity, indicating that central pain-modulating mechanisms are engaged during muscle stretching, resulting in stretch-induced hypoalgesia. Moreover, the results showed that the effect of stretching on regional and widespread pain sensitivity is not sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Pallisgaard Støve
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN) Selma Lagerløfs Vej 2, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark. https://twitter.com/mortenstoeve
| | - Rogerio Pessoto Hirata
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7D, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
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2
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Patterson RD, Zettlemoyer A, Plackowski M, Baker R, Cheatham SW, Nasypany A. The Effects of TMR® Fab 6 on Hamstring Flexibility in Healthy Subjects; An Exploratory Observational Investigation. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:877-887. [PMID: 38966827 PMCID: PMC11221334 DOI: 10.26603/001c.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stretching programs are designed to improve hamstring flexibility by attempting to mechanically increase the length of the target tissue. However, other manual treatment approaches such as those utilized in Total Motion Release (TMR®), could be beneficial by identifying body asymmetries to assess and treat soft tissue impairments leading to diminished extensibility. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the TMR® Fab 6 assessment and treatment to increase hamstring flexibility in healthy participants following one session of TMR®. Study Design Observational Cohort study. Methods A convenience sample of 20 healthy participants (10 males, 10 females) were recruited from three institutions. Following collection of demographic information and a brief medical history, each participant performed a five minute warm-up on the stationary bike at a moderate intensity (80-90 RPMs) followed immediately by the bilateral performance of the Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Passive Straight Leg Raise (PSLR) to assess hamstring muscle length. Participants were randomly placed in the TMR® or control group. The TMR® group completed the "Fab 6" evaluation and treatment, while the control group performed one repetition of standing active hip flexion every 30-seconds for 15-minutes with both knees in full extension. Upon completion of treatment, control and TMR® groups were immediately re-evaluated on the AKET and the PSLR in the same order and fashion as baseline testing. Participants were asked to return in 24-hours for the same objective measurements as previously described. Results A significant time by group interaction was identified across all variables (p ≤ 0.001) for AKET and PSLR except the PSLR preferred leg from post-treatment to 24hr follow-up. The most significant increase in the AKET occurred in the TMR® group between baseline and post-treatment of the non-preferred leg (12.15°±2.94) when compared to the control group (7.15°±1.56). Conclusion The results of the study suggest that implementing a regionally interdependent treatment approach like TMR® results in significant improvements in hamstring extensibility and hip ROM compared to the control group. Level of evidence 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Plackowski
- Health Sciences and Human MovementColorado State University Pueblo
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3
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Boltz AJ, Hooper N, Satalich J, Cheatham S, O'Connell R, Rao N, Garcia RE, Collins CL, Chandran A. Epidemiology of Hamstring Tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: Findings From the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program Between 2014/2015 and 2018/2019. Clin J Sport Med 2024:00042752-990000000-00198. [PMID: 38896546 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of hamstring tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. Athletic trainers from NCAA schools reported injuries to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. SETTING A convenience sample of NCAA hamstring tear injuries during the 2014/2015 through 2018/2019 academic years. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS NCAA student-athletes. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Sport, sex, event type, season segment, injury history, and activity at the time of injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used. RESULTS Two thousand ninety-six hamstring tears from 8 474 400 athlete-exposures (AEs) were reported (2.47 per 10 000 AEs). Rates were highest in Men's Soccer (5.97 per 10 000 AEs) and Women's Soccer (3.13 per 10 000 AEs), among all Men's and Women's sports, respectively. Competition-related rates in Men's and Women's sports were highest in 2015 to 2016 then followed a decreasing pattern across the remainder of the study period. Among sex-comparable sports, rates were higher in men's (compared with women's) Baseball/Softball, Soccer, and Track and Field. The prevalence of recurrent injuries was comparable among men's (14.8%) and women's (11.5%) sports. Time loss hamstring tears were more prevalent in Men's sports than Women's sports [injury proportion ratio = 1.33; 95% confidence interval, (1.21, 1.47)]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, hamstring tear rates were higher across all Men's sports compared with Women's sports. Rates across event type were comparable in several sports; and so, adjustments to practice are needed considering that practice environments are more modifiable than competitions. Indeed, improving hamstring tear prevention programs to reduce the burden of this injury in NCAA athletes remains critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Boltz
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas Hooper
- Department of General Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - James Satalich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Seth Cheatham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert O'Connell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Neel Rao
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Reagan E Garcia
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christy L Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, Indiana
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4
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Cosio PL, Moreno-Simonet L, Porcelli A, Lloret M, Padulles X, Padulles JM, Farran-Codina A, Cadefau JA. Assessment of inter-individual variability in hamstring muscle recovery after a sport-specific sprint training in women and men. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1331878. [PMID: 38264326 PMCID: PMC10803508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1331878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring muscles are most affected by multiple sprint-based sports as a result of muscle strain during sprinting, leading to reduced performance and increased risk of injury. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess inter-individual variability in hamstrings recovery after a sport-specific repeated-sprint training (RST), through sprint-specific markers of muscle recovery and associated muscle damage biomarkers in women and men. Methods: Healthy females (n = 14) and males (n = 15) underwent 10 repeated 40-m sprints with a 3-min rest pause between each repetition. Force-generating capacity (FGC) by the 90° hip :20° knee test and range of motion Jurdan test, together with serum biomarkers [sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (sMtCK), oxidative stress, irisin] were tested at baseline and 24-, 48- and 72-h post-exercise through a repeated measures design. Participants were classified according to FGC loss into high responders (HR) and low responders (LR). Results: 21 individuals (10 females, 11 males) were classified as HR (FGC loss >20% and recovery >48 h), while 8 individuals (4 females, 4 males) were classified as LR. HR individuals showed unrecovered maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque until 72 h post-training (p = 0.003, np 2 = 0.170), whereas only HR males showed decreased range of motion (p = 0.026, np 2 = 0.116). HR individuals also showed increased sMtCK (p = 0.016, np 2 = 0.128), oxidative stress (p = 0.038, np 2 = 0.106) and irisin (p = 0.019, np 2 = 0.123). Conclusion: There is inter-individual variability in the muscular response to a sport-specific RST, identifiable by MVIC torque assessment. The findings support that the 90° hip :20° knee test is a powerful indirect test to screen hamstrings recovery in both women and men, in a cost-effective way. However, the Jurdan test might not be able to monitor hamstrings recovery in sportswomen after RST. Decreases in muscle capacity are linked to damage to muscle sarcolemma and mitochondria until 72 h post-exercise. Overall, 72 h will not be adequate time to restore hamstrings structure and function after a sport-specific RST in both female and male responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Cosio
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lia Moreno-Simonet
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aniello Porcelli
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A. Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Laszlo S, Jonsson KB. Increasing incidence of surgically treated hamstring injuries: a nationwide registry study in Sweden between 2001 and 2020. Acta Orthop 2023; 94:336-341. [PMID: 37417907 PMCID: PMC10327580 DOI: 10.2340/17453674.2023.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Data on incidence and on trends in treatment of hamstring injuries, including proximal hamstring tendon avulsions (PHA), is limited. We aimed to investigate the incidence, trends in operative treatment, age, and sex distribution of hamstring injuries in Sweden between 2001 and 2020. PATIENTS AND METHODS We obtained data recorded in the National Patient Register between 2001 and 2020 on patients between 18 and 90 years of age, with the ICD-10 code S76.3, to calculate the incidence of patients treated operatively for hamstring injuries in Sweden. Patients with the NOMESCO classification NFL49 were considered as having been treated operatively. Data on quadriceps and Achilles tendon injuries were obtained for comparison. To calculate incidences, adult population data for every year were obtained from the Statistics Sweden website. RESULTS The incidence of patients diagnosed with hamstring injuries increased from 2.2 to 7.3 per 100,000 person-years. There was a rising trend of surgical treatment per diagnosed case from 3.0% to 14.2%. Patients diagnosed in units with the highest experience of surgical treatment of hamstring injuries tended to be operated on more often (22.2%) than patients diagnosed in units with limited experience (5.1%), although the fraction of operated patients was increasing in both groups. CONCLUSION Between 2001 and 2020 there was an increase in the proportion of operatively treated hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laszlo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth B Jonsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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O'Sullivan L, Preszler J, Tanaka M. Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation and Prevention in the Female Athlete. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:1184-1193. [PMID: 36262421 PMCID: PMC9528714 DOI: 10.26603/001c.38254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries (HSIs) are common in female athletes and are associated with a lengthy recovery period and a high rate of reinjury. Currently, the majority of existing literature investigating HSI rehabilitation has been conducted using male participants. However, female athletes display intrinsic anatomical and biomechanical differences compared to males that influences the way this population experiences HSIs and HSI rehabilitation. HSI rehabilitation and injury prevention guidelines for female athletes must take these differences into account. Female athletes display anatomical differences such as increased anterior pelvic tilting, gluteus maximus weakness, an increased pelvic width-to-femoral length ratio, and an increased degree of femoral anteversion, all of which can predispose females to HSIs. Maneuvers designed to strengthen the gluteal musculature and transverse abdominis can overcome these risk factors. Females show increased joint laxity and a greater range of motion of hip flexion and internal rotation compared to males. Females have lower passive hamstring stiffness than males, therefore hamstring flexibility exercises may not be as necessary during rehabilitation for females as in the male athlete population. Female athletes may instead benefit from trunk stabilization exercises and agility training due to neuromuscular control deficits that arise from the maturation and growth of the female pelvis. Existing literature on hamstring injury prevention shows consistent use of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise and balance exercises may reduce the risk of sustaining an HSI in both males and females, though more studies are needed to ascertain the optimal regimen for injury prevention in the female athlete population specifically. The goal of this clinical commentary is to discuss sex-specific anatomic and biomechanical differences of the lumbar, pelvic, and hip regions with the aim of providing guidelines for rehabilitation and injury prevention of HSIs in female athletes. Level of Evidence 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miho Tanaka
- Women's Sports Medicine Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
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7
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Which stretching instruction should be given to assess joint maximal range of motion? J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 31:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Versteeg JPM, Thijs KM, Zuithoff NPA, Backx FJG, Huisstede BMA. Hamstring‐and‐lower‐back flexibility is not related to hamstring‐and‐lower‐back injuries in elite female soccer players. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce P. M. Versteeg
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Karin M. Thijs
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Sports Medical Centre FIFA Medical Center Royal Netherlands Football Association Zeist The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank J. G. Backx
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bionka M. A. Huisstede
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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9
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Nagai T, Bates N, McPherson A, Hale R, Hewett T, Schilaty ND. Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1302-1312. [PMID: 34631251 PMCID: PMC8486399 DOI: 10.26603/001c.27986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains. PURPOSE To establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional research. METHODS Isokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01). RESULTS A total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984). CONCLUSION The current results provide normative values for hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes. These normative values may further assist sports medicine specialists to develop screening tests, interventions, and return-to-sport criteria in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Mayo Clinic
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10
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Cruz-Montecinos C, Cerda M, Becerra P, Tapia C, Núñez-Cortés R, Latorre-García R, Freitas SR, Cuesta-Vargas A. Qualitative ultrasonography scale of the intensity of local twitch response during dry needling and its association with modified joint range of motion: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:790. [PMID: 34521384 PMCID: PMC8442322 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relevance of local twitch response (LTR) during dry needling technique (DNT) is controversial, and it is questioned whether LTR is necessary for successful outcomes. Furthermore, because the LTR during the deep DNT may be evoked with different intensities, it is unknown whether the magnitude of LTR intensity is associated with optimal clinical results, especially concerning to the effects of joint maximal range of motion (ROM). This study aimed to (i) determine whether visual inspections can quantify the LTR intensity during the DNT through a qualitative ultrasonography scale of LTR intensity (US-LTR scale), and (ii) assess the differences of US-LTR scale associated with changes in the maximal joint ROM. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, seven asymptomatic individuals were treated with DNT in the latent myofascial trigger point in both medial gastrocnemius muscles. During DNT, three consecutive LTRs were collected. The US-LTR scale was used to classify the LTRs into strong, medium, and weak intensities. The categories of US-LTR were differentiated by the velocity of LTRs using the optical flow algorithm. ROM changes in ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension were assessed before and immediately after DNT. Results The US-LTR scale showed the third LTR was significantly smaller than the first one (p < 0.05). A significant difference in velocity was observed between US-LTR categories (p < 0.001). A significant difference in the ROM was observed between the strong and weak-medium intensity (p < 0.05). Conclusions The present findings suggest that the LTR intensity can be assessed using a qualitative US-LTR scale, and the effects of DNT on joint maximal ROM is maximized with higher LTR intensity. This study reports a novel qualitative method for LTR analysis with potential applications in research and clinical settings. However, further research is needed to achieve a broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Becerra
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Tapia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Núñez-Cortés
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Latorre-García
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Andalucía Tech, Catedra de Fisioterapia y Discapacidad, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), Clinimetria (F-14), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain. .,School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health at Queensland University Technology, QLD, Brisbane, Australia.
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11
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von Duvillard SP, Carvalho LP, Rodrigues SA, Cabido CE, Peixoto GH, Bell JW, Chagas MH, de Andrade AGP. Assessment of the Maximal Range of Motion from Initial Sensation of Stretching to the Limits of Tolerance. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:492-499. [PMID: 34267589 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the first sensation of stretching (ROMFSS) may predict the maximum range of motion (ROMMAX) in male (N = 37) and female (N = 32) volunteer subjects, and to assess the reliability of the ROM perceived by subjects in relation to a pre-determined ROM (ROM50%). Subjects attempted three experimental sessions with 48 hours between sessions 1 and 2 and 28 days between sessions 1 and 3. Within each session, five trials were performed with isokinetic equipment to assess posterior thigh muscle flexibility. The results revealed a strong and significant correlation between ROMMAX and ROMFSS for both sexes, females (r = 0.96, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.92) and males (r = 0.91, p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.82). The accuracy of the model verified by the standard error of estimate (SEE) was high in the equations proposed for both female (SEE = 4.53%) and male (SEE = 5.45%). Our results revealed that ROMFSS may predict the ROMMAX for both male and female subjects. The ROMFSS may contribute to the development of evaluation methods that do not subject the individuals to conditions that may include unnecessary risk of injury and is well suited to monitor the training process of stretching exercises with submaximal loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge P von Duvillard
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luciana P Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sara A Rodrigues
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christian E Cabido
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Peixoto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey W Bell
- Science Department, Southwest Minnesota State University, Marshall, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André G P de Andrade
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Anvar SH, Drury B, Granacher U, Moran J. Non-local Acute Passive Stretching Effects on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:945-959. [PMID: 33459990 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stretching a muscle not only increases the extensibility or range of motion (ROM) of the stretched muscle or joint but there is growing evidence of increased ROM of contralateral and other non-local muscles and joints. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to quantify crossover or non-local changes in passive ROM following an acute bout of unilateral stretching and to examine potential dose-response relations. METHODS Eleven studies involving 14 independent measures met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis included moderating variables such as sex, trained state, stretching intensity and duration. RESULTS The analysis revealed that unilateral passive static stretching induced moderate magnitude (standard mean difference within studies: SMD: 0.86) increases in passive ROM with non-local, non-stretched joints. Moderating variables such as sex, trained state, stretching intensity, and duration did not moderate the results. Although stretching duration did not present statistically significant differences, greater than 240-s of stretching (SMD: 1.24) exhibited large magnitude increases in non-local ROM compared to moderate magnitude improvements with shorter (< 120-s: SMD: 0.72) durations of stretching. CONCLUSION Passive static stretching of one muscle group can induce moderate magnitude, global increases in ROM. Stretching durations greater than 240 s may have larger effects compared with shorter stretching durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Hartpury, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, UK.
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13
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Støve MP, Hirata RP, Palsson TS. The tolerance to stretch is linked with endogenous modulation of pain. Scand J Pain 2021; 21:355-363. [PMID: 34387949 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of stretching on joint range of motion is well documented, and although sensory perception has significance for changes in the tolerance to stretch following stretching the underlining mechanisms responsible for these changes is insufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms on stretch tolerance and to investigate the relationship between range of motion and changes in pain sensitivity. METHODS Nineteen healthy males participated in this randomized, repeated-measures crossover study, conducted on 2 separate days. Knee extension range of motion, passive resistive torque, and pressure pain thresholds were recorded before, after, and 10 min after each of four experimental conditions; (i) Exercise-induced hypoalgesia, (ii) two bouts of static stretching, (iii) resting, and (iv) a remote, painful stimulus induced by the cold pressor test. RESULTS Exercise-induced hypoalgesia and cold pressor test caused an increase in range of motion (p<0.034) and pressure pain thresholds (p<0.027). Moderate correlations in pressure pain thresholds were found between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and static stretch (Rho>0.507, p=0.01) and exercise-induced hypoalgesia and the cold pressor test (Rho=0.562, p=0.01). A weak correlation in pressure pain thresholds and changes in range of motion were found following the cold pressor test (Rho=0.460, p=0.047). However, a potential carryover hypoalgesic effect may have affected the results of the static stretch. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that stretch tolerance may be linked with endogenous modulation of pain. Present results suggest, that stretch tolerance may merely be a marker for pain sensitivity which may have clinical significance given that stretching is often prescribed in the rehabilitation of different musculoskeletal pain conditions where reduced endogenous pain inhibition is frequently seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Pallisgaard Støve
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Rogerio Pessoto Hirata
- Department of Health Science and Technology, SMI®, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson
- Department of Health Science and Technology, SMI®, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
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14
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Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Molina-Castillo P, López-Miñarro PA, Albaladejo-Saura M, Esparza-Ros F. Hamstring extensibility differences among elite adolescent and young dancers of different dance styles and non-dancers. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9237. [PMID: 32518733 PMCID: PMC7258889 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hamstrings have been analyzed extensively due to their tendency to shorten and their effect in the lumbo-pelvic dynamics and the sagittal position of the spine in trunk flexion with extended knees positions. It has been demonstrated that practicing a certain sport results in long-term changes in hamstring extensibility. Despite this, adequate extensibility of the hamstring musculature is essential for the dancer’s performance. Several studies have found differences in the extensibility of the hamstrings depending on the dance style, but none have compared ballet, Spanish dance and modern dance. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the differences in hamstring extensibility among professional dance students based on dance style practiced and non-dancers. Methods The sample was comprised of 210 students from the Professional Dance Conservatory (70 for ballet, 70 for Spanish dance and 70 for modern dance) and 70 non-dancers. For the assessment of hamstring extensibility, the angle in the passive and active straight leg raise (PSLR and ASLR, respectively) test, and the scores of the pelvic tilt in sit-and-reach (SR) test and the toe-touch (TT) test were randomly conducted. Results The results showed significant differences for all the tests according to group (p < 0.001). In the PSLR and ASLR test, for both legs, and in the pelvic tilt in the SR test, the ballet dancers showed greater ranges of hamstring extensibility than the modern dancers and Spanish dancers (p ≤ 0.001). In the distance in the SR test and in the pelvic tilt in the TT test, the ballet dancers obtained higher values than the Spanish dancers (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). The modern dancers showed higher ranges of hip flexion than the Spanish dancers in the ASLR test for both legs and in the pelvic tilt in the SR test (p from 0.007 to <0.001). Dancers showed significantly higher hamstring extensibility than non-dancers in all the tests (p < 0.001). Conclusions The systematic practice of dance, regardless of the style, seems to lead to high ranges of hamstring extensibility. Ballet dancers have the greatest hamstring extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Department of Sport Science, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Sport Traumatology, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- Department of Sport Traumatology, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,PhD Program, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- Department of Sport Traumatology, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Pérez-Bellmunt A, Casasayas O, Navarro R, Simon M, Martin JC, Pérez-Corbella C, Blasi M, Ortiz S, Álvarez P, Pacheco L. Effectiveness of low-frequency electrical stimulation in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in healthy males: a randomized controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:469-475. [PMID: 29845833 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring muscle injuries are common in the sports field, with lack of hamstring flexibility being a risk factor. Stretching the hamstring muscles is an important part of the training and rehabilitation programs used to prevent or treat injury and improve performance. We aim to compare the immediate and follow-up effect on hamstring muscle flexibility between 2 different stretching protocols, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and PNF stretching combined with electrostimulation. A second aim is to determine whether physical activity level is related to flexibility. METHODS Design of study: Single-blind, randomized controlled trial; Participants: 30 healthy volunteers (30 men, 18-39 years old); Intervention: A 6-session intervention program spanning over 2 weeks and 1-week and 3-week follow-up. The control group underwent PNF stretching with a voluntary contraction. The experimental group underwent PNF stretching but the muscle contraction was triggered with an electrical stimulation device (TENS); Main outcome measu: Hamstring muscles flexibility was assessed using the Modified Sit and Reach (MSR) and the Back Saver Sit and Reach (BSSR) tests. Physical activity level was evaluated with the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS Both groups showed an overall increase in hamstring muscle flexibility. However, when comparing flexibility gain between baseline and the end of the stretching program (session 6), and at the 1-week and 3-week follow-ups, only the experimental group showed significant differences. No correlation between the IPAQ score and the degree of hamstring muscle flexibility was observed. CONCLUSIONS Hamstring muscle PNF stretching combined with electrical stimulation to trigger muscle contraction during the muscle contraction phase of the stretch achieves better flexibility results when compared to PNF alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain -
| | - Oriol Casasayas
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.,Bruguera Tennis Academy, Santa Coloma de Cervelló, Barcelona, Italy
| | - Raul Navarro
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mathias Simon
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pérez-Corbella
- Ninaia, Sabadell Centre, Barcelona, Spain.,University School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Blasi
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortiz
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Álvarez
- Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pacheco
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Yasuda O, Kanehisa H. Associations of passive muscle stiffness, muscle stretch tolerance, and muscle slack angle with range of motion: individual and sex differences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8274. [PMID: 29844513 PMCID: PMC5974414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint range of motion (ROM) is an important parameter for athletic performance and muscular injury risk. Nonetheless, a complete description of muscular factors influencing ROM among individuals and between men and women is lacking. We examined whether passive muscle stiffness (evaluated by angle-specific muscle shear modulus), tolerance to muscle stretch (evaluated by muscle shear modulus at end-ROM), and muscle slack angle of the triceps surae are associated with the individual variability and sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM, using ultrasound shear wave elastography. For men, ROM was negatively correlated to passive muscle stiffness of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius in a tensioned state and positively to tolerance to muscle stretch in the medial gastrocnemius. For women, ROM was only positively correlated to tolerance to muscle stretch in all muscles but not correlated to passive muscle stiffness. Muscle slack angle was not correlated to ROM in men and women. Significant sex differences were observed only for dorsiflexion ROM and passive muscle stiffness in a tensioned state. These findings suggest that muscular factors associated with ROM are different between men and women. Furthermore, the sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM might be attributed partly to that in passive muscle stiffness of plantar flexors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
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17
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Muanjai P, Jones DA, Mickevicius M, Satkunskiene D, Snieckus A, Rutkauskaite R, Mickeviciene D, Kamandulis S. The effects of 4 weeks stretching training to the point of pain on flexibility and muscle tendon unit properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28647867 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the benefits and possible problems of 4 weeks stretching when taken to the point of pain (POP) and to the point of discomfort (POD). METHODS Twenty-six physically active women (20 ± 1.1 years) took part in group-based stretching classes of the hamstring muscles, 4 times per week for 4 weeks, one group one stretching to POD, the other to POP. Passive stiffness, joint range of motion (ROM), maximal isometric torque and concentric knee flexion torque, were measured before training and 2 days after the last training session. RESULTS Hip flexion ROM increased by 14.1° (10.1°-18.1°) and 19.8° (15.1°-24.5°) and sit-and-reach by 7.6 (5.2-10.0) cm and 7.5 (5.0-10.0) cm for POD and POP, respectively (Mean and 95% CI; p < 0.001 within group; NS between groups), with no evidence of damage in either group. Despite the large increases in flexibility there were no changes in either compliance or viscoelastic properties of the muscle tendon unit (MTU). CONCLUSION Hamstrings stretching to POP increased flexibility and had no detrimental effects on muscle function but the benefits were no better than when stretching to POD so there is no justification for recommending painful stretching. The improvements in flexibility over 4 weeks of stretching training appear to be largely due to changes in the perception of pain rather than physical properties of the MTU although less flexible individuals benefited more from the training and increased hamstring muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.
| | - David A Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
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18
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Abstract
[Purpose] Degenerative changes take place in the musculoskeletal system of elderly
people, resulting in a reduced range of motion. For this reason, stretch training is
recommended for elderly individuals. To date, there have been no studies of the
adaptations of the passive properties of muscles following long-term stretch training. The
aim of this study is to investigate the hamstring elasticity of elderly people following a
10-week stretch training and compare the results to a younger cohort. [Subjects and
Methods] The experimental groups consisted of 15 younger (24.0 ± 4.0 years) and 14 older
(65.1 ± 7.9 years) individuals. Both experimental groups undertook a standardised 10-week
static passive hamstring stretch training. Passive properties of the hamstring were
measured with an instrumented Straight Leg Raise Test. [Results] After a 10-week stretch
training, there were increases in range of motion, passive resistive force and passive
elastic energy in both age groups. Passive elastic stiffness decreased. Changes of
hamstring passive properties did not differ significantly between age groups after a
10-week stretch training. [Conclusion] Increasing age has a negative effect on muscle
passive properties, but older individuals benefit from regular stretch training, just as
younger individuals do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haab
- Sport Science Institute, Saarland University, Germany.,Lunex University, Luxembourg
| | - Georg Wydra
- Sport Science Institute, Saarland University, Germany
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19
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McCunn R, aus der Fünten K, Govus A, Julian R, Schimpchen J, Meyer T. THE INTRA- AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF THE SOCCER INJURY MOVEMENT SCREEN (SIMS). Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12:53-66. [PMID: 28217416 PMCID: PMC5294947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The growing volume of movement screening research reveals a belief among practitioners and researchers alike that movement quality may have an association with injury risk. However, existing movement screening tools have not considered the sport-specific movement and injury patterns relevant to soccer. The present study introduces the Soccer Injury Movement Screen (SIMS), which has been designed specifically for use within soccer. Furthermore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the SIMS and determine its suitability for use in further research. METHODS The study utilized a test-retest design to discern reliablility. Twenty-five (11 males, 14 females) healthy, recreationally active university students (age 25.5 ± 4.0 years, height 171 ± 9 cm, weight 64.7 ± 12.6 kg) agreed to participate. The SIMS contains five sub-tests: the anterior reach, single-leg deadlift, in-line lunge, single-leg hop for distance and tuck jump. Each movement was scored out of 10 points and summed to produce a composite score out of 50. The anterior reach and single-leg hop for distance were scored in real-time while the remaining tests were filmed and scored retrospectively. Three raters conducted the SIMS with each participant on three occasions separated by an average of three and a half days (minimum one day, maximum seven days). Rater 1 re-scored the filmed movements for all participants on all occasions six months later to establish the 'pure' intra-rater (intra-occasion) reliability for those movements. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for intra- and inter-rater composite score reliability ranged from 0.66-0.72 and 0.79-0.86 respectively. Weighted kappa values representing the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the individual sub-tests ranged from 0.35-0.91 indicating fair to almost perfect agreement. CONCLUSIONS Establishing the reliability of the SIMS is a prerequisite for further research seeking to investigate the relationship between test score and subsequent injury. The present results indicate acceptable reliability for this purpose; however, room for further development of the intra-rater reliability exists for some of the individual sub-tests. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McCunn
- Saarland University, Institute of Sport
and Preventive Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karen aus der Fünten
- Saarland University, Institute of Sport
and Preventive Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andrew Govus
- University of Bedfordshire, Institute of
Sport Science and Physical Activity, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Julian
- Saarland University, Institute of Sport
and Preventive Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jan Schimpchen
- Saarland University, Institute of Sport
and Preventive Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Saarland University, Institute of Sport
and Preventive Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
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