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Abramson HN. B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) as a Target for New Drug Development in Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5192. [PMID: 32707894 PMCID: PMC7432930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades there has been a major shift in the choice of agents to treat multiple myeloma, whether newly diagnosed or in the relapsed/refractory stage. The introduction of new drug classes, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and anti-CD38 and anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibodies, coupled with autologous stem cell transplantation, has approximately doubled the disease's five-year survival rate. However, this positive news is tempered by the realization that these measures are not curative and patients eventually relapse and/or become resistant to the drug's effects. Thus, there is a need to discover newer myeloma-driving molecular markers and develop innovative drugs designed to precisely regulate the actions of such putative targets. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is found almost exclusively on the surfaces of malignant plasma cells to the exclusion of other cell types, including their normal counterparts, has emerged as a specific target of interest in this regard. Immunotherapeutic agents have been at the forefront of research designed to block BCMA activity. These agents encompass monoclonal antibodies, such as the drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin; bispecific T-cell engager strategies exemplified by AMG 420; and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapeutics that include idecabtagene vicleucel (bb2121) and JNJ-68284528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Alkanaimsh S, Karuppanan K, Guerrero A, Tu AM, Hashimoto B, Hwang MS, Phu ML, Arzola L, Lebrilla CB, Dandekar AM, Falk BW, Nandi S, Rodriguez RL, McDonald KA. Transient Expression of Tetrameric Recombinant Human Butyrylcholinesterase in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:743. [PMID: 27379103 PMCID: PMC4909763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the expression, extraction and purification of plant-derived tetrameric recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE), we describe the development and use of plant viral amplicon-based gene expression system; Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) RNA-based overexpression vector (TRBO) to express enzymatically active FLAG-tagged plant made recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (rBChE) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using transient agroinfiltration. Two gene expression cassettes were designed to express the recombinant protein in either the ER or to the apoplastic compartment. Leaf homogenization was used to isolate ER-retained recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE-ER) while apoplast-targeted rBChE was isolated by either leaf homogenization (prBChE) or vacuum-extraction of apoplastic wash fluid (prBChE-AWF). rBChE from apoplast wash fluid had a higher specific activity but lower enzyme yield than leaf homogenate. To optimize the isolation and purification of total recombinant protein from leaf homogenates, an acidic extraction buffer was used. The acidic extraction buffer yielded >95% enzymatically active tetrameric rBChE as verified by Coomassie stained and native gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, when compared to human butyrylcholinesterase, the prBChE was found to be similar in terms of tetramerization and enzyme kinetics. The N-linked glycan profile of purified prBChE-ER was found to be mostly high mannose structures while the N-linked glycans on prBChE-AWF were primarily complex. The glycan profile of the prBChE leaf homogenates showed a mixture of high mannose, complex and paucimannose type N-glycans. These findings demonstrate the ability of plants to produce rBChE that is enzymatically active and whose oligomeric state is comparable to mammalian butyrylcholinesterase. The process of plant made rBChE tetramerization and strategies for improving its pharmacokinetics properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Alkanaimsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Aye M. Tu
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Bryce Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Min Sook Hwang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - My L. Phu
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Arzola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | | | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Raymond L. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Karen A. McDonald,
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