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Duan L, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang Q, Lan Q, Wang Y, Xu W, Jin W, Li L, Chen R. A feasible method for detecting unknown GMOs via a combined strategy of PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization and next-generation sequencing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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2
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Debode F, Hulin J, Charloteaux B, Coppieters W, Hanikenne M, Karim L, Berben G. Detection and identification of transgenic events by next generation sequencing combined with enrichment technologies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15595. [PMID: 31666537 PMCID: PMC6821802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising tool for analysing the quality and safety of food and feed products. The detection and identification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is complex, as the diversity of transgenic events and types of structural elements introduced in plants continue to increase. In this paper, we show how a strategy that combines enrichment technologies with NGS can be used to detect a large panel of structural elements and partially or completely reconstruct the new sequence inserted into the plant genome in a single analysis, even at low GMO percentages. The strategy of enriching sequences of interest makes the approach applicable even to mixed products, which was not possible before due to insufficient coverage of the different genomes present. This approach is also the first step towards a more complete characterisation of agrifood products in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Debode
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Unit Traceability and Authentication, chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Julie Hulin
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Unit Traceability and Authentication, chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Benoît Charloteaux
- University of Liège, GIGA - Genomics Platform, B34, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- University of Liège, GIGA - Genomics Platform, B34, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- University of Liège, InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, Chemin de la Vallée, 4, B22, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Latifa Karim
- University of Liège, GIGA - Genomics Platform, B34, 4000, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Gilbert Berben
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Unit Traceability and Authentication, chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Kim HB, Lee Y, Kim CG. Research status of the development of genetically modified papaya (Carica papaya L.) and its biosafety assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2018.45.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Bang Kim
- Life Sciences Research Institute, Biomedic Co., Ltd., Bucheon 14548, Korea
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
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Nadal A, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Kleter G, Kok E, McFarland S, Onori R, Paris A, Toldrà M, van Dijk J, Wal JM, Pla M. Exposure of livestock to GM feeds: Detectability and measurement. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 117:13-35. [PMID: 28847764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the possibilities to determine livestock consumption of genetically modified (GM) feeds/ingredients including detection of genetically modified organism (GMO)-related DNA or proteins in animal samples, and the documentary system that is in place for GM feeds under EU legislation. The presence and level of GMO-related DNA and proteins can generally be readily measured in feeds, using established analytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction and immuno-assays, respectively. Various technical challenges remain, such as the simultaneous detection of multiple GMOs and the identification of unauthorized GMOs for which incomplete data on the inserted DNA may exist. Given that transfer of specific GMO-related DNA or protein from consumed feed to the animal had seldom been observed, this cannot serve as an indicator of the individual animal's prior exposure to GM feeds. To explore whether common practices, information exchange and the specific GM feed traceability system in the EU would allow to record GM feed consumption, the dairy chain in Catalonia, where GM maize is widely grown, was taken as an example. It was thus found that this system would neither enable determination of an animal's consumption of specific GM crops, nor would it allow for quantitation of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marzia De Giacomo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gijs Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah McFarland
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberta Onori
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Paris
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR7245 MCAM, Paris, France
| | - Mònica Toldrà
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jeroen van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
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Li Y, Li J, Wu Y, Cao Y, Li J, Zhu L, Li X, Huang S, Wu G. Successful detection of foreign inserts in transgenic rice TT51-1 (BT63) by RNA-sequencing combined with PCR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1634-1639. [PMID: 27436567 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As event-specific sequence information for most unauthorised genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is currently still unavailable, detecting unauthorised GMOs remains challenging. Here, we used insect-resistant rice TT51-1 as an example to develop a novel approach via detecting GMOs by RNA-seq (sequencing) and PCR. RNA-seq of TT51-1 generated 4.8 million (M) 21-nt cDNA tags. Alignment to the Oryza sativa subsp. japonica reference genome revealed 24 098 unmapped tags. Foreign tags from the nopaline synthetic enzyme gene (NOS) terminator and insect-resistant genes were then identified by searching against the NCBI VecScreen and NT databases. RESULTS To further isolate foreign DNA sequences, putative NOS terminator and insect-resistant gene tags were combined and used directly as primer pairs for long-range PCR, producing a 5016-bp fragment. The inserted DNA sequence of TT51-1 has been submitted to a database, and thus, similarity analysis using the database could identify a test sample. CONCLUSION The novel approach has a great potential for application to the detection and identification of unauthorised GMOs in food and feed products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yinglong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shunmou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
- Supervision and Test Center (Wuhan) for Environmental Safety of Genetically Modified Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, 430062, China
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Çakir Ö, Meriç S, Meriç S, Ari Ş. GMO Analysis Methods for Food: From Today to Tomorrow. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Improved Efficiency and Reliability of NGS Amplicon Sequencing Data Analysis for Genetic Diagnostic Procedures Using AGSA Software. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5623089. [PMID: 27656653 PMCID: PMC5021467 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5623089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Screening for BRCA mutations in women with familial risk of breast or ovarian cancer is an ideal situation for high-throughput sequencing, providing large amounts of low cost data. However, 454, Roche, and Ion Torrent, Thermo Fisher, technologies produce homopolymer-associated indel errors, complicating their use in routine diagnostics. We developed software, named AGSA, which helps to detect false positive mutations in homopolymeric sequences. Seventy-two familial breast cancer cases were analysed in parallel by amplicon 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger dideoxy sequencing for genetic variations of the BRCA genes. All 565 variants detected by dideoxy sequencing were also detected by pyrosequencing. Furthermore, pyrosequencing detected 42 variants that were missed with Sanger technique. Six amplicons contained homopolymer tracts in the coding sequence that were systematically misread by the software supplied by Roche. Read data plotted as histograms by AGSA software aided the analysis considerably and allowed validation of the majority of homopolymers. As an optimisation, additional 250 patients were analysed using microfluidic amplification of regions of interest (Access Array Fluidigm) of the BRCA genes, followed by 454 sequencing and AGSA analysis. AGSA complements a complete line of high-throughput diagnostic sequence analysis, reducing time and costs while increasing reliability, notably for homopolymer tracts.
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Holst-Jensen A, Spilsberg B, Arulandhu AJ, Kok E, Shi J, Zel J. Application of whole genome shotgun sequencing for detection and characterization of genetically modified organisms and derived products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4595-614. [PMID: 27100228 PMCID: PMC4909802 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of high-throughput, massive or next-generation sequencing technologies has created a completely new foundation for molecular analyses. Various selective enrichment processes are commonly applied to facilitate detection of predefined (known) targets. Such approaches, however, inevitably introduce a bias and are prone to miss unknown targets. Here we review the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies and the preparation of fit-for-purpose whole genome shotgun sequencing libraries for the detection and characterization of genetically modified and derived products. The potential impact of these new sequencing technologies for the characterization, breeding selection, risk assessment, and traceability of genetically modified organisms and genetically modified products is yet to be fully acknowledged. The published literature is reviewed, and the prospects for future developments and use of the new sequencing technologies for these purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Spilsberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jana Zel
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Zhu P, Fu W, Wang C, Du Z, Huang K, Zhu S, Xu W. Development and application of absolute quantitative detection by duplex chamber-based digital PCR of genetically modified maize events without pretreatment steps. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Milavec M, Dobnik D, Yang L, Zhang D, Gruden K, Zel J. GMO quantification: valuable experience and insights for the future. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6485-97. [PMID: 25182968 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation and marketing of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been unevenly adopted worldwide. To facilitate international trade and to provide information to consumers, labelling requirements have been set up in many countries. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is currently the method of choice for detection, identification and quantification of GMOs. This has been critically assessed and the requirements for the method performance have been set. Nevertheless, there are challenges that should still be highlighted, such as measuring the quantity and quality of DNA, and determining the qPCR efficiency, possible sequence mismatches, characteristics of taxon-specific genes and appropriate units of measurement, as these remain potential sources of measurement uncertainty. To overcome these problems and to cope with the continuous increase in the number and variety of GMOs, new approaches are needed. Statistical strategies of quantification have already been proposed and expanded with the development of digital PCR. The first attempts have been made to use new generation sequencing also for quantitative purposes, although accurate quantification of the contents of GMOs using this technology is still a challenge for the future, and especially for mixed samples. New approaches are needed also for the quantification of stacks, and for potential quantification of organisms produced by new plant breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Milavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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11
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Detecting authorized and unauthorized genetically modified organisms containing vip3A by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2603-11. [PMID: 24553665 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of biotech crops with novel genetic elements increasingly complicates the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and feed samples using conventional screening methods. Unauthorized GMOs (UGMOs) in food and feed are currently identified through combining GMO element screening with sequencing the DNA flanking these elements. In this study, a specific and sensitive qPCR assay was developed for vip3A element detection based on the vip3Aa20 coding sequences of the recently marketed MIR162 maize and COT102 cotton. Furthermore, SiteFinding-PCR in combination with Sanger, Illumina or Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) sequencing was performed targeting the flanking DNA of the vip3Aa20 element in MIR162. De novo assembly and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches were used to mimic UGMO identification. PacBio data resulted in relatively long contigs in the upstream (1,326 nucleotides (nt); 95 % identity) and downstream (1,135 nt; 92 % identity) regions, whereas Illumina data resulted in two smaller contigs of 858 and 1,038 nt with higher sequence identity (>99 % identity). Both approaches outperformed Sanger sequencing, underlining the potential for next-generation sequencing in UGMO identification.
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12
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Sjödin A, Broman T, Melefors Ö, Andersson G, Rasmusson B, Knutsson R, Forsman M. The Need for High-Quality Whole-Genome Sequence Databases in Microbial Forensics. Biosecur Bioterror 2013; 11 Suppl 1:S78-86. [DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Holst-Jensen A, Bertheau Y, de Loose M, Grohmann L, Hamels S, Hougs L, Morisset D, Pecoraro S, Pla M, den Bulcke MV, Wulff D. Detecting un-authorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and derived materials. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1318-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Dinon AZ, Brod FCA, Mello CS, Oliveira EMM, Faria JC, Arisi ACM. Primers and probes development for specific PCR detection of genetically modified common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Embrapa 5.1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4672-4677. [PMID: 22506690 DOI: 10.1021/jf3011257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genetically modified common bean Embrapa 5.1, developed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), is the first commercial GM plant produced in Latin America. It presents high resistance to the Bean golden mosaic virus. In this work, primers and probes targeting a taxon-specific reference DNA sequence for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a construct-specific DNA sequence of Embrapa 5.1 GM common bean were successfully developed. The primers and probes showed high specificity for the target detection. Both methods showed suitable efficiency and performance to be used as an endogenous target for detection of common bean DNA and for construct-specific detection of GM common bean Embrapa 5.1, respectively. Both real-time PCR assays proved to be valuable for future assessment of interlaboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Z Dinon
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88034-001, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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15
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Zhang C, Xing D. Single-Molecule DNA Amplification and Analysis Using Microfluidics. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4910-47. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900081z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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