1
|
Andreas MP, Giessen TW. The biosynthesis of the odorant 2-methylisoborneol is compartmentalized inside a protein shell. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590730. [PMID: 38712110 PMCID: PMC11071394 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products, found across all domains of life. One of the most abundant bacterial terpenoids is the volatile odorant 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), partially responsible for the earthy smell of soil and musty taste of contaminated water. Many bacterial 2-MIB biosynthetic gene clusters were thought to encode a conserved transcription factor, named EshA in the model soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus . Here, we revise the function of EshA, now referred to as Sg Enc, and show that it is a Family 2B encapsulin shell protein. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we find that Sg Enc forms an icosahedral protein shell and encapsulates 2-methylisoborneol synthase (2-MIBS) as a cargo protein. Sg Enc contains a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) binding domain (CBD)-fold insertion and a unique metal-binding domain, both displayed on the shell exterior. We show that Sg Enc CBDs do not bind cAMP. We find that 2-MIBS cargo loading is mediated by an N-terminal disordered cargo-loading domain and that 2-MIBS activity and Sg Enc shell structure are not modulated by cAMP. Our work redefines the function of EshA and establishes Family 2B encapsulins as cargo-loaded protein nanocompartments involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Regulation of CRE-Dependent Transcriptional Activity in a Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012226. [PMID: 36293078 PMCID: PMC9602552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the signalling framework of immortalized cells from the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mouse. We selected a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive sub-clone of immortalized mouse SCN-cells stably expressing a cAMP-regulated-element (CRE)-luciferase construct named SCNCRE. We characterized these cells in terms of their status as neuronal cells, as well as for important components of the cAMP-dependent signal transduction pathway and compared them to SCN ex vivo. SCNCRE cells were treated with agents that modulate different intracellular signalling pathways to investigate their potency and timing for transcriptional CRE-dependent signalling. Several activating pathways modulate SCN neuronal signalling via the cAMP-regulated-element (CRE: TGACGCTA) and phosphorylation of transcription factors such as cAMP-regulated-element-binding protein (CREB). CRE-luciferase activity induced by different cAMP-signalling pathway-modulating agents displayed a variety of substance-specific dose and time-dependent profiles and interactions relevant to the regulation of SCN physiology. Moreover, the induction of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway by phorbol ester application modulates the CRE-dependent signalling pathway as well. In conclusion, the cAMP/PKA- and the PKC-regulated pathways individually and in combination modulate the final CRE-dependent transcriptional output.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312879. [PMID: 34884683 PMCID: PMC8657615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important second messengers involved in cellular events, and analogues of this type of molecules are promising drug candidates. Some cyclic nucleotide analogues have become standard tools for the investigation of biochemical and physiological signal transduction pathways, such as the Rp-diastereomers of adenosine and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, which are competitive inhibitors of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Next generation analogues exhibit a higher membrane permeability, increased resistance against degradation, and improved target specificity, or are caged or photoactivatable for fast and/or targeted cellular imaging. Novel specific nucleotide analogues activating or inhibiting cyclic nucleotide-dependent ion channels, EPAC/GEF proteins, and bacterial target molecules have been developed, opening new avenues for basic and applied research. This review provides an overview of the current state of the field, what can be expected in the future and some practical considerations for the use of cyclic nucleotide analogues in biological systems.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rasmussen M, Welinder C, Schwede F, Ekström P. The stereospecific interaction sites and target specificity of cGMP analogs in mouse cortex. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:206-221. [PMID: 34687134 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
cGMP interactors play a role in several pathologies and may be targets for cGMP analog-based drugs, but the success of targeting depends on the biochemical stereospecificity between the cGMP-analog and the interactor. The stereospecificity between general cGMP analogs-or such that are selectivity-modified to obtain, for example, inhibitory actions on a specific target, like the cGMP-dependent protein kinase-have previously been investigated. However, the importance of stereospecificity for cGMP-analog binding to interactors is not known. We, therefore, applied affinity chromatography on mouse cortex proteins utilizing analogs with cyclic phosphate (8-AET-cGMP, 2-AH-cGMP, 2'-AHC-cGMP) and selectivity-modified analogs with sulfur-containing cyclic phosphorothioates (Rp/Sp-8-AET-cGMPS, Rp/Sp-2'-AHC-cGMPS) immobilized to agaroses. The results illustrate the cGMP analogs' stereospecific binding for PKG, PKA regulatory subunits and PKA catalytic subunits, PDEs, and EPAC2 and the involvement of these in various KEGG pathways. For the seven agaroses, PKG, PKA regulatory subunits, and PKA catalytic subunits were more prone to be enriched by 2-AH-, 8-AET-, Rp-8-AET-, and Sp-8-AET-cGMP, whereas PDEs and EPAC2 were more likely to be enriched by 2-AH-, Rp-2'-AHC-, and Rp-8-AET-cGMP. Our findings help elucidate the stereospecific-binding sites essential for the interaction between individual cGMP analogs and cGMP-binding proteins, as well as the cGMP analogs' target specificity, which are two crucial parameters in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rasmussen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany
| | - Per Ekström
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sample Displacement Batch Chromatography of Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33128756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In downstream processing, large-scale chromatography plays an important role. For its development, screening experiments followed by pilot-plant chromatography are mandatory steps. Here we describe fast, simple, and inexpensive methods for establishing a preparative chromatography for the separation of complex protein mixtures, based on sample displacement batch chromatography. The methods are demonstrated by anion-exchange chromatography of a human plasma protein fraction (Cohn IV-4), including the screening step and upscaling of the chromatography by a factor of one hundred. The results of the screening experiments and the preparative chromatography are monitored by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. In summary, we provide a protocol, which should be easily adaptable for the chromatographic large-scale purification of other proteins, in the laboratory as well as in the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. These protocols cover the initial piloting steps for establishing a large-scale sample batch chromatography. The results from the piloting steps may also be applied for packed columns for performing simulated-moving-bed (SMB) chromatography rather than batch chromatography.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lelle M, Otte M, Thon S, Bertinetti D, Herberg FW, Benndorf K. Chemical synthesis and biological activity of novel brominated 7-deazaadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1704-1713. [PMID: 30879860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic derivatives of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, such as halogenated or other more hydrophobic analogs, are widely used compounds, to investigate diverse signal transduction pathways of eukaryotic cells. This inspired us to develop cyclic nucleotides, which exhibit chemical structures composed of brominated 7-deazaadenines and the phosphorylated ribosugar. The synthesized 8-bromo- and 7-bromo-7-deazaadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphates rank among the most potent activators of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels as well as cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Moreover, these substances bind tightly to exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lelle
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maik Otte
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Thon
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Klaus Benndorf
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laventie BJ, Glatter T, Jenal U. Pull-Down with a c-di-GMP-Specific Capture Compound Coupled to Mass Spectrometry as a Powerful Tool to Identify Novel Effector Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1657:361-376. [PMID: 28889308 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7240-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capture compound technology coupled to mass spectrometry (CCMS) allows to biochemically identify ligand receptors. Using a c-di-GMP-specific Capture Compound, we adapted this method for the identification and characterization of c-di-GMP binding proteins in any bacterial species. Because in silico analysis often fails to predict novel c-di-GMP effectors, this universal method aims at better defining the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria. CCMS was successfully applied in several bacterial species (Nesper et al., J Proteom 75:4874-4878, 2012; Steiner et al., EMBO J 32:354-368, 2013; Tschowri et al., Cell 158:1136-1147, 2014; Trampari et al., J Biol Chem 290:24470-24483, 2015; Rotem et al., J Bacteriol 198:127-137, 2015). To outline the detailed protocol and to illustrate its power, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control, as an example. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Glatter
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max-Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urs Jenal
- Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isensee J, Kaufholz M, Knape MJ, Hasenauer J, Hammerich H, Gonczarowska-Jorge H, Zahedi RP, Schwede F, Herberg FW, Hucho T. PKA-RII subunit phosphorylation precedes activation by cAMP and regulates activity termination. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2167-2184. [PMID: 29615473 PMCID: PMC5987717 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of endogenous protein kinase A (PKA) could never be analyzed directly in the cellular environment. Isensee et al. used antibodies to quantify conformational changes leading to an open conformation of endogenous PKA-II holoenzymes, which allowed them to analyze and model its activation cycle in primary sensory neurons. Type II isoforms of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–dependent protein kinase A (PKA-II) contain a phosphorylatable epitope within the inhibitory domain of RII subunits (pRII) with still unclear function. In vitro, RII phosphorylation occurs in the absence of cAMP, whereas staining of cells with pRII-specific antibodies revealed a cAMP-dependent pattern. In sensory neurons, we found that increased pRII immunoreactivity reflects increased accessibility of the already phosphorylated RII epitope during cAMP-induced opening of the tetrameric RII2:C2 holoenzyme. Accordingly, induction of pRII by cAMP was sensitive to novel inhibitors of dissociation, whereas blocking catalytic activity was ineffective. Also in vitro, cAMP increased the binding of pRII antibodies to RII2:C2 holoenzymes. Identification of an antibody specific for the glycine-rich loop of catalytic subunits facing the pRII-epitope confirmed activity-dependent binding with similar kinetics, proving that the reassociation is rapid and precisely controlled. Mechanistic modeling further supported that RII phosphorylation precedes cAMP binding and controls the inactivation by modulating the reassociation involving the coordinated action of phosphodiesterases and phosphatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Kaufholz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Matthias J Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hanna Hammerich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Humberto Gonczarowska-Jorge
- ISAS, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, Germany.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - René P Zahedi
- ISAS, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Investigating PKA-RII specificity using analogs of the PKA:AKAP peptide inhibitor STAD-2. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1174-1178. [PMID: 29449124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Generation of the second messenger molecule cAMP mediates a variety of cellular responses which are essential for critical cellular processes. In response to elevated cAMP levels, cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylates serine and threonine residues on a wide variety of target substrates. In order to enhance the precision and directionality of these signaling events, PKA is localized to discrete locations within the cell by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The interaction between PKA and AKAPs is mediated via an amphipathic α-helix derived from AKAPs which binds to a stable hydrophobic groove formed in the dimerization/docking (D/D) domain of PKA-R in an isoform-specific fashion. Although numerous AKAP disruptors have previously been identified that can inhibit either RI- or RII-selective AKAPs, no AKAP disruptors have been identified that have isoform specificity for RIα versus RIβ or RIIα versus RIIβ. As a strategy to identify isoform-specific AKAP inhibitors, a library of chemically stapled protein-protein interaction (PPI) disruptors was developed based on the RII-selective AKAP disruptor, STAD-2. An alanine was substituted at each position in the sequence, and from this library it was possible to delineate the importance of longer aliphatic residues in the formation of a region which complements the hydrophobic cleft formed by the D/D domain. Interestingly, lysine residues that were added to both terminal ends of the peptide sequence to facilitate water solubility appear to contribute to isoform specificity for RIIα over RIIβ while having only weak interaction with RI. This work supports current hypotheses on the mechanisms of AKAP binding and highlights the significance of particular residue positions that aid in distinguishing between the RII isoforms and may provide insight into future design of isoform-selective AKAP disruptors.
Collapse
|
11
|
New cGMP analogues restrain proliferation and migration of melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5301-5320. [PMID: 29435180 PMCID: PMC5797051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and displays high resistance to conventional chemotherapy underlining the need for new therapeutic strategies. The cGMP/PKG signaling pathway was detected in melanoma cells and shown to reduce migration, proliferation and to increase apoptosis in different cancer types. In this study, we evaluated the effects on cell viability, cell death, proliferation and migration of novel dimeric cGMP analogues in two melanoma cell lines (MNT1 and SkMel28). These new dimeric cGMP analogues, by activating PKG with limited effects on PKA, significantly reduced proliferation, migration and increased cell death. No decrease in cell viability was observed in non-tumor cells suggesting a tumor-specific effect. These effects observed in melanoma are possibly mediated by PKG2 activation based on the decreased toxic effects in tumor cell lines not expressing PKG2. Finally, PKG-associated phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated-phosphoprotein (VASP), linked to cell death, proliferation and migration was found increased and with a change of subcellular localization. Increased phosphorylation of RhoA induced by activation of PKG may also contribute to reduced migration ability of the SkMel28 melanoma cell line when treated with cGMP analogues. These findings suggest that the cGMP/PKG pathway can be envisaged as a therapeutic target of novel dimeric cGMP analogues for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
|
12
|
Schwede F, Genieser HG, Rentsch A. The Chemistry of the Noncanonical Cyclic Dinucleotide 2'3'-cGAMP and Its Analogs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:359-384. [PMID: 27392950 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-diGMP) and cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-diAMP) with two canonical 3'→5' internucleotide linkages are ubiquitous second messenger molecules in bacteria, regulating a multitude of physiological processes. Recently the noncanonical CDN cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP) featuring a mixed linkage, which consists of a 2'→5' and a 3'→5' internucleotide bond, has been identified as a signaling molecule in metazoan species in late 2012. 2'3'-cGAMP formation is biocatalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) upon sensing of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and functions as an endogenous inducer of innate immunity by directly binding to and activating the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Thereby 2'3'-cGAMP can stimulate interferon-β (INF-β) secretion, a major signaling pathway of host defense, which is independent of toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Medicinal chemistry of 2'3'-cGAMP and development of corresponding analogs are still in their infancy, and only a handful of structurally related compounds are available to the scientific community. The aim of this chapter is to summarize synthetic approaches to prepare canonical and noncanonical endogenous CDNs including 2'3'-cGAMP. Furthermore, we will describe syntheses of 2'3'-cGAMP analogs bearing modifications, which will facilitate further studies of the emerging biological functions of 2'3'-cGAMP and to identify additional receptor proteins. Finally, we will review latest developments concerning 2'3'-cGAMP analogs with improved hydrolytic stability in cell cultures and in tissues, putatively qualifying for new therapeutic options on the basis of 2'3'-cGAMP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Gottfried Genieser
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schwede F, Rentsch A, Genieser HG. Medicinal Chemistry of the Noncanonical Cyclic Nucleotides cCMP and cUMP. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:307-337. [PMID: 27896476 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intensive research on adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)- and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-related second messenger systems, also the noncanonical congeners cyclic cytidine-3',5'-monophosphate (cCMP) and cyclic uridine-3',5'-monophosphate (cUMP) gained more and more interest. Until the late 1980s, only a small number of cCMP and cUMP analogs with sometimes undefined purities had been described. Moreover, most of these compounds had been rather synthesized as precursors of antitumor and antiviral nucleoside-5'-monophosphates and hence had not been tested for any second messenger activity. Along with the recurring interest in cCMP- and cUMP-related signaling in the early 2000s, it became evident that well-characterized small molecule analogs with reliable purities would serve as highly valuable tools for the evaluation of a putative second messenger role of cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides. Meanwhile, for this purpose new cCMP and cUMP derivatives have been developed, and already known analogs have been resynthesized and highly purified. This chapter summarizes early medicinal chemistry work on cCMP and cUMP and analogs thereof, followed by a description of recent synthetic developments and an outlook on potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans-Gottfried Genieser
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Richlitzki A, Latour P, Schwärzel M. Null EPAC mutants reveal a sequential order of versatile cAMP effects during Drosophila aversive odor learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:210-215. [PMID: 28416632 PMCID: PMC5397686 DOI: 10.1101/lm.043646.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we define a role of the cAMP intermediate EPAC in Drosophila aversive odor learning by means of null epac mutants. Complementation analysis revealed that EPAC acts downstream from the rutabaga adenylyl cyclase and in parallel to protein kinase A. By means of targeted knockdown and genetic rescue we identified mushroom body Kenyon cells (KCs) as a necessary and sufficient site of EPAC action. We provide mechanistic insights by analyzing acquisition dynamics and using the "performance increment" as a means to access the trial-based sequential organization of odor learning. Thereby we show that versatile cAMP-dependent mechanisms are engaged within a sequential order that correlate to individual trials of the training session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Richlitzki
- Freie Universität Berlin, Biology/Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Latour
- Freie Universität Berlin, Biology/Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schwärzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Biology/Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
AKAP18:PKA-RIIα structure reveals crucial anchor points for recognition of regulatory subunits of PKA. Biochem J 2016; 473:1881-94. [PMID: 27102985 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) interact with the dimerization/docking (D/D) domains of regulatory subunits of the ubiquitous protein kinase A (PKA). AKAPs tether PKA to defined cellular compartments establishing distinct pools to increase the specificity of PKA signalling. Here, we elucidated the structure of an extended PKA-binding domain of AKAP18β bound to the D/D domain of the regulatory RIIα subunits of PKA. We identified three hydrophilic anchor points in AKAP18β outside the core PKA-binding domain, which mediate contacts with the D/D domain. Such anchor points are conserved within AKAPs that bind regulatory RII subunits of PKA. We derived a different set of anchor points in AKAPs binding regulatory RI subunits of PKA. In vitro and cell-based experiments confirm the relevance of these sites for the interaction of RII subunits with AKAP18 and of RI subunits with the RI-specific smAKAP. Thus we report a novel mechanism governing interactions of AKAPs with PKA. The sequence specificity of each AKAP around the anchor points and the requirement of these points for the tight binding of PKA allow the development of selective inhibitors to unequivocally ascribe cellular functions to the AKAP18-PKA and other AKAP-PKA interactions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Autenrieth K, Bendzunas NG, Bertinetti D, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Defining A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) Specificity for the Protein Kinase A Subunit RI (PKA-RI). Chembiochem 2016; 17:693-697. [PMID: 26611881 PMCID: PMC4836982 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A-Kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) act as spatial and temporal regulators of protein kinase A (PKA) by localizing PKA along with multiple proteins into discrete signaling complexes. AKAPs interact with the PKA holoenzyme through an α-helix that docks into a groove formed on the dimerization/docking domain of PKA-R in an isoform-dependent fashion. In an effort to understand isoform selectivity at the molecular level, a library of protein-protein interaction (PPI) disruptors was designed to systematically probe the significance of an aromatic residue on the AKAP docking sequence for RI selectivity. The stapled peptide library was designed based on a high affinity, RI-selective disruptor of AKAP binding, RI-STAD-2. Phe, Trp and Leu were all found to maintain RI selectivity, whereas multiple intermediate-sized hydrophobic substitutions at this position either resulted in loss of isoform selectivity (Ile) or a reversal of selectivity (Val). As a limited number of RI-selective sequences are currently known, this study aids in our understanding of isoform selectivity and establishing parameters for discovering additional RI-selective AKAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Autenrieth
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - N. George Bendzunas
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Universitat Kassel, Heinrich Plett Strasse 40, Kassel 34132 (Germany)
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neurochondrin is an atypical RIIα-specific A-kinase anchoring protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1667-75. [PMID: 25916936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase activity is regulated not only by direct strategies affecting activity but also by spatial and temporal regulatory mechanisms. Kinase signaling pathways are coordinated by scaffolding proteins that orchestrate the assembly of multi-protein complexes. One family of such scaffolding proteins are the A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs share the commonality of binding cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In addition, they bind further signaling proteins and kinase substrates and tether such multi-protein complexes to subcellular locations. The A-kinase binding (AKB) domain of AKAPs typically contains a conserved helical motif that interacts directly with the dimerization/docking (D/D) domain of the regulatory subunits of PKA. Based on a pull-down proteomics approach, we identified neurochondrin (neurite-outgrowth promoting protein) as a previously unidentified AKAP. Here, we show that neurochondrin interacts directly with PKA through a novel mechanism that involves two distinct binding regions. In addition, we demonstrate that neurochondrin has strong isoform selectivity towards the RIIα subunit of PKA with nanomolar affinity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mohanty S, Kennedy EJ, Herberg FW, Hui R, Taylor SS, Langsley G, Kannan N. Structural and evolutionary divergence of cyclic nucleotide binding domains in eukaryotic pathogens: Implications for drug design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1575-85. [PMID: 25847873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular functions in eukaryotic pathogens are mediated by the cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domain, which senses second messengers such as cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Although CNB domain-containing proteins have been identified in many pathogenic organisms, an incomplete understanding of how CNB domains in pathogens differ from other eukaryotic hosts has hindered the development of selective inhibitors for CNB domains associated with infectious diseases. Here, we identify and classify CNB domain-containing proteins in eukaryotic genomes to understand the evolutionary basis for CNB domain functional divergence in pathogens. We identify 359 CNB domain-containing proteins in 31 pathogenic organisms and classify them into distinct subfamilies based on sequence similarity within the CNB domain as well as functional domains associated with the CNB domain. Our study reveals novel subfamilies with pathogen-specific variations in the phosphate-binding cassette. Analyzing these variations in light of existing structural and functional data provides new insights into ligand specificity and promiscuity and clues for drug design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of CA, San Diego, USA
| | - Gordon Langsley
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014 France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Banerjee A, Adolph RS, Gopalakrishnapai J, Kleinboelting S, Emmerich C, Steegborn C, Visweswariah SS. A universal stress protein (USP) in mycobacteria binds cAMP. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12731-43. [PMID: 25802331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are endowed with rich and diverse machinery for the synthesis, utilization, and degradation of cAMP. The actions of cyclic nucleotides are generally mediated by binding of cAMP to conserved and well characterized cyclic nucleotide binding domains or structurally distinct cGMP-specific and -regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclase, and E. coli transcription factor FhlA (GAF) domain-containing proteins. Proteins with cyclic nucleotide binding and GAF domains can be identified in the genome of mycobacterial species, and some of them have been characterized. Here, we show that a significant fraction of intracellular cAMP is bound to protein in mycobacterial species, and by using affinity chromatography techniques, we identify specific universal stress proteins (USP) as abundantly expressed cAMP-binding proteins in slow growing as well as fast growing mycobacteria. We have characterized the biochemical and thermodynamic parameters for binding of cAMP, and we show that these USPs bind cAMP with a higher affinity than ATP, an established ligand for other USPs. We determined the structure of the USP MSMEG_3811 bound to cAMP, and we confirmed through structure-guided mutagenesis, the residues important for cAMP binding. This family of USPs is conserved in all mycobacteria, and we suggest that they serve as "sinks" for cAMP, making this second messenger available for downstream effectors as and when ATP levels are altered in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arka Banerjee
- From the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| | - Ramona S Adolph
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jayashree Gopalakrishnapai
- From the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| | - Silke Kleinboelting
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christiane Emmerich
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- From the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Ho TG, Bertinetti D, Neddermann M, Franz E, Mo GCH, Schendowich LP, Sukhu A, Spelts RC, Zhang J, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Isoform-selective disruption of AKAP-localized PKA using hydrocarbon stapled peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:635-42. [PMID: 24422448 PMCID: PMC3985448 DOI: 10.1021/cb400900r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A-kinase
anchoring proteins (AKAPs) play an important role in the
spatial and temporal regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) by scaffolding
critical intracellular signaling complexes. Here we report the design
of conformationally constrained peptides that disrupt interactions
between PKA and AKAPs in an isoform-selective manner. Peptides derived
from the A Kinase Binding (AKB) domain of several AKAPs were chemically
modified to contain an all-hydrocarbon staple and target the docking/dimerization
domain of PKA-R, thereby occluding AKAP interactions. The peptides
are cell-permeable against diverse human cell lines, are highly isoform-selective
for PKA-RII, and can effectively inhibit interactions between AKAPs
and PKA-RII in intact cells. These peptides can be applied as useful
reagents in cell-based studies to selectively disrupt AKAP-localized
PKA-RII activity and block AKAP signaling complexes. In summary, the
novel hydrocarbon-stapled peptides developed in this study represent
a new class of AKAP disruptors to study compartmentalized RII-regulated
PKA signaling in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tienhuei G. Ho
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | | | - Eugen Franz
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Gary C. H. Mo
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lewis P. Schendowich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Avinash Sukhu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Raybun C. Spelts
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang H, Wang H, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Regulating the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway via cAMP-signaling: neuroprotective potential. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:55-66. [PMID: 23686612 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-signaling pathway has been under intensive investigation for decades. It is a wonder that such a small simple molecule like cAMP can modulate a vast number of diverse processes in different types of cells. The ubiquitous involvement of cAMP-signaling in a variety of cellular events requires tight spatial and temporal control of its generation, propagation, compartmentalization, and elimination. Among the various steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway, G-protein-coupled receptors, adenylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, the two major cAMP targets, i.e., protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cAMP, as well as the A-kinase anchoring proteins, are potential targets for drug development. Herein we review the recent progress on the regulation and manipulation of different steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway. We end by focusing on the emerging role of cAMP-signaling in modulating protein degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. New discoveries on the regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway by cAMP-signaling support the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent proteotoxicity in chronic neurodegenerative disorders and other human disease conditions associated with impaired protein turnover by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and the accumulation of ubiquitin-protein aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kotasinska M, Richter V, Kwiatkowski M, Schlüter H. Sample displacement batch chromatography of proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:325-338. [PMID: 24648085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In downstream processing large scale chromatography plays an important role. For its development screening experiments followed by pilot plant chromatography are mandatory steps. Here we describe fast, simple, and inexpensive methods for establishing a preparative chromatography for the separation of complex protein mixtures, based on sample displacement batch chromatography. The methods are demonstrated by anion-exchange chromatography of a human plasma protein fraction (Cohn IV-4), including the screening step and scaling up of the chromatography by a factor of 100. The results of the screening experiments and the preparative chromatography are monitored by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. In summary we provide a protocol which should be easily adaptable for the chromatographic large scale purification of other proteins, in the laboratory as well as in industry for commercial manufacturing. For the latter these protocols cover the initial piloting steps for establishing a sample batch chromatography based on packed columns rather than batch chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kotasinska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry - Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen H, Wild C, Zhou X, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecules targeting exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). J Med Chem 2013; 57:3651-65. [PMID: 24256330 DOI: 10.1021/jm401425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a pivotal second messenger that regulates numerous biological processes under physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, and neurological disorders. In the past, all effects of cAMP were initially believed to be mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels. Since the discovery of exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (EPACs) in 1998, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the net cellular effects of cAMP are also regulated by EPAC. The pursuit of the biological functions of EPAC has benefited from the development and applications of a growing number of pharmacological probes targeting EPACs. In this review, we seek to provide a concise update on recent advances in the development of chemical entities including various membrane-permeable analogues of cAMP and newly discovered EPAC-specific ligands from high throughput assays and hit-to-lead optimizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Across all kingdoms of life, cells store energy in a specialized organelle, the lipid droplet. In general, it consists of a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and steryl esters surrounded by only one leaflet derived from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to which a specific set of proteins is bound. We have chosen the unicellular organism Dictyostelium discoideum to establish kinetics of lipid droplet formation and degradation and to further identify the lipid constituents and proteins of lipid droplets. Here, we show that the lipid composition is similar to what is found in mammalian lipid droplets. In addition, phospholipids preferentially consist of mainly saturated fatty acids, whereas neutral lipids are enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. Among the novel protein components are LdpA, a protein specific to Dictyostelium, and Net4, which has strong homologies to mammalian DUF829/Tmem53/NET4 that was previously only known as a constituent of the mammalian nuclear envelope. The proteins analyzed so far appear to move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lipid droplets, supporting the concept that lipid droplets are formed on this membrane.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chepurny OG, Bertinetti D, Diskar M, Leech CA, Afshari P, Tsalkova T, Cheng X, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Herberg FW, Holz GG. Stimulation of proglucagon gene expression by human GPR119 in enteroendocrine L-cell line GLUTag. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1267-82. [PMID: 23798572 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed on enteroendocrine L-cells that synthesize and secrete the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although GPR119 agonists stimulate L-cell GLP-1 secretion, there is uncertainty concerning whether GLP-1 biosynthesis is under the control of GPR119. Here we report that GPR119 is functionally coupled to increased proglucagon (PG) gene expression that constitutes an essential first step in GLP-1 biosynthesis. Using a mouse L-cell line (GLUTag) that expresses endogenous GPR119, we demonstrate that PG gene promoter activity is stimulated by GPR119 agonist AS1269574. Surprisingly, transfection of GLUTag cells with recombinant human GPR119 (hGPR119) results in a constitutive and apparently ligand-independent increase of PG gene promoter activity and PG mRNA content. These constitutive actions of hGPR119 are mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) but not cAMP sensor Epac2. Thus, the constitutive action of hGPR119 to stimulate PG gene promoter activity is diminished by: 1) a dominant-negative Gαs protein, 2) a dominant-negative PKA regulatory subunit, and 3) a dominant-negative A-CREB. Interestingly, PG gene promoter activity is stimulated by 6-Bn-cAMP-AM, a cAMP analog that selectively activates α and β isoforms of type II, but not type I PKA regulatory subunits expressed in GLUTag cells. Finally, our analysis reveals that a specific inhibitor of Epac2 activation (ESI-05) fails to block the stimulatory action of 6-Bn-cAMP-AM at the PG gene promoter, nor is PG gene promoter activity stimulated by: 1) a constitutively active Epac2, or 2) cAMP analogs that selectively activate Epac proteins. Such findings are discussed within the context of ongoing controversies concerning the relative contributions of PKA and Epac2 to the control of PG gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rahlff J, Trusch M, Haag F, Bacher U, Horst A, Schlüter H, Binder M. Antigen-specificity of oligoclonal abnormal protein bands in multiple myeloma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1639-51. [PMID: 22350072 PMCID: PMC11029419 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myeloma patients may develop oligoclonal immunoglobulins, so-called abnormal protein bands (APB), after stem cell transplantation. APB do not correspond to the patient's paraprotein and confer a good prognosis. We set out to investigate whether such APB represent a humoral anti-myeloma immune response by screening immunoglobulins of 15 myeloma patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and a control group of healthy donors for reactivity with myeloma protein extracts. While the immunoglobulins of healthy donors did not react with myeloma protein extracts, patient-derived immunoglobulins showed variable levels of interaction, depending on the presence of APB on immunofixation. Most commonly, we detected interactions with heat-shock proteins, followed by neutral alpha-glucosidase, alpha-enolase and vimentin, as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MAGEA4. More than 80% of targets were upregulated in myeloma. Heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) was subsequently evaluated as an exemplary antigen. We found that HSP60 was aberrantly displayed on the surface of primary myeloma cells. Indeed, patient-derived APB-containing immunoglobulins recognized surface HSP60 suggesting that this antigen becomes accessible to the immune system after aberrant membrane exposition. We conclude that immunoglobulin fractions with APB recognize recurrent myeloma antigens and that this humoral response may contribute to the more favorable prognosis in patients with APB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Rahlff
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Trusch
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bacher
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Horst
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hammerschmidt A, Chatterji B, Zeiser J, Schröder A, Genieser HG, Pich A, Kaever V, Schwede F, Wolter S, Seifert R. Binding of regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase to cyclic CMP agarose. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39848. [PMID: 22808067 PMCID: PMC3392273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial adenylyl cyclase toxins CyaA from Bordetella pertussis and edema factor from Bacillus anthracis as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase α(1)β(1) synthesize the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide cCMP. These data raise the question to which effector proteins cCMP binds. Recently, we reported that cCMP activates the regulatory subunits RIα and RIIα of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In this study, we used two cCMP agarose matrices as novel tools in combination with immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to identify cCMP-binding proteins. In agreement with our functional data, RIα and RIIα were identified as cCMP-binding proteins. These data corroborate the notion that cAMP-dependent protein kinase may serve as a cCMP target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijon Chatterji
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Zeiser
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Schröder
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Wolter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the 2009 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:892-914. [PMID: 22038797 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We took a different approach to reviewing the commercial biosensor literature this year by inviting 22 biosensor users to serve as a review committee. They set the criteria for what to expect in a publication and ultimately decided to use a pass/fail system for selecting which papers to include in this year's reference list. Of the 1514 publications in 2009 that reported using commercially available optical biosensor technology, only 20% passed their cutoff. The most common criticism the reviewers had with the literature was that "the biosensor experiments could have been done better." They selected 10 papers to highlight good experimental technique, data presentation, and unique applications of the technology. This communal review process was educational for everyone involved and one we will not soon forget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affinity-based proteomic profiling: Problems and achievements. Proteomics 2012; 12:621-37. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
30
|
Düvel J, Bertinetti D, Möller S, Schwede F, Morr M, Wissing J, Radamm L, Zimmermann B, Genieser HG, Jänsch L, Herberg FW, Häussler S. A chemical proteomics approach to identify c-di-GMP binding proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 88:229-36. [PMID: 22178430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In many bacteria, high levels of the ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP have been demonstrated to suppress motility and to promote the establishment of surface-adherent biofilm communities. While molecular mechanisms underlying the synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP have been comprehensively characterized, little is known about how c-di-GMP mediates its regulatory effects. In this study, we have established a chemical proteomics approach to identify c-di-GMP interacting proteins in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A functionalized c-di-GMP analog, 2'-aminohexylcarbamoyl-c-di-GMP (2'-AHC-c-di-GMP), was chemically synthesized and following its immobilization used to perform affinity pull down experiments. Enriched proteins were subsequently identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. 2'-AHC-c-di-GMP was also employed in surface plasmon resonance studies to evaluate and quantify the interaction of c-di-GMP with its potential target molecules in vitro. The biochemical tools presented here may serve the identification of novel classes of c-di-GMP effectors and thus contribute to a better characterization and understanding of the complex c-di-GMP signaling network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Düvel
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vetter MM, Zenn HM, Méndez E, van den Boom H, Herberg FW, Skålhegg BS. The testis-specific Cα2 subunit of PKA is kinetically indistinguishable from the common Cα1 subunit of PKA. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:40. [PMID: 21812984 PMCID: PMC3163529 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The two variants of the α-form of the catalytic (C) subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), designated Cα1 and Cα2, are encoded by the PRKACA gene. Whereas Cα1 is ubiquitous, Cα2 expression is restricted to the sperm cell. Cα1 and Cα2 are encoded with different N-terminal domains. In Cα1 but not Cα2 the N-terminal end introduces three sites for posttranslational modifications which include myristylation at Gly1, Asp-specific deamidation at Asn2 and autophosphorylation at Ser10. Previous reports have implicated specific biological features correlating with these modifications on Cα1. Since Cα2 is not modified in the same way as Cα1 we tested if they have distinct biochemical activities that may be reflected in different biological properties. Results We show that Cα2 interacts with the two major forms of the regulatory subunit (R) of PKA, RI and RII, to form cAMP-sensitive PKAI and PKAII holoenzymes both in vitro and in vivo as is also the case with Cα1. Moreover, using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), we show that the interaction patterns of the physiological inhibitors RI, RII and PKI were comparable for Cα2 and Cα1. This is also the case for their potency to inhibit catalytic activities of Cα2 and Cα1. Conclusion We conclude that the regulatory complexes formed with either Cα1 or Cα2, respectively, are indistinguishable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike M Vetter
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Pb 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hanke SE, Bertinetti D, Badel A, Schweinsberg S, Genieser HG, Herberg FW. Cyclic nucleotides as affinity tools: phosphorothioate cAMP analogues address specific PKA subproteomes. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:294-301. [PMID: 21147280 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
cAMP (adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) is a general second messenger controlling distinct targets in eukaryotic cells. In a (sub)proteomic approach, two classes of phosphorothioate cAMP affinity tools were used to isolate and to identify signalling complexes of the main cAMP target, cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA). Agonist analogues (here: Sp-cAMPS) bind to the regulatory subunits of PKA (PKA-R), together with their interaction partners, and cause dissociation of a holoenzyme complex comprising PKA-R and catalytic subunits of PKA (PKA-C). Antagonist analogues (here: Rp-cAMPS) bind to the holoenzyme without dissociating the complex and were developed to identify interaction partners that bind to the entire complex or to PKA-C. More than 80 different proteins were isolated from tissue extracts including several PKA isoforms and known as well as potentially new interaction partners. Nevertheless, unspecific binding of general nucleotide binding proteins limited the outcome of this chemical proteomics approach. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was employed to optimise the entire workflow of pull down proteomics and to quantify the effects of different nucleotides (ATP, ADP, GTP and NADH) on PKA-R binding to affinity material. We could demonstrate that the addition of NADH to lysates improved specificity in pull down experiments. Using a combination of SPR studies and pull down experiments it was shown unambiguously that it is possible to specifically elute protein complexes with cAMP or cGMP from cAMPS analogue matrices. The side-by-side analysis of the PKA-R interactome and the holoenzyme complexed with interacting proteins will contribute to a further dissection of the multifaceted PKA signalling network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Hanke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Diskar M, Zenn HM, Kaupisch A, Kaufholz M, Brockmeyer S, Sohmen D, Berrera M, Zaccolo M, Boshart M, Herberg FW, Prinz A. Regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases: the human protein kinase X (PrKX) reveals the role of the catalytic subunit alphaH-alphaI loop. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35910-8. [PMID: 20819953 PMCID: PMC2975214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinases are reversibly complexed with any of the four isoforms of regulatory (R) subunits, which contain either a substrate or a pseudosubstrate autoinhibitory domain. The human protein kinase X (PrKX) is an exemption as it is inhibited only by pseudosubstrate inhibitors, i.e. RIα or RIβ but not by substrate inhibitors RIIα or RIIβ. Detailed examination of the capacity of five PrKX-like kinases ranging from human to protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei) to form holoenzymes with human R subunits in living cells shows that this preference for pseudosubstrate inhibitors is evolutionarily conserved. To elucidate the molecular basis of this inhibitory pattern, we applied bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and surface plasmon resonance in combination with site-directed mutagenesis. We observed that the conserved αH-αI loop residue Arg-283 in PrKX is crucial for its RI over RII preference, as a R283L mutant was able to form a holoenzyme complex with wild type RII subunits. Changing the corresponding αH-αI loop residue in PKA Cα (L277R), significantly destabilized holoenzyme complexes in vitro, as cAMP-mediated holoenzyme activation was facilitated by a factor of 2-4, and lead to a decreased affinity of the mutant C subunit for R subunits, significantly affecting RII containing holoenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Diskar
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Zenn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kaupisch
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Melanie Kaufholz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brockmeyer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Daniel Sohmen
- the Biocenter, Section Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Marco Berrera
- the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boshart
- the Biocenter, Section Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Anke Prinz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hundsrucker C, Skroblin P, Christian F, Zenn HM, Popara V, Joshi M, Eichhorst J, Wiesner B, Herberg FW, Reif B, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5507-21. [PMID: 20007971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) include a family of scaffolding proteins that target protein kinase A (PKA) and other signaling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby confine the activities of the associated proteins to distinct regions within cells. AKAPs bind PKA directly. The interaction is mediated by the dimerization and docking domain of regulatory subunits of PKA and the PKA-binding domain of AKAPs. Analysis of the interactions between the dimerization and docking domain and various PKA-binding domains yielded a generalized motif allowing the identification of AKAPs. Our bioinformatics and peptide array screening approaches based on this signature motif identified GSKIP (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein) as an AKAP. GSKIP directly interacts with PKA and GSK3beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta). It is widely expressed and facilitates phosphorylation and thus inactivation of GSK3beta by PKA. GSKIP contains the evolutionarily conserved domain of unknown function 727. We show here that this domain of GSKIP and its vertebrate orthologues binds both PKA and GSK3beta and thereby provides a mechanism for the integration of PKA and GSK3beta signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundsrucker
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Luo Y, Blex C, Baessler O, Glinski M, Dreger M, Sefkow M, Köster H. The cAMP capture compound mass spectrometry as a novel tool for targeting cAMP-binding proteins: from protein kinase A to potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2843-56. [PMID: 19741253 PMCID: PMC2816025 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900110-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The profiling of subproteomes from complex mixtures on the basis of small molecule interactions shared by members of protein families or small molecule interaction domains present in a subset of proteins is an increasingly important approach in functional proteomics. Capture CompoundTM Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) is a novel technology to address this issue. CCs are trifunctional molecules that accomplish the reversible binding of target protein families to a selectivity group (small molecule), covalent capturing of the bound proteins by photoactivated cross-linking through a reactivity group, and pullout of the small molecule-protein complexes through a sorting function, e.g. biotin. Here we present the design, synthesis, and application of a new Capture Compound to target and identify cAMP-binding proteins in complex protein mixtures. Starting with modest amounts of total protein mixture (65–500 μg), we demonstrate that the cAMP-CCs can be used to isolate bona fide cAMP-binding proteins from lysates of Escherichia coli, mammalian HepG2 cells, and subcellular fractions of mammalian brain, respectively. The identified proteins captured by the cAMP-CCs range from soluble cAMP-binding proteins, such as the catabolite gene activator protein from E. coli and regulatory subunits of protein kinase A from mammalian systems, to cAMP-activated potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels from neuronal membranes and specifically synaptosomal fractions from rat brain. The latter group of proteins has never been identified before in any small molecule protein interaction and mass spectrometry-based proteomics study. Given the modest amount of protein input required, we expect that CCMS using the cAMP-CCs provides a unique tool for profiling cAMP-binding proteins from proteome samples of limited abundance, such as tissue biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- GmbH, Volmerstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Saxena C, Higgs RE, Zhen E, Hale JE. Small-molecule affinity chromatography coupled mass spectrometry for drug target deconvolution. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:701-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903005565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|