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Scheifler M, Wilhelm L, Visser B. Lipid Metabolism in Parasitoids and Parasitized Hosts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38977639 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids have an exceptional lifestyle where juvenile development is spent on or in a single host insect, but the adults are free-living. Unlike parasites, parasitoids kill the host. How parasitoids use such a limiting resource, particularly lipids, can affect chances to survive and reproduce. In part 1, we describe the parasitoid lifestyle, including typical developmental strategies. Lipid metabolism in parasitoids has been of interest to researchers since the 1960s and continues to fascinate ecologists, evolutionists, physiologists, and entomologists alike. One reason of this interest is that the majority of parasitoids do not accumulate triacylglycerols as adults. Early research revealed that some parasitoid larvae mimic the fatty acid composition of the host, which may result from a lack of de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. More recent work has focused on the evolution of lack of adult triacylglycerol accumulation and consequences for life history traits. In part 2 of this chapter, we discuss research efforts on lipid metabolism in parasitoids from the 1960s onwards. Parasitoids are also master manipulators of host physiology, including lipid metabolism, having evolved a range of mechanisms to affect the release, synthesis, transport, and take-up of lipids from the host. We lay out the effects of parasitism on host physiology in part 3 of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
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2
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Xi O, Zhang S, Li J, Hu H, Bai M. Geometric Morphometrics and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Chalcidoidea ( Diglyphus and Pachyneuron) at Various Elevations. INSECTS 2024; 15:497. [PMID: 39057230 PMCID: PMC11277471 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Eulophidae and Pteromalidae are parasitic wasps with a global distribution and import for the biological control of pests. They can be distributed in different altitude regions, but their morphological and genetic adaptations to different altitudes are unclear. Here, we collected specimens that belong to Eulophidae and Pteromalidae from various altitudinal gradients, based on integrated taxonomic approaches to determine the species composition, and we analyzed their body shape and size from different altitudes using geometric morphometrics. Then, we performed an analysis of the D. isaea population's haplotype genes to illustrate their genetic diversity. As a result, eight species that belong to two genera, Diglyphus Walker (Eulophidae) and Pachyneuron Walker (Pteromalidae), were identified, including two newly recorded species from China (D. chabrias and D. sabulosus). Through a geometric morphometrics analysis of body shape, we found that a narrow forewing shape and a widened thorax are the significant characteristics of adaptation to high-altitude environments in D. isaea and P. aphidis. Additionally, the body size studies showed a principal relationship between centroid size and altitude; the size of the forewings and thorax increases at higher altitudes. Next, using haplotype analysis, 32 haplotypes were found in seven geographic populations with high genetic diversity of this species. Our research provides preliminary evidence for the morphological and genetic diversity adaptation of parasitic wasps to extreme environments, and these data can provide important references for investigations on the ecological adaptability of parasitic wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyan Xi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (O.X.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Shuli Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (O.X.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (O.X.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (O.X.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
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Mathé-Hubert H, Kremmer L, Colinet D, Gatti JL, Van Baaren J, Delava É, Poirié M. Variation in the Venom of Parasitic Wasps, Drift, or Selection? Insights From a Multivariate QST Analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Goftishu M, Assefa Y, Niba A, Fininsa C, Nyamukondiwa C, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Le Ru BP. Phylogeography and Population Structure of the Mediterranean Corn Borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Across Its Geographic Range. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:396-406. [PMID: 30376077 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a widespread insect pest in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. However, its pest status varies across its distribution range. It is a major pest of maize in Europe and of sugarcane in Iran. In Africa, it is a major pest of maize in West Africa but not considered as a pest in East Africa. Recent surveys conducted in 2015 recorded S. nonagrioides to be a major pest of sugarcane in Ethiopia and reported the species for the first time in Botswana, outside its known geographic range. The genetic relationship of these records with the previously recorded population of S. nonagrioides was investigated using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I region of the mitochondrial genome. In total, 113 individuals across the geographic range of the species were analyzed and 63 haplotypes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis separated the populations into two clades with no distinct geographic distribution pattern. The genetic differentiation was also not associated with host plants and geographic distances. Results of the molecular analysis revealed the long-time establishment of S. nonagrioides population in Botswana and identified the newly recorded sugarcane population from Ethiopia as part of the wild host population in the country. The phylogeographic patterns observed among population of S. nonagrioides have probably been shaped by Pleistocene's climatic oscillations and geographic range expansions from different refugia with secondary contact and admixture. Possible reasons for the host-plant expansion by the Ethiopian population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Goftishu
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Yoseph Assefa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Crop Production, University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus, Swaziland
| | - Augustine Niba
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Chemeda Fininsa
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- IRD/CNRS, UMR IRD 247 EGCE, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Comportement et Ecologie, Avenue de la terrasse, BP1, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Pierre Le Ru
- IRD/CNRS, UMR IRD 247 EGCE, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Comportement et Ecologie, Avenue de la terrasse, BP1, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Visser B, Hance T, Noël C, Pels C, Kimura MT, Stökl J, Geuverink E, Nieberding CM. Variation in lipid synthesis, but genetic homogeneity, among Leptopilina parasitic wasp populations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7355-7364. [PMID: 30151155 PMCID: PMC6106180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid synthesis can have a major effect on survival and reproduction, yet most insect parasitoids fail to synthesize lipids. For parasitic wasps in the genus Leptopilina, however, studies have suggested that there is intraspecific variation in the ability for lipid synthesis. These studies were performed on only few populations, and a large-scale investigation of both lipogenic ability and population genetic structure is now needed. Here, we first examined lipogenic ability of nine Leptopilina heterotoma populations collected in 2013 and found that five of nine populations synthesized lipids. The 2013 populations could not be used to determine genetic structure; hence, we obtained another 20 populations in 2016 that were tested for lipogenic ability. Thirteen of 20 populations (all Leptopilina heterotoma) were then used to determine the level of genetic differentiation (i.e., haplotype and nucleotide diversity) by sequencing neutral mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. None of the 2016 populations synthesized lipids, and no genetic differentiation was found. Our results did reveal a nearly twofold increase in mean wasp lipid content at emergence in populations obtained in 2016 compared to 2013. We propose that our results can be explained by plasticity in lipid synthesis, where lipogenic ability is determined by environmental factors, such as developmental temperature and/or the amount of lipids carried over from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Christine Noël
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Christophe Pels
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | | | - Johannes Stökl
- Institute of Insect BiotechnologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GießenGießenGermany
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Caroline M. Nieberding
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
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Amat I, van Alphen JJ, Kacelnik A, Desouhant E, Bernstein C. Adaptations to different habitats in sexual and asexual populations of parasitoid wasps: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3699. [PMID: 28924495 PMCID: PMC5600175 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexistence of sexual and asexual populations remains a key question in evolutionary ecology. We address the question how an asexual and a sexual form of the parasitoid Venturia canescens can coexist in southern Europe. We test the hypothesis that both forms are adapted to different habitats within their area of distribution. Sexuals inhabit natural environments that are highly unpredictable, and where density of wasps and their hosts is low and patchily distributed. Asexuals instead are common in anthropic environments (e.g., grain stores) where host outbreaks offer periods when egg-load is the main constraint on reproductive output. METHODS We present a meta-analysis of known adaptations to these habitats. Differences in behavior, physiology and life-history traits between sexual and asexual wasps were standardized in term of effect size (Cohen's d value; Cohen, 1988). RESULTS Seeking consilience from the differences between multiple traits, we found that sexuals invest more in longevity at the expense of egg-load, are more mobile, and display higher plasticity in response to thermal variability than asexual counterparts. DISCUSSION Thus, each form has consistent multiple adaptations to the ecological circumstances in the contrasting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Amat
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Alex Kacelnik
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlos Bernstein
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kimura MT, Suwito A. Altitudinal patterns of abundances and parasitism in frugivorous drosophilids in west Java, Indonesia. J NAT HIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1005709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stoelting RE, Measey GJ, Drewes RC. Population genetics of the São Tomé caecilian (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae: Schistometopum thomense) reveals strong geographic structuring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104628. [PMID: 25171066 PMCID: PMC4149351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands provide exciting opportunities for exploring ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. The oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea exhibits high diversity of fauna including the endemic caecilian amphibian, Schistometopum thomense. Variation in pigmentation, morphology and size of this taxon over its c. 45 km island range is extreme, motivating a number of taxonomic, ecological, and evolutionary hypotheses to explain the observed diversity. We conducted a population genetic study of S. thomense using partial sequences of two mitochondrial DNA genes (ND4 and 16S), together with morphological examination, to address competing hypotheses of taxonomic or clinal variation. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance, we found evidence of four geographic clades, whose range and approximated age (c. 253 Kya – 27 Kya) are consistent with the spread and age of recent volcanic flows. These clades explained 90% of variation in ND4 (φCT = 0.892), and diverged by 4.3% minimum pairwise distance at the deepest node. Most notably, using Mismatch Distributions and Mantel Tests, we identified a zone of population admixture that dissected the island. In the northern clade, we found evidence of recent population expansion (Fu's Fs = −13.08 and Tajima's D = −1.80) and limited dispersal (Mantel correlation coefficient = 0.36, p = 0.01). Color assignment to clades was not absolute. Paired with multinomial regression of chromatic data, our analyses suggested that the genetic groups and a latitudinal gradient together describe variation in color of S. thomense. We propose that volcanism and limited dispersal ability are the likely proximal causes of the observed genetic structure. This is the first population genetic study of any caecilian and demonstrates that these animals have deep genetic divisions over very small areas in accordance with previous speculations of low dispersal abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricka E. Stoelting
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - G. John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert C. Drewes
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Ma RY, Jia XY, Liu WZ, Laushman RH, Zhao LL, Jia D, Wang R. Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following introduction into China. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:655-661. [PMID: 23956178 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) was imported to Florida, USA and then introduced from Florida into China in 1987 as a biological control agent for the invasive plant alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). The initial beetle population was subsequently used for sequential introductions in other areas of China, but little is known about the genetic consequences of the introductions. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of five beetle populations, the source Florida population, three intentionally introduced China populations and one accidentally dispersed China population, were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The results showed a clear pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with the sequential introductions. The diversity was highest in the Florida population followed by the first introduction to Chongqing and then in Kunming and Fuzhou. The lowest diversity was found in the accidentally dispersed Guangzhou population that was first recorded in 1996. Both loci parameters and Nei's genetic diversity showed a high variation among these populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was further verified by the GST statistic (0.136-0.432). Beetles in Kunming had the highest gene flow with those in Guangzhou, and therefore lowest differentiation and closest genetic distance. These data show that sequential introduction influenced the genetic diversity of populations in China. Genetic diversity should be considered in planning introduction and long-term maintenance of populations.
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Moiroux J, Delava E, Fleury F, van Baaren J. Local adaptation of a Drosophila
parasitoid: habitat-specific differences in thermal reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Moiroux
- Equipe Paysaclim; UMR CNRS 6553; Université Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - E. Delava
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; UMR CNRS 5558; Université Lyon 1; Villeurbanne France
| | - F. Fleury
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; UMR CNRS 5558; Université Lyon 1; Villeurbanne France
| | - J. van Baaren
- Equipe Paysaclim; UMR CNRS 6553; Université Rennes 1; Rennes France
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