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Ma N, Xu H, Zhang W, Sun X, Guo R, Liu D, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Qiao C, Chen D, Luo A, Bai J. Genome-wide analysis revealed the dysregulation of RNA binding protein-correlated alternative splicing events in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:251. [PMID: 37858115 PMCID: PMC10585833 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI), the tissue damage which is caused by the returning of blood supply to tissue after a period of ischemia, greatly reduces the therapeutic effect of treatment of myocardial infarction. But the underlying functional mechanisms of MIRI are still unclear. METHODS We constructed mouse models of MIRI, extracted injured and healthy myocardial tissues, and performed transcriptome sequencing experiments (RNA-seq) to systematically investigate the dysregulated transcriptome of MIRI, especially the alternative splicing (AS) regulation and RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Selected RBPs and MIRI-associated AS events were then validated by RT-qPCR experiments. RESULTS The differentially expressed gene (DEG) analyses indicated that transcriptome profiles were changed by MIRI and that DEGs' enriched functions were consistent with MIRI's dysregulated pathways. Furthermore, the AS profile was synergistically regulated and showed clear differences between the mouse model and the healthy samples. The exon skipping events significantly increased in MIRI model samples, while the opposite cassette exon events significantly decreased. According to the functional analysis, regulated alternative splicing genes (RASGs) were enriched in protein transport, cell division /cell cycle, RNA splicing, and endocytosis pathways, which were associated with the development of MIRI. Meanwhile, 493 differentially expressed RBPs (DE RBPs) were detected, most of which were correlated with the changed ratios of AS events. In addition, nine DE RBP genes were validated, including Eif5, Pdia6, Tagln2, Vasp, Zfp36l2, Grsf1, Idh2, Ndrg2, and Uqcrc1. These nine DE RBPs were correlated with RASGs enriched in translation process, cell growth and division, and endocytosis pathways, highly consistent with the functions of all RASGs. Finally, we validated the AS ratio changes of five regulated alternative splicing events (RASEs) derived from important regulatory genes, including Mtmr3, Cdc42, Cd47, Fbln2, Vegfa, and Fhl2. CONCLUSION Our study emphasized the critical roles of the dysregulated AS profiles in MIRI development, investigated the potential functions of MIRI-associated RASGs, and identified regulatory RBPs involved in AS regulation. We propose that the identified RASEs and RBPs could serve as important regulators and potential therapeutic targets in MIRI treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ruiming Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Donghai Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Chenhui Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Wuhan Ruixing Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430206, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ailing Luo
- Wuhan Ruixing Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430206, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Bai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, P.R. China.
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Li N, Gu X, Liu F, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Gao S, Wang B, Zhang C. Network pharmacology-based analysis of potential mechanisms of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by total salvianolic acid injection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1202718. [PMID: 37680709 PMCID: PMC10482107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1202718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we investigated the potential mechanism of Total Salvianolic Acid Injection (TSI) in protecting against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI). To achieve this, we predicted the component targets of TSI using Pharmmapper and identified the disease targets of MI/RI through GeneCards, DisGenNET, and OMIM databases. We constructed protein-protein interaction networks by analyzing the overlapping targets and performed functional enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Our analysis yielded 90 targets, which were implicated in the potential therapeutic effects of TSI on MI/RI. Seven critical signaling pathways significantly contributed to TSI's protective effects, namely, PI3K signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, Calcium signaling, HIF-1 signaling, Nuclear receptor signaling, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive literature review of these seven key signaling pathways to gain further insights into their role in the TSI-mediated treatment of MI/RI. By establishing these connections, our study lays a solid foundation for future research endeavours to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which TSI exerts its beneficial effects on MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xufang Gu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanqi Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengwei Gao
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Lee JH, Kim S, Han S, Min J, Caldwell B, Bamford AD, Rocha ASB, Park J, Lee S, Wu SHS, Lee H, Fink J, Pilat-Carotta S, Kim J, Josserand M, Szep-Bakonyi R, An Y, Ju YS, Philpott A, Simons BD, Stange DE, Choi E, Koo BK, Kim JK. p57 Kip2 imposes the reserve stem cell state of gastric chief cells. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:826-839.e9. [PMID: 35523142 PMCID: PMC9097776 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells constantly react to local changes to ensure tissue homeostasis. In the main body of the stomach, chief cells produce digestive enzymes; however, upon injury, they undergo rapid proliferation for prompt tissue regeneration. Here, we identified p57Kip2 (p57) as a molecular switch for the reserve stem cell state of chief cells in mice. During homeostasis, p57 is constantly expressed in chief cells but rapidly diminishes after injury, followed by robust proliferation. Both single-cell RNA sequencing and dox-induced lineage tracing confirmed the sequential loss of p57 and activation of proliferation within the chief cell lineage. In corpus organoids, p57 overexpression induced a long-term reserve stem cell state, accompanied by altered niche requirements and a mature chief cell/secretory phenotype. Following the constitutive expression of p57 in vivo, chief cells showed an impaired injury response. Thus, p57 is a gatekeeper that imposes the reserve stem cell state of chief cells in homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Somi Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jimin Min
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brianna Caldwell
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aileen-Diane Bamford
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Andreia Sofia Batista Rocha
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - JinYoung Park
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Sieun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Szu-Hsien Sam Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Heetak Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Juergen Fink
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sandra Pilat-Carotta
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria; Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Manon Josserand
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Réka Szep-Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Yohan An
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Philpott
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Postnatal Growth Restriction in Mice Alters Cardiac Protein Composition and Leads to Functional Impairment in Adulthood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249459. [PMID: 33322681 PMCID: PMC7763900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal growth restriction (PGR) increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, yet there is minimal mechanistic rationale for the observed pathology. The purpose of this study was to identify proteomic differences in hearts of growth-restricted and unrestricted mice, and propose mechanisms related to impairment in adulthood. Friend leukemia virus B (FVB) mouse dams were fed a control (CON: 20% protein), or low-protein (LP: 8% protein) isocaloric diet 2 weeks before mating. LP dams produce 20% less milk, inducing growth restriction. At birth (postnatal; PN1), pups born to dams fed the CON diet were switched to LP dams (PGR group) or a different CON dam. At PN21, a sub-cohort of CON (n = 3 males; n = 3 females) and PGR (n = 3 males; n = 3 females) were euthanized and their proteome analyzed by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectroscopy. Western blotting and silver nitrate staining confirmed 2D DIGE results. Littermates (CON: n = 4 males and n = 4 females; PGR: n = 4 males and n = 4 females) were weaned to the CON diet. At PN77, echocardiography measured cardiac function. At PN80, hearts were removed for western blotting to determine if differences persisted into adulthood. 2D DIGE and western blot confirmation indicated PGR had reductions in p57kip2, Titin (Ttn), and Collagen (Col). At PN77, PGR had impaired cardiac function as measured by echocardiography. At PN80, western blots of p57kip2 showed protein abundance recovered from PN21. PN80 silver staining of large molecular weight proteins (Ttn and Col) was reduced in PGR. PGR reduces cell cycle activity at PN21, which is recovered in adulthood. However, collagen fiber networks are altered into adulthood.
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Meng Q, Liu Y, Huo X, Sun H, Wang Y, Bu F. MicroRNA‑221‑3p contributes to cardiomyocyte injury in H2O2‑treated H9c2 cells and a rat model of myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion by targeting p57. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:589-596. [PMID: 29693157 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and microRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of pathological and physiological processes in myocardial I/R injury. The present study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)‑221‑3p in myocardial I/R injury. Cell death and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were increased in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑treated H9c2 cells, as measured by flow cytometry and an LDH detection kit. The expression of miR‑221‑3p was elevated in H2O2‑incubated cells and in remote areas of the rat I/R model, examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The overexpression of miR‑221‑3p enhanced the number of propidium iodide (PI)+ cells and the activity of LDH in H2O2‑treated cells. In I/R‑induced rats, the overexpression of miR‑221‑3p promoted the number of myosin+ cells and inhibited the fractional shortening of left ventricular diameter (FSLVD%). The results showed that the expression of p57 at the gene and protein levels was decreased in H9c2 cells incubated with H2O2 and in rats subjected to I/R surgery; the expression of p57 decreased following the overexpression of miR‑221‑3p. Subsequently, the hypothesis that p57 was the direct target of miR‑221‑3p was confirmed by performing a dual‑luciferase reporter assay. Finally, to examine the function of p57 in myocardial impairment, p57 was transfected into H9c2 cells and administered to the rats prior to undergoing H2O2 treatment and I/R surgery, respectively. The results indicated that p57 attenuated the number of PI+ cells and the activity of LDH in H2O2‑treated cells, whereas p57 downregulated the number of myosin+ cells and upregulated FSLVD% in the I/R‑treated rats. Therefore, these findings suggested that miR‑221‑3p exacerbated the H2O2‑induced myocardial damage in H9c2 cells and myocardial I/R injury in the rat model by modulating p57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Cadre Health Care Department, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao No. 9 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyue Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Yingcui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Bu
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
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Genetic and Epigenetic Control of CDKN1C Expression: Importance in Cell Commitment and Differentiation, Tissue Homeostasis and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041055. [PMID: 29614816 PMCID: PMC5979523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN1C gene encodes the p57Kip2 protein which has been identified as the third member of the CIP/Kip family, also including p27Kip1 and p21Cip1. In analogy with these proteins, p57Kip2 is able to bind tightly and inhibit cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and, in turn, modulate cell division cycle progression. For a long time, the main function of p57Kip2 has been associated only to correct embryogenesis, since CDKN1C-ablated mice are not vital. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that CDKN1C alterations cause three human hereditary syndromes, characterized by altered growth rate. Subsequently, the p57Kip2 role in several cell phenotypes has been clearly assessed as well as its down-regulation in human cancers. CDKN1C lies in a genetic locus, 11p15.5, characterized by a remarkable regional imprinting that results in the transcription of only the maternal allele. The control of CDKN1C transcription is also linked to additional mechanisms, including DNA methylation and specific histone methylation/acetylation. Finally, long non-coding RNAs and miRNAs appear to play important roles in controlling p57Kip2 levels. This review mostly represents an appraisal of the available data regarding the control of CDKN1C gene expression. In addition, the structure and function of p57Kip2 protein are briefly described and correlated to human physiology and diseases.
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Ponnusamy M, Li PF, Wang K. Understanding cardiomyocyte proliferation: an insight into cell cycle activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1019-1034. [PMID: 27695872 PMCID: PMC11107761 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation and regeneration are key to the functional recovery of myocardial tissue from injury. In the recent years, studies on cardiomyocyte proliferation overturned the traditional belief that adult cardiomyocytes permanently withdraw from the cell cycle activity. Hence, targeting cardiomyocyte proliferation is one of the potential therapeutic strategies for myocardial regeneration and repair. To achieve this, a deep understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in cardiomyocyte cell cycle as well as differences between neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes' cell cycle activity is required. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding of cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity at different life stages viz., gestation, birth, and adulthood. The temporal expression/activities of major cell cycle activators (cyclins and CDKs), inhibitors (p21, p27, p57, p16, and p18), and cell-cycle-associated proteins (Rb, p107, and p130) in cardiomyocytes during gestation and postnatal life are described in this review. The influence of different transcription factors and microRNAs on the expression of cell cycle proteins is demonstrated. This review also deals major pathways (PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo-YAP) associated with cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression. Furthermore, the postnatal alterations in structure and cellular events responsible for the loss of cell cycle activity are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugavel Ponnusamy
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9583268. [PMID: 28101515 PMCID: PMC5215135 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9583268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, the number 1 cause of death worldwide, are frequently associated with apoptotic death of cardiac myocytes. Since cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a highly regulated process, pharmacological intervention of apoptosis pathways may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for a number of cardiovascular diseases and disorders including myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, chemotherapy cardiotoxicity, and end-stage heart failure. Despite rapid growth of our knowledge in apoptosis signaling pathways, a clinically applicable treatment targeting this cellular process is currently unavailable. To help identify potential innovative directions for future research, it is necessary to have a full understanding of the apoptotic pathways currently known to be functional in cardiac myocytes. Here, we summarize recent progress in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by multiple signaling molecules and pathways, with a focus on the involvement of these pathways in the pathogenesis of heart disease. In addition, we provide an update regarding bench to bedside translation of this knowledge and discuss unanswered questions that need further investigation.
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Pippin JW, Sparks MA, Glenn ST, Buitrago S, Coffman TM, Duffield JS, Gross KW, Shankland SJ. Cells of renin lineage are progenitors of podocytes and parietal epithelial cells in experimental glomerular disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:542-57. [PMID: 23769837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular injury leads to podocyte loss, a process directly underlying progressive glomerular scarring and decline of kidney function. The inherent repair process is limited by the inability of podocytes to regenerate. Cells of renin lineage residing alongside glomerular capillaries are reported to have progenitor capacity. We investigated whether cells of renin lineage can repopulate the glomerulus after podocyte injury and serve as glomerular epithelial cell progenitors. Kidney cells expressing renin were genetically fate-mapped in adult Ren1cCreER×Rs-tdTomato-R, Ren1cCre×Rs-ZsGreen-R, and Ren1dCre×Z/EG reporter mice. Podocyte depletion was induced in all three cell-specific reporter mice by cytotoxic anti-podocyte antibodies. After a decrease in podocyte number, a significant increase in the number of labeled cells of renin lineage was observed in glomeruli in a focal distribution along Bowman's capsule, within the glomerular tuft, or in both locations. A subset of cells lining Bowman's capsule activated expression of the glomerular parietal epithelial cell markers paired box protein PAX2 and claudin-1. A subset of labeled cells within the glomerular tuft expressed the podocyte markers Wilms tumor protein 1, nephrin, podocin, and synaptopodin. Neither renin mRNA nor renin protein was detected de novo in diseased glomeruli. These findings provide initial evidence that cells of renin lineage may enhance glomerular regeneration by serving as progenitors for glomerular epithelial cells in glomerular disease characterized by podocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-6521, USA
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Chan KYY, Zhou L, Xiang P, Li K, Ng PC, Wang CC, Li M, Pong NH, Tu L, Deng H, Kong CKL, Sung RYT. Thrombopoietin improved ventricular function and regulated remodeling genes in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:2546-54. [PMID: 22770769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombopoietin (TPO) protects against heart damages by doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in animal models. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of TPO for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model and explored the mechanisms in terms of the genome-wide transcriptional profile, TPO downstream protein signals, and bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: Sham-operated, MI (permanent ligation of the left coronary artery) and MI+TPO. Three doses of TPO were administered weekly for 2 weeks, and outcomes were assessed at 4 or 8 weeks post-injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS TPO treatment significantly improved left ventricular function, hemodynamic parameters, myocardium morphology, neovascularization and infarct size. MI damage upregulated a large cohort of gene expressions in the infarct border zone, including those functioned in cytoskeleton organization, vascular and matrix remodeling, muscle development, cell cycling and ion transport. TPO treatment significantly reversed these modulations. While phosphorylation of janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and protein kinase B (AKT) was modified in MI animals, TPO treatment regulated phosphorylation of STAT3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) protein level. TPO also increased EPC colonies in the bone marrow of MI animals. Our data showed that TPO alleviated damages of heart tissues from MI insults, possibly mediated by multi-factorial mechanisms including suppression of over-reacted ventricular remodeling, regulation of TPO downstream signals and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. TPO could be developed for treatment of cardiac damages.
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Opposing roles of FoxP1 and Nfat3 in transcriptional control of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3068-80. [PMID: 21606195 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00925-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac homeostasis is maintained by a balance of growth-promoting and growth-modulating factors. Sustained elevation of calcium signaling can induce cardiac hypertrophy through activation of Nfat family transcription factors. FoxP family transcription factors are known to interact with Nfat proteins and to modulate their transcriptional activities in lymphocytes. We investigated FoxP1 interaction with Nfat3 (Nfatc4) and their effects on transcription of hypertrophy-associated genes in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. FoxP1-Nfat3 complexes were visualized using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. Calcineurin activation induced FoxP1-Nfat3 BiFC complex formation. Amino acid substitutions in the predicted interaction interface inhibited it. FoxP1 repressed hypertrophy-associated genes (Myh7, Rcan1, Cx43, Anf, and Bnp) and counteracted their activation by constitutively nuclear Nfat3 (cnNfat3). In contrast, FoxP1 activated genes that maintain normal heart functions (Myh6 and p57Kip2) and cnNfat3 counteracted their activation by FoxP1. Amino acid substitutions in FoxP1 or cnNfat3 that inhibited their interaction abrogated the activation of hypertrophy-associated gene transcription by cnNfat3 and the repression of these genes by FoxP1. FoxP1 and Nfat3 co-occupied the promoter regions of hypertrophy-associated genes in neonatal and adult heart tissue. FoxP1 counteracted hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth, and connexin 43 mislocalization caused by cnNfat3 expression. These data suggest that the opposing transcriptional activities of FoxP1 and Nfat3 maintain cardiomyocyte homeostasis.
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The hallmarks of CDKN1C (p57, KIP2) in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:50-6. [PMID: 21447370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C CDKN1C (p57(KIP2)) regulates several hallmarks of cancer, including apoptosis, cell invasion and metastasis, tumor differentiation and angiogenesis. p57(KIP2) is generally not mutated in cancer, but its expression is downregulated through epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and repressive histone marks at the promoter. This opens up possibilities for therapeutic intervention through reactivation of p57(KIP2) gene expression. Furthermore, p57(KIP2) has been tested as a prognostic factor for many types of cancer, even differentiating between early and late stage cancer. In this review, the multifunctional tumor suppressor capabilities of p57(KIP2), the mechanisms of p57(KIP2) transcriptional repression in cancer, and the therapeutic potential of reactivation of p57(KIP2) protein expression will be discussed.
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Di Stefano V, Giacca M, Capogrossi MC, Crescenzi M, Martelli F. Knockdown of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors induces cardiomyocyte re-entry in the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8644-8654. [PMID: 21209082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes stops rapidly after birth and injured hearts do not regenerate adequately. High cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) levels have been observed in cardiomyocytes, but their role in maintaining cardiomyocytes in a post-mitotic state is still unknown. In this report, it was investigated whether CKI knockdown by RNA interference induced cardiomyocyte proliferation. We found that triple transfection with p21(Waf1), p27(Kip1), and p57(Kip2) siRNAs induced both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte to enter S phase and increased the nuclei/cardiomyocyte ratio; furthermore, a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes progressed beyond karyokynesis, as assessed by the detection of mid-body structures and by straight cardiomyocyte counting. Intriguingly, cardiomyocyte proliferation occurred in the absence of overt DNA damage and aberrant mitotic figures. Finally, CKI knockdown and DNA synthesis reactivation correlated with a dramatic change in adult cardiomyocyte morphology that may be a prerequisite for cell division. In conclusion, CKI expression plays an active role in maintaining cardiomyocyte withdrawal from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Stefano
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and.
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Ashraf M, Zhao T, Huang W, Ashraf A, Balasubramaniam A. Combining neuropeptide Y and mesenchymal stem cells reverses remodeling after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H275-86. [PMID: 19897711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00765.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) induced reentry of differentiated rat neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle. NPY also induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into cardiomyocytes following transplantation into infarcted myocardium. Rat neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes were treated in vitro with vehicle, NPY, fibroblast growth factor (FGF; 100 ng/ml), or FGF plus NPY. DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis were determined by immunocytochemistry. NPY-induced MSC gene expression, cell migration, tube formation, and endothelial cell differentiation were analyzed. Male rat green fluorescent protein-MSC (2 x 10(6)), pretreated with either vehicle or NPY (10(-8) M) for 72 h, were injected into the border zone of the female myocardium following left anterior descending artery ligation. On day 30, heart function was assessed, and hearts were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. NPY increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation and promoted both cytokinesis and mitosis in rat neonatal and adult myocytes. NPY also upregulated several genes required for mitosis in MSC, including aurora B kinase, FGF-2, cycline A2, eukaryotic initiation factor 4 E, and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha. NPY directly induced neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte cell-cycle reentry and enhanced the number of differentiated cardiomyocytes from MSC in the infarcted myocardium, which corresponded to improved cardiac function, reduced fibrosis, ventricular remodeling, and increased angiomyogenesis. It is concluded that a combined treatment of NPY with MSC is a novel approach for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
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Balakrishnan MP, Cilenti L, Mashak Z, Popat P, Alnemri ES, Zervos AS. THAP5 is a human cardiac-specific inhibitor of cell cycle that is cleaved by the proapoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease during cell death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H643-53. [PMID: 19502560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a mitochondrial serine protease that has a dual function: while confined in the mitochondria, it promotes cell survival, but when released into the cytoplasm, it participates in caspase-dependent as well as caspase-independent cell death. To investigate the mechanism of Omi/HtrA2's function, we set out to isolate and characterize novel substrates for this protease. We have identified Thanatos-associated protein 5 (THAP5) as a specific interactor and substrate of Omi/HtrA2 in cells undergoing apoptosis. This protein is an uncharacterized member of the THAP family of proteins. THAP5 has a unique pattern of expression and is found predominantly in the human heart, although a very low expression is also seen in the human brain and muscle. THAP5 protein is localized in the nucleus and, when ectopically expressed, induces cell cycle arrest. During apoptosis, THAP5 protein is degraded, and this process can be blocked using a specific Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor, leading to reduced cell death. In patients with coronary artery disease, THAP5 protein levels substantially decrease in the myocardial infarction area, suggesting a potential role of this protein in human heart disease. This work identifies human THAP5 as a cardiac-specific nuclear protein that controls cell cycle progression. Furthermore, during apoptosis, THAP5 is cleaved and removed by the proapoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease. Taken together, we provide evidence to support that THAP5 and its regulation by Omi/HtrA2 provide a new link between cell cycle control and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi P Balakrishnan
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
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