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Sharika R, Mongkolpobsin K, Rangsinth P, Prasanth MI, Nilkhet S, Pradniwat P, Tencomnao T, Chuchawankul S. Experimental Models in Unraveling the Biological Mechanisms of Mushroom-Derived Bioactives against Aging- and Lifestyle-Related Diseases: A Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2682. [PMID: 39203820 PMCID: PMC11357205 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have garnered considerable interest among researchers due to their immense nutritional and therapeutic properties. The presence of biologically active primary and secondary metabolites, which includes several micronutrients, including vitamins, essential minerals, and other dietary fibers, makes them an excellent functional food. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of mushrooms has been reported to reduce the incidence of aging- and lifestyle-related diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and stroke, as well as to provide overall health benefits by promoting immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, and enhancement of gut microbial flora. The multifunctional activities of several mushroom extracts have been evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo studies using cell lines along with invertebrate and vertebrate model systems to address human diseases and disorders at functional and molecular levels. Although each model has its own strengths as well as lacunas, various studies have generated a plethora of data regarding the regulating players that are modulated in order to provide various protective activities; hence, this review intends to compile and provide an overview of the plausible mechanism of action of mushroom-derived bioactives, which will be helpful in future medicinal explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekharan Sharika
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (K.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuljira Mongkolpobsin
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (K.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (T.T.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunita Nilkhet
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (K.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Paweena Pradniwat
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (K.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.I.P.); (T.T.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (K.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Yang Y, Pian Y, Li J, Xu L, Lu Z, Dai Y, Li Q. Integrative analysis of genome and transcriptome reveal the genetic basis of high temperature tolerance in pleurotus giganteus (Berk. Karun & Hyde). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:552. [PMID: 37723428 PMCID: PMC10506213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleurotus giganteus is a commonly cultivated mushroom with notable high temperature resistance, making it significant for the growth of the edible fungi industry in the tropics. Despite its practical importance,, the genetic mechanisms underlying its ability to withstand high temperature tolerance remain elusive. RESULTS In this study, we performed high-quality genome sequencing of a monokaryon isolated from a thermotolerant strain of P. giganteus. The genome size was found to be 40.11 Mb, comprising 17 contigs and 13,054 protein-coding genes. Notably, some genes related to abiotic stress were identified in genome, such as genes regulating heat shock protein, protein kinase activity and signal transduction. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of P. giganteus' high temperature resistance. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree showed that P. giganteus was more closely related to P. citrinopileatus than other Pleurotus species. The divergence time between Pleurotus and Lentinus was estimated as 153.9 Mya, and they have a divergence time with Panus at 168.3 Mya, which proved the taxonomic status of P. giganteus at the genome level. Additionally, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted between mycelia treated with 40 °C heat shock for 18 h (HS) and an untreated control group (CK). Among the 2,614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1,303 genes were up-regulated and 1,311 were down-regulated in the HS group. The enrichment analysis showed that several genes related to abiotic stress, including heat shock protein, DnaJ protein homologue, ubiquitin protease, transcription factors, DNA mismatch repair proteins, and zinc finger proteins, were significantly up-regulated in the HS group. These genes may play important roles in the high temperature adaptation of P. giganteus. Six DEGs were selected according to fourfold expression changes and were validated by qRT-PCR, laying a good foundation for further gene function analysis. CONCLUSION Our study successfully reported a high-quality genome of P. giganteus and identified genes associated with high-temperature tolerance through an integrative analysis of the genome and transcriptome. This study lays a crucial foundation for understanding the high-temperature tolerance mechanism of P. giganteus, providing valuable insights for genetic modification of P. giganteus strains and the development of high-temperature strains for the edible fungus industry, particularly in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Yongru Pian
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, P. R. China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, P. R. China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, P. R. China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou, China
| | - Zhu Lu
- Jilin Academy of Vegetables and Flowers Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yueting Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Qinfen Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, P. R. China.
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Danzhou, China.
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Hassan K, Matio Kemkuignou B, Kirchenwitz M, Wittstein K, Rascher-Albaghdadi M, Chepkirui C, Matasyoh JC, Decock C, Köster RW, Stradal TEB, Stadler M. Neurotrophic and Immunomodulatory Lanostane Triterpenoids from Wood-Inhabiting Basidiomycota. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13593. [PMID: 36362380 PMCID: PMC9657622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and a mycelial culture of Antrodia sp. MUCL 56049. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The secondary metabolites were tested for neurotrophin (ngf and bdnf) expression levels on human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Neurite outgrowth activity using rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells was also determined. Twelve triterpenoids were isolated, of which several potently stimulated the expression of neurotrophic factors, namely, ngf (sulphurenic acid, 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid, fomefficinic acid D, and 16α-hydroxyeburicoic acid) and bdnf (sulphurenic acid and 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid), respectively. The triterpenes also potentiated ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the compound class of lanostanes in direct relation to bdnf and ngf enhancement. These compounds are widespread in medicinal mushrooms; hence, they appear promising as a starting point for the development of drugs and mycopharmaceuticals to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, they do not show any pronounced cytotoxicity and may, therefore, be better suited for therapy than many other neurotrophic compounds that were previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Hassan
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Kirchenwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wittstein
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monique Rascher-Albaghdadi
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Clara Chepkirui
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Josphat C. Matasyoh
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya
| | - Cony Decock
- Mycothéque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Yu H, Zhang M, Sun Y, Li Q, Liu J, Song C, Shang X, Tan Q, Zhang L, Yu H. Whole-genome sequence of a high-temperature edible mushroom Pleurotus giganteus (zhudugu). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941889. [PMID: 36051764 PMCID: PMC9424821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the sequenced wood-rotting edible mushroom produce fruiting body at relatively low temperatures. Little information has been known about the high-temperature wood-rotting mushroom. Here, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the genome of a high-temperature edible mushroom Pleurotus giganteus from a monokaryotic strain zhudugu2 using the Illumina and Pac-Bio CLR sequencing technologies. P. giganteus, also known as Zhudugu in China, is a well-known culinary edible mushroom that has been widely distributed and cultivated in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. The genome consists of 40.00 Mb in 27 contigs with a contig N50 of 4.384 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that P. giganteus and other strains in Pleurotus clustered in one clade. Phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide identity analysis indicated that the P. giganteus genome showed a closer relationship with other Pleurotus species. Chromosome collinearity analysis revealed a high level of collinearity between P. ostreatus and P. giganteus. There are 12,628 protein-coding genes annotated in this monoploid genome. A total of 481 enzymes accounting for 514 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) terms were identified in the P. giganteus genome, including 15 laccases and 10 class II peroxidases predicted in the genome, which revealed the robustness of lignocellulose degradation capacity of P. giganteus. The mating-A type locus of P. giganteus consisted of a pair of homeodomain mating-type genes HD1 and HD2. The mating-B type locus of P. giganteus consisted of at least four pheromone receptor genes and three pheromone genes. The genome is not only beneficial for the genome-assisted breeding of this mushroom but also helps us to understand the high-temperature tolerance of the edible mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lujun Zhang,
| | - Hao Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Hao Yu,
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Liu Z, Wu S, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhou S, Wang X. The complete mitochondrial genome of the edible mushroom Pleurotus giganteus (Agaricales, Pleurotus) and insights into its phylogeny. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1313-1315. [PMID: 35874280 PMCID: PMC9297719 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2096418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus giganteus (Berk.) Karunarathna & K.D. Hyde 2011 is one of the largest edible mushrooms integrating medicinal value and edible value. The complete mitochondrial genome of the edible fungus P. giganteus was published in this paper. It was determined using Pacbio and Illumina sequencing. The circular molecule is 102,950 bp in length, consisting of 30 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 24 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The base composition of the whole mitogenome is A (37.3%), T (37.7%), G (12.2%), and C (12.8%). The phylogenetic tree shows P. giganteus was the basal taxon in Pleurotus and closely related to Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer 1990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengliang Liu
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shengjin Wu
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shuangyun Zhou
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoguo Wang
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Izham I, Avin F, Raseetha S. Systematic Review: Heat Treatments on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Quality of Malaysian Mushroom: Oyster (Pleurotus spp.) and Black Jelly (Auricularia spp.). FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.882939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus spp. and Auricularia spp. are popular species consumed by the Malaysian community. Recently, due to increased awareness, both mushrooms are also being consumed for their bioactive compounds, ergothioneine, and antioxidant properties and has been used since earlier ages as therapeutic remedies. The bioactive compounds such as phenol, flavonoid and ergothioneine found in both Pleurotus and Auricularia mushrooms were explored. Differences in heat treatments (microwave, hot air drying, and solar drying) and cooking methods may affect the content of bioactive compounds and their properties. Similarly, sensory acceptance by consumers may be affected too. Antioxidant properties using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay of both raw and heat-treated mushrooms are included. Microwave drying retained color characteristics and bioactive compounds in both mushrooms. To add value to this review, a survey on the consumption pattern of Pleurotus and Auricularia species among Malaysians has been conducted online and concluded that Pleurotus species is the most considered species compared to Auricularia mushroom and almost half of the respondents were not aware that heat may deplete nutritional contents in mushroom despite agreeing both gave beneficial health in diets.
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Kakoti M, Hazarika D, Parveen A, Dullah S, Ghosh A, Saha D, Barooah M, Boro R. Nutritional Properties, Antioxidant and Antihaemolytic Activities of the Dry Fruiting Bodies of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumed by Ethnic Communities of Northeast India. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/144044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Niego AG, Rapior S, Thongklang N, Raspé O, Jaidee W, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Macrofungi as a Nutraceutical Source: Promising Bioactive Compounds and Market Value. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:397. [PMID: 34069721 PMCID: PMC8161071 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi production and economic value have been increasing globally. The demand for macrofungi has expanded rapidly owing to their popularity among consumers, pleasant taste, and unique flavors. The presence of high quality proteins, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, triterpene sterols, and secondary metabolites makes macrofungi an important commodity. Macrofungi are well known for their ability to protect from or cure various health problems, such as immunodeficiency, cancer, inflammation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Many studies have demonstrated their medicinal properties, supported by both in vivo and in vitro experimental studies, as well as clinical trials. Numerous bioactive compounds isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, fats, phenolic compounds, and vitamins, possess strong bioactivities. Consequently, they can be considered as an important source of nutraceuticals. Numerous edible mushrooms have been studied for their bioactivities, but only a few species have made it to the market. Many species remain to be explored. The converging trends and popularity of eastern herbal medicines, natural/organic food product preference, gut-healthy products, and positive outlook towards sports nutrition are supporting the growth in the medicinal mushroom market. The consumption of medicinal mushrooms as functional food or dietary supplement is expected to markedly increase in the future. The global medicinal mushroom market size is projected to increase by USD 13.88 billion from 2018 to 2022. The global market values of promising bioactive compounds, such as lentinan and lovastatin, are also expected to rise. With such a market growth, mushroom nutraceuticals hold to be very promising in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Grace Niego
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo 5000, Philippines
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEFE, CNRS, University Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, CS 14491, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | - Naritsada Thongklang
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Olivier Raspé
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Jaidee
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (N.T.); (O.R.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
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PC12 Cell Line: Cell Types, Coating of Culture Vessels, Differentiation and Other Culture Conditions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040958. [PMID: 32295099 PMCID: PMC7227003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The PC12 cell line is one of the most commonly used in neuroscience research, including studies on neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, neurosecretion, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis. Two types of this line are available in the ATCC collection: traditional PC12 cells grown in suspension and well-attached adherent phenotype. PC12 cells grown in suspension tend to aggregate and adhere poorly to non-coated surfaces. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the surface of culture vessels. This paper aims to characterise the use of two distinct variants of PC12 cells as well as describe their differentiation and neuronal outgrowth with diverse NGF concentrations (rat or human origin) on various surfaces. In our study, we evaluated cell morphology, neurite length, density and outgrowth (measured spectrofluorimetrically), and expression of neuronal biomarkers (doublecortin and NeuN). We found that the collagen coating was the most versatile method of surface modification for both cell lines. For adherent cells, the coating was definitely less important, and the poly-d-lysine surface was as good as collagen. We also demonstrated that the concentration of NGF is of great importance for the degree of differentiation of cells. For suspension cells, we achieved the best neuronal characteristics (length and density of neurites) after 14 days of incubation with 100 ng/mL NGF (change every 48 h), while for adherent cells after 3-5 days, after which they began to proliferate. In the PC12 cell line, doublecortin (DCX) expression in the cytoplasm and NeuN in the cell nucleus were found. In turn, in the PC12 Adh line, DCX was not expressed, and NeuN expression was located in the entire cell (both in the nucleus and cytoplasm). Only the traditional PC12 line grown in suspension after differentiation with NGF should be used for neurobiological studies, especially until the role of the NeuN protein, whose expression has also been noted in the cytoplasm of adherent cells, is well understood.
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Ellan K, Thayan R, Raman J, Hidari KIPJ, Ismail N, Sabaratnam V. Anti-viral activity of culinary and medicinal mushroom extracts against dengue virus serotype 2: an in-vitro study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:260. [PMID: 31533688 PMCID: PMC6751638 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has become a major public health concern worldwide. Presently, there is no specific vaccine or treatment available for dengue viral infection. METHODS Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus, Hericium erinaceus, Schizophyllum commune and Ganoderma lucidium were selected for evaluation of their in-vitro anti-dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) activities. Hot aqueous extracts (HAEs), ethanol extracts (EEs), hexane soluble extracts (HSEs), ethyl acetate soluble extracts (ESEs) and aqueous soluble extracts (ASEs) were prepared from the selected mushrooms. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were evaluated by the MTT assay. The anti-DENV-2 activities of the extracts were evaluated in three different assays: simultaneous, attachment and penetration assays were perfomed using plaque reduction assays and RT-qPCR assays. The effect of the addition time on viral replication was assessed by the time of addition assay, and a virucidal assay was carried out to evaluate the direct effect of each mushroom extract on DENV-2. The chemical composition of glucans, and the protein and phenolic acid contents in the extracts were estimated. RESULTS We found that the HAEs and ASEs of L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, H. erinaceus and S. commune were the least toxic to Vero cells and showed very prominent anti-DENV2 activity. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the ASEs ranged between 399.2-637.9 μg/ml, while for the HAEs the range was 312.9-680.6 μg/ml during simultaneous treatment. Significant anti-dengue activity was also detected in the penetration assay of ASEs (IC50: 226.3-315.4 μg/ml) and HAEs (IC50: 943.1-2080.2 μg/ml). Similarly, we observed a marked reduction in the expression levels of the ENV and NS5 genes in the simultaneous and penetration assays of the ASEs and HAEs. Time-of-addition experiments showed that the highest percent of anti-DENV2 activity was observed when the mushroom extracts were added immediately after virus adsorption. None of the extracts exhibited virucidal effect. Chemical composition analysis showed that the major components in the mushroom HAEs and ASEs were glucan (beta D-glucan) and proteins, however, there was no significant correlation between the anti-dengue activity and the concentration of glucans and proteins. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated the potential of mushroom extracts as anti-dengue therapeutic agents with less toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavithambigai Ellan
- 0000 0001 0690 5255grid.415759.bVirology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- 0000 0001 0690 5255grid.415759.bVirology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jegadeesh Raman
- 0000 0004 0636 2782grid.420186.9Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumsung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuya I. P. J. Hidari
- 0000 0004 1763 0236grid.265880.1Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College Division, University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Norizah Ismail
- 0000 0001 0690 5255grid.415759.bVirology Unit, Disease Department, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- 0000 0001 2308 5949grid.10347.31Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Phan CW, Wang JK, Tan EYY, Tan YS, Sathiya Seelan JS, Cheah SC, Vikineswary S. Giant oyster mushroom,Pleurotus giganteus(Agaricomycetes): Current status of the cultivation methods, chemical composition, biological, and health-promoting properties. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2018.1542710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joon-Keong Wang
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elson Yi-Yong Tan
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shin Tan
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sabaratnam Vikineswary
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Baskaran A, Chua KH, Sabaratnam V, Ravishankar Ram M, Kuppusamy UR. Pleurotus giganteus (Berk. Karun & Hyde), the giant oyster mushroom inhibits NO production in LPS/H 2O 2 stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via STAT 3 and COX-2 pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:40. [PMID: 28086773 PMCID: PMC5237140 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Pleurotus giganteus (Berk. Karunarathna and K.D. Hyde), has been used as a culinary mushroom and is known to have medicinal properties but its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent to mitigate inflammation triggered diseases is untapped. In this study, the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of ethanol extract of P. giganteus (EPG) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and combination of LPS and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced inflammation on RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. Method The effect of EPG on nitric oxide (NO) production as an indicator of inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages was estimated based on Griess reaction that measures nitrite level. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-kB activating protein (NKAP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein (STAT 3) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes were assessed using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach. Results EPG (10 μg/ml) showed the highest reduction in the LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) the expression iNOS, STAT 3 and COX-2. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in combination of LPS and H2O2- induced iNOS production when compared to the LPS-induced iNOS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and this concurred with the NO production which was attenuated by EPG at 10 μg/ml. A significant (p < 0.05) down regulation was observed in the combination of LPS and H2O2-induced iNOS and GPx expression by EPG. Conclusions Our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of EPG is mediated via the suppression of the STAT 3 and COX-2 pathways and can serve as potential endogenous antioxidant stimulant.
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Phan CW, David P, Sabaratnam V. Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Emerging Brain Food for the Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Food 2017; 20:1-10. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pamela David
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Phan CW, David P, Naidu M, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V. Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: diversity, metabolite, and mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 35:355-68. [PMID: 24654802 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.887649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms have long been used not only as food but also for the treatment of various ailments. Although at its infancy, accumulated evidence suggested that culinary-medicinal mushrooms may play an important role in the prevention of many age-associated neurological dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, efforts have been devoted to a search for more mushroom species that may improve memory and cognition functions. Such mushrooms include Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Sarcodon spp., Antrodia camphorata, Pleurotus giganteus, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Grifola frondosa, and many more. Here, we review over 20 different brain-improving culinary-medicinal mushrooms and at least 80 different bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from them. The mushrooms (either extracts from basidiocarps/mycelia or isolated compounds) reduced beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and had anti-acetylcholinesterase, neurite outgrowth stimulation, nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the bioactive effects of mushrooms are also discussed. Mushrooms can be considered as useful therapeutic agents in the management and/or treatment of neurodegeneration diseases. However, this review focuses on in vitro evidence and clinical trials with humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- a Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Phan CW, David P, Wong KH, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V. Uridine from Pleurotus giganteus and Its Neurite Outgrowth Stimulatory Effects with Underlying Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143004. [PMID: 26565787 PMCID: PMC4643974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are linked to neuronal cell death and impairment of neurite outgrowth. An edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus was found to stimulate neurite outgrowth in vitro but the chemical constituents and the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The chemical constituents of P. giganteus (linoleic acid, oleic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, and uridine) were tested for neurite outgrowth activity. Uridine (100 μM) was found to increase the percentage of neurite-bearing cells of differentiating neuroblastoma (N2a) cells by 43.1±0.5%, which was 1.8-fold higher than NGF (50 ng/mL)-treated cells. Uridine which was present in P. giganteus (1.80±0.03 g/100g mushroom extract) increased the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt). Further, phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was also increased. MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR further induced phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and expression of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43); all of which promoted neurite outgrowth of N2a cells. This study demonstrated that P. giganteus may enhance neurite outgrowth and one of the key bioactive molecules responsible for neurite outgrowth is uridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Learning and Teaching, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CWP); (VS)
| | - Pamela David
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Hui Wong
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Murali Naidu
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CWP); (VS)
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Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden mimics the neuritogenic activity of nerve growth factor via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in PC-12 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16349. [PMID: 26542212 PMCID: PMC4635385 DOI: 10.1038/srep16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional application of the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (tiger’s milk mushroom) by the indigenous folks as tonic and remedy to treat a variety of ailments has been documented in Malaysia. Indigenous communities claimed to have consumed the decoction to boost their alertness during hunting. Mental alertness is believed to be related to neuronal health and neuroactivity. In the present study, the cell viability and neuritogenic effects of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium hot aqueous and ethanolic extracts, and crude polysaccharides on rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were studied. Interestingly, the hot aqueous extract exhibited neuritogenic activity comparable to NGF in PC-12 cells. However, the extracts and crude polysaccharides stimulated neuritogenesis without stimulating the production of NGF in PC-12 cells. The involvements of the TrkA receptor and MEK/ERK1/2 pathway in hot aqueous extract-stimulated neuritogenesis were examined by Trk (K252a) and MEK/ERK1/2 (U0126 and PD98059) inhibitors. There was no significant difference in protein expression in NGF- and hot aqueous extract-treated cells for both total and phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK. The neuritogenic activity in PC-12 cells stimulated by hot aqueous and ethanolic extracts, and crude polysaccharides of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium mimicking NGF activity via the MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway is reported for the first time.
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Rahman MA, Abdullah N, Aminudin N. Interpretation of mushroom as a common therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1131-1142. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Noorlidah Abdullah
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and
| | - Norhaniza Aminudin
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and
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Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life. Int J Microbiol 2015; 2015:376387. [PMID: 25685150 PMCID: PMC4320875 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been consumed since earliest history; ancient Greeks believed that mushrooms provided strength for warriors in battle, and the Romans perceived them as the “Food of the Gods.” For centuries, the Chinese culture has treasured mushrooms as a health food, an “elixir of life.” They have been part of the human culture for thousands of years and have considerable interest in the most important civilizations in history because of their sensory characteristics; they have been recognized for their attractive culinary attributes. Nowadays, mushrooms are popular valuable foods because they are low in calories, carbohydrates, fat, and sodium: also, they are cholesterol-free. Besides, mushrooms provide important nutrients, including selenium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D, proteins, and fiber. All together with a long history as food source, mushrooms are important for their healing capacities and properties in traditional medicine. It has reported beneficial effects for health and treatment of some diseases. Many nutraceutical properties are described in mushrooms, such as prevention or treatment of Parkinson, Alzheimer, hypertension, and high risk of stroke. They are also utilized to reduce the likelihood of cancer invasion and metastasis due to antitumoral attributes. Mushrooms act as antibacterial, immune system enhancer and cholesterol lowering agents; additionally, they are important sources of bioactive compounds. As a result of these properties, some mushroom extracts are used to promote human health and are found as dietary supplements.
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Intrastrain comparison of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus, and its potent neuritogenic properties. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:378651. [PMID: 25121118 PMCID: PMC4121195 DOI: 10.1155/2014/378651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Pleurotus giganteus (commercial and wild) were tested for their ability to induce neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and mouse neuroblastoma-2a (N2a) cells. Treatment with the mushroom extracts resulted in neuronal differentiation and neuronal elongation, but not nerve growth factor (NGF) production. Linoleic acid (4.5–5.0%, w/w) which is a major fatty acid present in the ethanol extract promoted NGF biosynthesis when augmented with low concentration of NGF (5 ng/mL). The two strains of mushroom were found to be high in protein (154–192 g kg−1), total polysaccharides, phenolics, and flavonoids as well as vitamins B1, B2, and B3. The total phenolics present in the mushroom extracts were positively correlated to the antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition). To conclude, P. giganteus could potentially be used in well-balanced diet and as a source of dietary antioxidant to promote neuronal health.
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Sabaratnam V, Kah-Hui W, Naidu M, Rosie David P. Neuronal health - can culinary and medicinal mushrooms help? J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:62-8. [PMID: 24716157 PMCID: PMC3924982 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus a culinary and medicinal mushroom is a well established candidate for brain and nerve health. Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa and Sarcodon scabrosus have been reported to have neurite outgrowth and neuronal health benefits. The number of mushrooms, however, studied for neurohealth activity are few compared to the more than 2 000 species of edible and / or medicinal mushrooms identified. In the on-going search for other potent culinary and / or medicinal mushrooms, indigenous mushrooms used in traditional medicines such as Lignosus rhinocerotis and Ganoderma neo-japonicum are also being investigated. Further, the edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus can be a potential candidate, too. Can these edible and medicinal mushrooms be tapped to tackle the health concerns of the aging population which is projected to be more than 80-90 million of people age 65 and above in 2050 who may be affected by age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Scientific validation is needed if these mushrooms are to be considered and this can be achieved by understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stimulation of neurite outgrowth. Though it is difficult to extrapolate the in vitro studies to what may happen in the human brain, studies have shown that there can be improvement in cognitive abilities of the aged if the mushroom is incorporated in their daily diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wong Kah-Hui
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Murali Naidu
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pamela Rosie David
- Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Phan CW, Lee GS, Hong SL, Wong YT, Brkljača R, Urban S, Abd Malek SN, Sabaratnam V. Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. cultivated under tropical conditions: isolation of hericenones and demonstration of NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via MEK/ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Food Funct 2014; 5:3160-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom used traditionally to improve memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
| | - Guan-Serm Lee
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
| | - Sok-Lai Hong
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
| | - Yuin-Teng Wong
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
| | - Robert Brkljača
- School of Applied Sciences (Discipline of Chemistry)
- Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi)
- RMIT University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvia Urban
- School of Applied Sciences (Discipline of Chemistry)
- Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi)
- RMIT University
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
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Bennett L, Kersaitis C, Macaulay SL, Münch G, Niedermayer G, Nigro J, Payne M, Sheean P, Vallotton P, Zabaras D, Bird M. Vitamin D2-enriched button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) improves memory in both wild type and APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76362. [PMID: 24204618 PMCID: PMC3799746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread, affecting over 30% of adult Australians, and increasing up to 80% for at-risk groups including the elderly (age>65). The role for Vitamin D in development of the central nervous system is supported by the association between Vitamin D deficiency and incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A reported positive relationship between Vitamin D status and cognitive performance suggests that restoring Vitamin D status might provide a cognitive benefit to those with Vitamin D deficiency. Mushrooms are a rich source of ergosterol, which can be converted to Vitamin D2 by treatment with UV light, presenting a new and convenient dietary source of Vitamin D2. We hypothesised that Vitamin D2-enriched mushrooms (VDM) could prevent the cognitive and pathological abnormalities associated with dementia. Two month old wild type (B6C3) and AD transgenic (APPSwe/PS1dE9) mice were fed a diet either deficient in Vitamin D2 or a diet which was supplemented with VDM, containing 1±0.2 µg/kg (∼54 IU/kg) vitamin D2, for 7 months. Effects of the dietary intervention on memory were assessed pre- and post-feeding. Brain sections were evaluated for amyloid β (Aβ) plaque loads and inflammation biomarkers using immuno-histochemical methods. Plasma vitamin D metabolites, Aβ40, Aβ42, calcium, protein and cholesterol were measured using biochemical assays. Compared with mice on the control diet, VDM-fed wild type and AD transgenic mice displayed improved learning and memory, had significantly reduced amyloid plaque load and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and elevated interleukin-10 in the brain. The results suggest that VDM might provide a dietary source of Vitamin D2 and other bioactives for preventing memory-impairment in dementia. This study supports the need for a randomised clinical trial to determine whether or not VDM consumption can benefit cognitive performance in the wider population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bennett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cindy Kersaitis
- University of Western Sydney, School of Medicine, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Lance Macaulay
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health Flagship, Materials Science and Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- University of Western Sydney, School of Medicine, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- University of Western Sydney, School of Medicine, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Nigro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health Flagship, Materials Science and Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Payne
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mathematics and Information Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Sheean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Preventative Health Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascal Vallotton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mathematics and Information Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Zabaras
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Animal, Food and Health Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Bird
- University of Western Sydney, School of Medicine, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:261. [PMID: 24119256 PMCID: PMC3852280 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity. Methods The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively. Results Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC50 values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts. Conclusion Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health.
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Ling-Sing Seow S, Naidu M, David P, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V. Potentiation of neuritogenic activity of medicinal mushrooms in rat pheochromocytoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:157. [PMID: 23822837 PMCID: PMC3720279 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence of the neurons is believed to be a focal factor in the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Diminutions in the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) lead to major declines in brain cell performance. Functional foods, believed to mitigate this deficiency, will be reaching a plateau in the near future market of alternative and preventive medicine. In the search for neuroactive compounds that mimic the NGF activity for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, the potential medicinal values of culinary and medicinal mushrooms attract intense interest. METHODS Cytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of three medicinal mushrooms basidiocarps, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma neo-japonicum and Grifola frondosa towards rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The potentiation of neuritogenic activity was assessed by neurite outgrowth stimulation assay. Involvement of cellular signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) in mushrooms-stimulated neuritogenesis were examined by using specific pharmacological inhibitors. Alteration of neuronal morphology by inhibitors was visualized by immunofluorescence staining of the neurofilament. RESULTS All the aqueous extracts tested caused a marked stimulation of neuritogenesis with no detectable cytotoxic effects towards PC-12 cells. The aqueous extract of G. neo-japonicum triggered maximal stimulation of neurite outgrowth at a lower concentration (50 μg/ml) with 14.22 ± 0.43% of neurite-bearing cells, compared to G. lucidum and G. frondosa that act at a higher concentration (75 μg/ml), with 12.61 ± 0.11% and 12.07 ± 0.46% of neurite-bearing cells, respectively. The activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were necessary for the NGF and aqueous extracts to promote neuritogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Ganoderma lucidum, G. neo-japonicum and G. frondosa may contain NGF-like bioactive compound(s) for maintaining and regenerating the neuronal communications network. The present study reports the first evidence of the neuritogenic effects of aqueous extracts of basidiocarps of G. neo-japonicum in-vitro and showed the involvement of MEK/ERK1/2 and P13K/Akt signaling pathways for neuritogenesis in PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syntyche Ling-Sing Seow
- Mushroom Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Murali Naidu
- Mushroom Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pamela David
- Mushroom Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Hui Wong
- Mushroom Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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