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Qi X, Francelin C, Mitter S, Boye SL, Gu H, Quigley J, Grant MB, Boulton ME. β-secretase 1 overexpression by AAV-mediated gene delivery prevents retina degeneration in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2042-2055. [PMID: 37016576 PMCID: PMC10362394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is strongly expressed in the normal retina and that BACE1-/- mice develop pathological phenotypes associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). BACE1 expression is increased within the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in AMD donor eyes suggesting that increased BACE1 is compensatory. We observed that AAV-mediated BACE1 overexpression in the RPE was maintained up to 6 months after AAV1-BACE1 administration. No significant changes in normal mouse visual function or retinal morphology were observed with low-dose vector while the high-dose vector demonstrated some early pathology which regressed with time. No increase in β-amyloid was observed. BACE1 overexpression in the RPE of the superoxide dismutase 2 knockdown (SOD2 KD) mouse, which exhibits an AMD-like phenotype, prevented loss of retinal function and retinal pathology, and this was sustained out to 6 months. Furthermore, BACE1 overexpression was able to inhibit oxidative stress, microglial changes, and loss of RPE tight junction integrity (all features of AMD) in SOD2 KD mice. In conclusion, BACE1 plays a key role in retina/RPE homeostasis, and BACE1 overexpression offers a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Carolina Francelin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sayak Mitter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- MD-Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Judith Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Zhou F, Liu BF, Wang C, Zhang J, Dong GM, Jin HT, Ma BP, Zhong XM. Acute toxicity, 28-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of timosaponin BII in beagle dogs. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:860-876. [PMID: 34698619 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1993834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The safety evaluation of timosaponin BII (TBII) in beagle dogs with toxicokinetic study was performed. For the acute oral toxicity study, the minimum lethal dose (MLD) of TBII was more than 2000 mg/kg and suggested the characteristics of absorption saturation. For the 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic studies, there was no significant effect on all test parameters except for prolonged APTT in the 60 and 180 mg/kg groups, which recovered after withdrawal. The increase of drug exposure of 180 mg/kg group was not proportional to the increase of administration dose, showing the characteristics of absorption saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Bao-Feng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D, Ltd, Dezhou 251500, China
| | - Can Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guo-Ming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation, Ltd, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bai-Ping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Wang H, Dai JY, He YZ, Xia ZW, Chen XF, Hong ZY, Chai YF. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma on Alzheimer’s disease based on multi-platform metabolomics analyses. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:940555. [PMID: 35991874 PMCID: PMC9385998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) has multiple pharmacological activities to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the effect and its molecular mechanism are not elucidated clear. This study aims to evaluate AR’s therapeutic effect and mechanism on AD model rats induced by D-galactose and AlCl3 with serum metabolomics. Behavior study, histopathological observations, and biochemical analyses were applied in the AD model assessment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) were combined with multivariate statistical analysis to identify potential biomarkers of AD and evaluate the therapeutic effect of AR on AD from the perspective of metabolomics. A total of 49 biomarkers associated with the AD model were identified by metabolomics, and pathway analysis was performed to obtain the metabolic pathways closely related to the model. With the pre-treatment of AR, 32 metabolites in the serum of AD model rats were significantly affected by AR compared with the AD model group. The regulated metabolites affected by AR were involved in the pathway of arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis. These multi-platform metabolomics analyses were in accord with the results of behavior study, histopathological observations, and biochemical analyses. This study explored the therapeutic mechanism of AR based on multi-platform metabolomics analyses and provided a scientific basis for the application of AR in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ying Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhen He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Wei Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Ying Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan-Ying Hong,
| | - Yi-Feng Chai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Wang Y, Xiong W, Chen Y, Zhu M, Liang J, Li Y, Huang J, Huang L, Liu Z, Ji A, Duan L. Transcriptomic investigation of the biochemical function of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase 1 from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112954. [PMID: 34543875 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae) is an important Traditional Chinese Medicine herb, which contains up to 6 % total steroidal saponins (timosaponins) and has multiple pharmacological properties. However, the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway has not been extensively investigated. Here we conducted de novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of A. asphodeloides Bunge and screened for candidate genes involved in the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway. Targeted metabolite analysis showed that timosaponins primarily accumulated in rhizomes, while phytosterols (including cholesterol) were distributed throughout various organs. Most of the identified candidate genes of the timosaponin biosynthetic pathway were also highly expressed in the rhizome, consistent with the results of metabolic analysis. Based on the transcriptome results, two candidate 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase genes were cloned and heterologously expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purified and identified products supported that Aa7DR1 possessed Δ7-reduction activity in yeast and therefore may be involved in the timosaponins biosynthetic pathway in A. asphodeloides Bunge. Phylogenetic analysis showed Aa7DR1 belongs to monocotyledonous Δ7 reductase of phytosterol biosynthesis. These data expand our understanding of timosaponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenbo Xiong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yidu Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jincai Liang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jia Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Liufang Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Aijia Ji
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Lixin Duan
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Zhang YM, Zheng T, Huang TT, Gu PP, Gou LS, Ma TF, Liu YW. Sarsasapogenin attenuates Alzheimer-like encephalopathy in diabetes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153686. [PMID: 34333330 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A crosstalk exists between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and diabetic encephalopathy displays AD-like disorders. Sarsasapogenin (Sar) has strong anti-inflammatory efficacy, showing neuroprotection and memory-enhancement effects. PURPOSE This study aims to verify the ameliorative effects of Sar on diabetic encephalopathy in vivo and in vitro, and to clarify the mechanisms from attenuation of AD-like pathology. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats and high glucose-cultured SH-SY5Y cells were used in this study. After Sar treatment (20 and 60 mg/kg) for consecutive 9 weeks, Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for examining loss of neurons in CA1 area and ki67 expression for reflecting neurogenesis in DG area of hippocampus. Aβ production pathway and tau phosphorylation kinase cascade were examined in these two models. RESULTS Sar improved learning and memory ability, loss of neurons and reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Moreover, Sar suppressed Aβ overproduction due to up-regulation of BACE1 in protein and mRNA and tau hyperphosphorylation from inactivation of AKT/GSK-3β cascade in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of diabetic rats and high glucose-cultured SH-SY5Y cells, and PPARγ antagonism abolished the effects of Sar on key molecules in the two pathways. Additionally, it was found that high glucose-stimulated Aβ overproduction was prior to tau hyperphosphorylation in neurons. CONCLUSION Sar alleviated diabetic encephalopathy, which was obtained through inhibitions of Aβ overproduction and tau hyperphosphorylation mediated by the activation of PPARγ signaling. Hence, Sar is a good candidate compound for AD-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Shan Gou
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yao-Wu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Feng M, Liu F, Xing J, Zhong Y, Zhou X. Anemarrhena saponins attenuate insulin resistance in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity via the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114251. [PMID: 34052350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anemarrhena asphodeloides is the dry rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Anemarrhena Saponins isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides are one of the pharmacologically active components of this plant and have blood lipid reduction and blood glucose reduction properties. These facts suggest that these saponins might be helpful in the treatment of insulin resistance. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the therapeutic effect of anemarrhena saponins on insulin resistance and the probable underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin-resistant rats were used as the experimental subject, to observe the therapeutic effect of anemarrhena saponins. The blood glucose and blood lipid parameters were determined using the relevant kits. We used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe the protective effect of anemarrhena saponins on the livers of insulin-resistant rats and reverser transcripition polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze the mRNA expressions patterns of genes related to glucose metabolism and inflammatory factors. The toxicity of anemarrhena saponins to HepG2 cells was calculated using the MTT assay. Further, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments, and Western-blot analysis to study the effects of anemarrhena saponins on the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway. RESULTS Anemarrhena saponins were found to improve dyslipidemia, reduce obesity and inflammation, and alleviate liver injury in insulin-resistant rats. Anemarrhena saponins also reduced the mRNA expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes sunch as G6pase, PEPCK, and GSK3β in the liver. Moreover, anemarrhena saponins up-regulated the phosphorylation levels of IRS-1, PI3K and AKT, promoted insulin signal transduction, and reduced liver injury induced by insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that anemarrhena saponins could promote insulin signal transduction through the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby reducing the damage caused by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Juling Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanhua Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture-rehabilitation, Guangzhou-Liwan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Wang K, Sun W, Zhang L, Guo W, Xu J, Liu S, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Oleanolic Acid Ameliorates Aβ25-35 Injection-induced Memory Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Model Rats by Maintaining Synaptic Plasticity. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 17:389-399. [PMID: 29793416 PMCID: PMC6327117 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180525113109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Abnormal amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation and deposition in the hippocampus is an essential process in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To investigate whether Oleanolic acid (OA) could improve memory deficit in AD model and its possible mechanism. Methods: Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, and OA group. AD models by injection of Aβ25-35 were built. Morris water maze (MWM) was applied to inves-tigate learning and memory, transmission electron microscope (TEM) to observe the ultrastructure of synapse, western blot to the proteins, electrophysiology for long-term potentiation (LTP), and Ca2+ con-centration in synapse was also measured. Results: The latency time in model group was significantly longer than that in sham operation group (P=0.0001); while it was significantly shorter in the OA group than that in model group (P=0.0001); compared with model group, the times of cross-platform in OA group significantly increased (P=0.0001). TEM results showed OA could alleviate neuron damage and synapses changes induced by Aβ25-35. The expressions of CaMKII, PKC, NMDAR2B, BDNF, TrkB, and CREB protein were signif-icantly improved by OA (P=0.0001, 0.036, 0.041, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.026, respectively) compared with that in model group; the concentration of Ca2+ was significantly lower in OA group (1.11±0.42) than that in model group (1.68±0.18); and the slope rate (P=0.0001) and amplitude (P=0.0001) of f-EPSP significantly increased in OA group. Conclusion: The present results support that OA could ameliorate Aβ-induced memory loss of AD rats by maintaining synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Graduate Institutes, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Graduate Institutes, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
| | - Jiachun Xu
- Graduate Institutes, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300150, China
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Sarsasapogenin suppresses Aβ overproduction induced by high glucose in HT-22 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 391:159-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lin N, Liu B, Zhang J, Long Y, Dong G, Jin H, Ma B. Acute toxicity, 28-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of timosaponin BII in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:244-257. [PMID: 28947379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Timosaponin BII (TBII), a major steroidal saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., displays a variety of promising pharmacological activities, such as neuroprotection, enhancement of learning and memory, vascular protection and inhibition of platelet aggregation; therefore, it has been developed as a pharmaceutical for prevention or treatment of dementia. Given the safety concerns surrounding timosaponins and the absence of studies on the safety of TBII, the potential toxicity of TBII was evaluated in toxicity and toxicokinetic studies in rats. In the acute oral toxicity study, loose stools were observed in rats receiving 4000 mg/kg, and the symptoms recovered within 1 day. In the 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic study, rats receiving 540 mg/kg showed loose stools and a slight deceleration of body weight growth in both sexes, and the females also showed a slight decrease in food consumption. Moreover, urinalysis indicated reversible treatment-related toxicity in rats receiving 540 mg/kg. The toxicokinetic study demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in systematic exposure to TBII after 28 successive days of oral treatment with TBII. The accumulation coefficients of TBII were 4.35, 1.70 and 1.81, respectively, in rats that received 60, 180 and 540 mg/kg. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is proposed to be 180 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Lin
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China; New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D., Ltd., Shandong 251500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Long
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoming Dong
- Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan YL, Lin BQ, Zhang CF, Cui LL, Ruan SX, Yang ZL, Li F, Ji D. Timosaponin B-II Ameliorates Palmitate-Induced Insulin Resistance and Inflammation via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and IKK/NF-[Formula: see text]B Pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:755-69. [PMID: 27222060 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of timosaponin B-II (TB-II) on palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistance and inflammation in HepG2 cells, and probe the potential mechanisms. TB-II, a main ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, notably ameliorated PA-induced insulin resistance and inflammation, and significantly improved cell viability, decreased PA-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Further, TB-II treatment notably decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO). TB-II also reduced HepG2 cells apoptosis. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and inhibitor of nuclear factor [Formula: see text]-B kinase (IKK)/NF-[Formula: see text]B pathways-related proteins, and IKK[Formula: see text], p65 phosphorylation, serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at S307, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and Akt activation were determined by Western blot. Compared to model group, TB-II significantly downregulated the expression of p-NF-[Formula: see text]Bp65, p-IKK[Formula: see text], p-IRS-1, p-PI3K and p-Akt. TB-II is a promising potential agent for the management of palmitate-induced insulin resistance and inflammation, which might be via IR/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and IKK/NF-[Formula: see text]B pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Yuan
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Qin Lin
- † Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Cui
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xia Ruan
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Yang
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- * State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - De Ji
- ‡ College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Li L, Luo J, Chen D, Tong JB, Zeng LP, Cao YQ, Xiang J, Luo XG, Shi JM, Wang H, Huang JF. BACE1 in the retina: a sensitive biomarker for monitoring early pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:447-53. [PMID: 27127484 PMCID: PMC4829010 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.179057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of a lack of sensitive biomarkers, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot be made prior to symptom manifestation. Therefore, it is crucial to identify novel biomarkers for the presymptomatic diagnosis of AD. While brain lesions are a major feature of AD, retinal pathological changes also occur in patients. In this study, we investigated the temporal changes in β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression in the retina and brain to determine whether it could serve as a suitable biomarker for early monitoring of AD. APP/PS-1 transgenic mice, 3, 6 and 8 months of age, were used as an experimental group, and age-matched C57/BL6 wild-type mice served as the control group. In the Morris water maze test, there were no significant differences in escape latency or in the number of crossings in the target area among mice of different ages. Compared with wild-type mice, no changes in learning or memory abilities were detected in transgenic mice at 3 months of age. However, compared with wild-type mice, the escape latency was significantly increased in transgenic mice at 6 months, starting on day 3, and at 8 months, starting on day 2, during Morris water maze training. In addition, the number of crossings of the target area was significantly decreased in transgenic mice. The learning and memory abilities of transgenic mice were further worsened at 8 months of age. Immunohistochemical staining revealed no BACE1 plaques in wild-type mice at 3, 6 or 8 months or in transgenic mice at 3 months, but they were clearly found in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of transgenic mice at 6 and 8 months. BACE1 expression was not detected in the retina of wild-type mice at 3 months, but weak BACE1 expression was detected in the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer at 6 and 8 months. In transgenic mice, BACE1 expression in the ganglion cell layer was increased at 3 months, and BACE1 expression in the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer was significantly increased at 6 and 8 months, compared with age-matched wild-type mice. Taken together, these results indicate that changes in BACE1 expression appear earlier in the retina than in the brain and precede behavioral deficits. Our findings suggest that abnormal expression of BACE1 in the retina is an early pathological change in APP/PS-1 transgenic mice, and that BACE1 might have potential as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Bin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le-Ping Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Qun Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Xiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Ming Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Sy LK, Lok CN, Wang JY, Liu Y, Cheng L, Wan PK, Leung CT, Cao B, Kwong WL, Chang RCC, Che CM. Identification of "sarsasapogenin-aglyconed" timosaponins as novel Aβ-lowering modulators of amyloid precursor protein processing. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3206-3214. [PMID: 29997812 PMCID: PMC6005341 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The “sarsasapogenin-aglyconed” timosaponins are Aβ lowering agents that may be useful for the development of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics.
The inhibition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production is a key approach in the development of therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have identified that timosaponins consisting of sarsasapogenin (SSG) as the aglycone can effectively lower the production of Aβ peptides and stimulate neurite outgrowth in neuronal cell cultures. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed that the cis-fused AB ring, 3β-configuration, spiroketal F-ring and 25S-configuration of SSG are the essential structural features responsible for the Aβ-lowering effects and neurite-stimulatory activity. New synthetic derivatives that retain the SSG scaffold also exhibited an Aβ lowering effect. Treatment of cells with timosaponins led to modulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing through the suppression of β-cleavage and preferential lowering of the production of the 42-amino acid Aβ species (Aβ42) without affecting another γ-secretase substrate. The SSG and “SSG-aglyconed” timosaponins also penetrated brain tissue and lowered brain Aβ42 levels in mice. Our studies demonstrate that timosaponins represent a unique class of steroidal saponins that may be useful for the development of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-King Sy
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Juan-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Pui-Ki Wan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Chi-Ting Leung
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Wai-Lun Kwong
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory , School of Biomedical Sciences , LKS Faculty of Medicine , Research Centre of Heart, Brain and Hormone, and Healthy Aging , LKS Faculty of Medicine , State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
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Ding W, Shang L, Huang JF, Li N, Chen D, Xue LX, Xiong K. Receptor interacting protein 3-induced RGC-5 cell necroptosis following oxygen glucose deprivation. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:49. [PMID: 26238997 PMCID: PMC4524047 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is a type of regulated form of cell death that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a member of the RIP family of proteins, has been reported as an important necroptotic pathway mediator in regulating a variety of human diseases, such as myocardial ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and ischemic brain injury. Our previous study showed that RIP3 was expressed in rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), where it was significantly upregulated during the early stage of acute high intraocular pressure. Furthermore, RIP3 expression was co-localized with propidium iodide (PI)-positive staining (necrotic cells). These results suggested that RIP3 up-regulation might be involved in the necrosis of injured RGCs. In this study, we aimed to reveal the possible involvement of RIP3 in oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced retinal ganglion cell-5 (RGC-5) necroptosis. Methods RGC-5 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s-modified essential medium and necroptosis was induced by 8 h OGD. PI staining and flow cytometry were performed to detect RGC-5 necrosis. RIP3 expression was detected by western blot and flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of RIP3 on RGC-5 necroptosis following OGD in rip3 knockdown cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) lipid peroxidation assay was performed to determine the degree of oxidative stress. Results PI staining showed that necrosis was present in the early stage of OGD-induced RGC-5 cell death. The presence of RGC-5 necroptosis after OGD was detected by flow cytometry using necrostatin-1, a necroptosis inhibitor. Western blot demonstrated that RIP3 up-regulation may be involved in RGC-5 necroptosis. Flow cytometry revealed that the number of OGD-induced necrotic RGC-5 cells was reduced after rip3 knockdown. Furthermore, MDA levels in the normal RGC-5 cells were much higher than in the rip3-knockdown cells after OGD. Conclusions Our findings suggest that RGC-5 cell necroptosis following OGD is mediated by a RIP3-induced increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Li-Xiang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morphological Sciences Building, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzi Po Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Jiang SH, Shang L, Xue LX, Ding W, Chen S, Ma RF, Huang JF, Xiong K. The effect and underlying mechanism of Timosaponin B-II on RGC-5 necroptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:459. [PMID: 25439561 PMCID: PMC4258277 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is an important mode of cell death, which is due to oxidant stress accumulation. Our previous study indicated that oxidant stresses could be reduced by Timosaponin B-II (TBII), a kind of Chinese herb RhizomaAnemarrhenae monomer extraction. We wonder the possible effect of Timosaponin B-II, whether it can protect cells from necroptosis via reducing the oxidant stress, in RGC-5 following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) insult. Methods RGC-5 cells were grown in DMEM, the model group was exposed in H2O2 with the concentration of 300 μM, and the experimental group was pre-treated with Timosaponin B-II at different concentrations (1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM and 1000 μM) for 24 hrs. MTT assay was carried out to measure the cytotoxicity of H2O2, MDA concentration assay was executed to evaluate the degree of oxidative stress, TNF-α ELISA Assay was used to measure the concentration of TNF-α, finally, the degree of necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results We first constructed the cell injury model of necroptosis in RGC-5 upon H2O2 exposure. Morphological observation and MTT assay were used to evaluate the degree of RGC-5 death. MDA assay were carried out to describe the degree of oxidant stress. Annexin V/PI staining was used to detect necroptotic cells pre-treated with or without Timosaponin B-II following H2O2 injury. TNF-α ELISA was carried out to detect the TNF-α accumulation in RGC-5. Upon using Timosaponin B-II with concentration of 100 μM, the percentage of cell viability was increased from 50% to 75%, and the necrosis of cells was reduced from 35% to 20% comparing with H2O2 injury group. Oxidant stress and TNF-α was reduced upon injury which decreased the ratio of RGC-5 necroptosis. Conclusion Our study found out that Timosaponin B-II might reduce necroptosis via inhibition of ROS and TNF-α accumulation in RGC-5 following H2O2 injury.
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Huang JF, Yu HM, Shang L, Ma RF, Cynthia NA, Cao YQ, Luo J, Zeng LP, Chen D, Xiong K. The correlation between rat retinal nerve fiber layer thickness around optic disc by using optical coherence tomography and histological measurements. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:415-21. [PMID: 23991370 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the correlation between the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and by histological measurements in normal adult rats and optic nerve transected rats. METHODS The RNFL thickness of 36 rats was scanned in a circle 3.46mm far from the optic disc by OCT. The two experimental groups were the normal group (n=20 rats) and the optic nerve transected group (n=16 rats). The latter group included 4 groups (n=4/group) surviving for 1 day, 3, 5 and 7 days. Then the RNFL thickness of the same retina area was also measured by NF-200 immunohistochemical staining method. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between the data obtained from these two methods. RESULTS The RNFL thickness of normal right eyes around optic disc by OCT was 72.35±5.71µm and that of the left eyes was 72.65±5.88µm (P=0.074). The RNFL thickness of the corresponding histological section by immunohistochemistry was 37.54±4.05µm (right eyes) and 37.38±4.23µm (left eyes) (P=0.059). There was a good correlation between the RNFL thickness measured by OCT and that measured by histology (R(2)=0.8131). After optic nerve transection, the trend of the RNFL thickness was thinner with the prolonged survival time. The correlation of the thickness detected by the above two methods was approximately (R(2)=0.8265). Value of the RNFL thickness in rats around optic disc measured by OCT was obviously higher than that measured by common histological measurement in normal adult rats and optic nerve transected rats. CONCLUSION The RNFL thickness measured by OCT has a strong correlation with that measured by histological method. Through OCT scanning, we found that the thickness of RNFL gradually becomes thinner in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's Disease: The Toxicity of Amyloid Beta (A β ), Mechanisms of Its Accumulation and Implications of Medicinal Plants for Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:413808. [PMID: 23762130 PMCID: PMC3671299 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to memory deficits and death. While the number of individuals with AD is rising each year due to the longer life expectancy worldwide, current therapy can only somewhat relieve the symptoms of AD. There is no proven medication to cure or prevent the disease, possibly due to a lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. Most previous studies have accepted the “amyloid hypothesis,” in which the neuropathogenesis of AD is believed to be triggered by the accumulation of the toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the central nervous system (CNS). Lately, knowledge that may be critical to unraveling the hidden pathogenic pathway of AD has been revealed. This review concentrates on the toxicity of Aβ and the mechanism of accumulation of this toxic protein in the brain of individuals with AD and also summarizes recent advances in the study of these accumulation mechanisms together with the role of herbal medicines that could facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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