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Veríssimo AC, Conrado GAM, Barbosa J, Gomes SF, Severo M, Oliveira P, Ribeiro L. Machiavellian Medical Students Report More Academic Misconduct: A Cocktail Fuelled by Psychological and Contextual Factors. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2097-2105. [PMID: 35983023 PMCID: PMC9380600 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s370402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Maladaptive personality traits and some psychological functioning indicators have been linked to academic misbehaviour; yet their role is still poorly explored in medical students. This study aims to assess associations of academic misconduct with dark personality traits and psychological well-being. Methods Five hundred and ninety-one medical students attending the first, third and fifth-year at one Portuguese medical school replied to the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen, Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales and an original Academic Misconduct Questionnaire, using a cross-sectional design. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess associations. Results Fifth-year medical students who scored higher in Machiavellianism and psychological well-being and perceived greater peer fraud and lower penalty for cheating reported more academic misconduct. The explanatory power of the model was 16.6%. Machiavellianism showed the strongest associations with cheating, while sex and age were not significant predictors. Conclusion This study offers relevant insights into how maladaptive personalities influence academic misconduct in medical students, and how this relationship is moulded by psychological and contextual factors. These findings can help guide institutional actions to foster academic integrity in future physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - George A M Conrado
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Joselina Barbosa
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra F Gomes
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Błachnio A, Cudo A, Kot P, Torój M, Oppong Asante K, Enea V, Ben-Ezra M, Caci B, Dominguez-Lara SA, Kugbey N, Malik S, Servidio R, Tipandjan A, Wright MF. Cultural and psychological variables predicting academic dishonesty: a cross-sectional study in nine countries. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1910826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paweł Kot
- John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
| | | | - Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State
| | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi
| | | | | | | | - Nuworza Kugbey
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences
| | | | | | - Arun Tipandjan
- International Centre for Psychological Counseling and Social Research
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Kirya MT. Promoting anti-corruption, transparency and accountability in the recruitment and promotion of health workers to safeguard health outcomes. Glob Health Action 2020; 13:1701326. [PMID: 32194012 PMCID: PMC7170355 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1701326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human Resources for Health are a core building block of a health system, playing a crucial role in improving health outcomes. While the existing literature has examined various forms of corruption that affect the health sector, few articles have examined the role and impact of corruption in the recruitment and promotion of health-workers.Objectives: This study reviews the role of corrupt practices such as nepotism, bribery and sextortion in health-worker recruitment and promotion and their implications for health systems.Methods: The study is based on an interdisciplinary non-systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles in the public health/medicine and political science literature, complemented with the 'grey' literature such as technical reports and working papers.Results: Political and personal ties, rather than merit are often factors in the recruitment and promotion of health-workers in many countries. This results in the employment or promotion of poorly qualified or unsuitable workers, with negative implications for health outcomes.Conclusion: Corrupt practices in health-worker recruitment and promotion 'set the tone' for other forms of corruption such as absenteeism, embezzlement, theft and bid-rigging to flourish, as those recruited corruptly can collude for nefarious purposes. On the other hand, merit-based recruitment is important for curbing corruption. Corrupt recruitment practices have deleterious effects on health-worker motivation and retention, quality and competency, citizens' trust in health services and health outcomes. Whereas international law and policy such as the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and the WHO Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluation of Human Resources for Health state that recruitment of public officers and health workers respectively should be done in a transparent and accountable manner, more research is needed to inform policies on merit-based recruitment.
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Fontaine S, Frenette E, Hébert MH. Exam cheating among Quebec’s preservice teachers: the influencing factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EDUCATIONAL INTEGRITY 2020; 16:14. [PMCID: PMC7700812 DOI: 10.1007/s40979-020-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a research that aimed to examine the phenomenon of student cheating on exams in faculties of education in Quebec universities. A total of 573 preservice teachers completed an online survey in 2018. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions with a Likert scale related to individual and contextual factors associated with the propensity to cheat on exams as well as two yes/no items on the arguments for cheating. Descriptive and hierarchical linear regression analyses highlighted the existence of cheating but also how three factors influenced the students’ propensity to cheat: influence of peers, methods of cheating, and institutional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Fontaine
- Département des sciences de l’éducation, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Pavillon Alexandre-Taché, 283, boulevard Alexandre-Taché, Case postale 1250, succursale Hull, Gatineau, Québec, J8X 3X7 Canada
| | - Eric Frenette
- Département des fondements et pratiques en éducation, Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l’éducation, Pavillon des Sciences de l’éducation, local 366, 2320, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Hébert
- TÉLUQ, Département Éducation, 455, rue du Parvis, Québec (Québec), G1K 9H6 Canada
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Ives B, Giukin L. Patterns and Predictors of Academic Dishonesty in Moldovan University Students. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10805-019-09347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Delgado ÁHDA, Almeida JPR, Mendes LSB, de Oliveira IN, Ezequiel ODS, Lucchetti ALG, Lucchetti G. Are surface and deep learning approaches associated with study patterns and choices among medical students? A cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2018; 136:414-420. [PMID: 30365597 PMCID: PMC9907757 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0200060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches to learning can exert considerable influence on the teaching-learning process in medical education. This study aimed to investigate the association of surface and deep learning with study patterns, preferred type of assessment, practices of cheating and quality of sleep among medical students. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study on medical students enrolled in all six years of a medical school in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. METHODS Questionnaires were applied to evaluate learning approaches (R-SPQ-2F), study patterns, sources and choices, and quality of sleep. Students' learning approaches (deep or surface) were assessed in relation to their study patterns, study resources, quality of sleep and whether they cheated in tests. RESULTS Among the 710 students included, 43% frequently studied on the night before an exam, 65% had used psychostimulants to study and more than 46% had cheated in an exam. Regarding quality of sleep, most students (53.4%) reported that their quality of sleep was poor, such that 45.3% slept for fewer than five hours before an exam. Those who studied just prior to an exam, used class summaries, preferred multiple-choice questions and cheated during the test had a more surface-learning approach. On the other hand, those who read books, preferred practical exams and slept better had a deeper approach. CONCLUSION The type of learning approach was associated with study patterns and choices among medical students. Educators need to be attentive to the type of learning their students use and think of measures that impact teaching and assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Henrique de Almeida Delgado
- MD. Physician and Research Collaborator in the Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Almeida
- Undergraduate Medical Student and Research Collaborator in the Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - Larissa Souza Borowski Mendes
- Undergraduate Medical Student and Research Collaborator in the Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - Isabella Noceli de Oliveira
- MD. Physician and Research Collaborator in the Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - Oscarina da Silva Ezequiel
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
| | - Giancarlo Lucchetti
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora (MG), Brazil.
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Abdulghani HM, Haque S, Almusalam YA, Alanezi SL, Alsulaiman YA, Irshad M, Shaik SA, Khamis N. Self-reported cheating among medical students: An alarming finding in a cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194963. [PMID: 29596538 PMCID: PMC5875787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic misconduct/dishonesty has become widespread behavior among many university students across the globe, and medical education is not an exception. Until recently, few efforts have been made to study the dishonest behavior in Middle-Eastern universities. This study examined the prevalence and predisposing factors of cheating among medical students in Saudi Arabia and suggests suitable preventive measures. A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted at a government medical college during the 2014–2015 academic year. The response rate was 58.5% (421/720). The overall cheating behavior practiced by the participants was 29%, predominantly by male students. High GPA scoring students were the least likely to cheat. The participants living with their families were more likely to cheat compared to those who were living apart from their families. The reasons participants gave to justify their cheating behavior included getting better grades, passing the course, and lacking preparation while still recognizing that cheating is a ‘mistake.’ Overall, significant academic misconduct concerning cheating was found among the Saudi medical students; this misconduct is alarming in a reputable government institution. The implementation of strict punishments, requiring ethical courses and creating ethical awareness by exploiting the potential of Islamic religious belief might help to control this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Mohammad Abdulghani
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Lafi Alanezi
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Irshad
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaffi Ahmed Shaik
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Khamis
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Karunakaran I, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Nalinakumari SD. A preliminary survey of professionalism teaching practices in anatomy education among Indian Medical Colleges. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2017; 10:433-443. [PMID: 28165673 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Professionalism and ethics have gained widespread recognition as competencies to be fulfilled, taught, and assessed within medical education. The role of the anatomy course in developed nations has evolved over time and now encompasses multiple domains, including knowledge, skills, and the inculcation of professionalism and ethics. The Medical Council of India recently recommended the integration of professionalism teaching in undergraduate medical curricula. The authors investigated whether the initial orientation lectures and instructions given by faculty at the outset of undergraduate medical anatomy courses throughout India served a "hidden curriculum" regarding professionalism practices, and whether these orientation messages could serve as an early exposure to medical professionalism and ethics for medical students. An online survey was carried out among 102 anatomy faculty members across India requesting details about specific professionalism protocols and instructions regarding behavior in the dissection hall that are routinely given to preclinical students, as well as the importance that they placed on professional behavior. It was found that most faculty members regularly instruct students regarding expected behavior during the anatomy course, including dissection practices. These instructions stress attributes of professionalism like humanism, accountability, and honesty. However, there needs to be a more concentrated effort by educators to prohibit such unprofessional practices like dissection hall photography, and better information is required regarding biomedical waste disposal. Despite the absence of clear guidelines for professionalism teaching in medical education in India, the existing framework of anatomy education provides an opportunity to introduce the concept of professionalism to the first-year medical student. This opportunity may provide an early foundation for designing a professionalism-integrated curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10: 433-443. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilavenil Karunakaran
- Department of Anatomy, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sheela Das Nalinakumari
- Department of Anatomy, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Đogaš V, Donev DM, Kukolja-Taradi S, Đogaš Z, Ilakovac V, Novak A, Jerončić A. No difference in the intention to engage others in academic transgression among medical students from neighboring countries: a cross-national study on medical students from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Macedonia. Croat Med J 2016; 57:381-91. [PMID: 27586553 PMCID: PMC5048230 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2016.57.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To asses if the level of intention to engage others in academic transgressions was comparable among medical students from five schools from neighboring Southern-European countries: Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia; and medical students from western EU studying at Split, Croatia. Methods Five medical schools were surveyed in 2011, with ≥87% of the targeted population sampled and a response rate of ≥76%. Students’ intention to engage a family member, friend, colleague, or a stranger in academic transgression was measured using a previously validated the Intention to Engage Others in Academic Transgression (IEOAT) questionnaire and compared with their intention to ask others for a non-academic, material favor. Data on students’ motivation measured by Work Preference Inventory scale, and general data were also collected. Multiple linear regression models of the intention to engage others in a particular behavior were developed. Results The most important determinants of the intention to engage others in academic transgression were psychological factors, such as intention to ask others for a material favor, or students’ motivation (median determinant’s β of 0.18, P ≤ 0.045 for all), whereas social and cultural factors associated with the country of origin were either weak (median β of 0.07, P ≤ 0.031) or not relevant. A significant proportion of students were aware of the ethical violations in academic transgressions (P ≤ 0.004 for all transgressions), but a large proportion of students also perceived academic cheating as a collective effort and were likely to engage people randomly (P ≤ 0.001 for all, but the most severe transgression). This collective effort was more pronounced for academic than non-academic behavior. Conclusion Culture differences among neighboring Southern-European countries were not an important determinant of the intention to engage others in academic cheating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Jerončić
- Ana Jerončić, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia,
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Đogaš V, Jerončić A, Marušić M, Marušić A. Who would students ask for help in academic cheating? Cross-sectional study of medical students in Croatia. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 14:1048. [PMID: 25547735 PMCID: PMC4322647 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-014-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic cheating does not happen as an isolated action of an individual but is most often a collaborative practice. As there are few studies that looked at who are collaborators in cheating, we investigated medical students' readiness to engage others in academic dishonest behaviours. METHODS In a cross-sectional survey study in Zagreb, Croatia, 592 medical students from the first, 3rd and 6th (final) study year anonymously answered a survey of readiness to ask family, friends, colleagues or strangers for help in 4 different forms of academic cheating or for 2 personal material favours. Stepwise multiple linear regression models (MLR) were used to evaluate potential factors influencing propensity for engaging others in these two types of behaviour. RESULTS Many students would ask another person for help in academic cheating, from 88.8% to 26.9% depending on a cheating behaviour. Students would most often ask a family member or friend for help in academic cheating. The same "helpers" were identified for non-academic related behaviour - asking for personal material favours. More respondents, however, would include three or four persons for asking help in academic cheating than for routine material favours. Score on material favours survey was the strongest positive predictor of readiness for asking help in academic cheating (stepwise MLR model; beta = 0.308, P < 0.0001) followed by extrinsic motivation (compensation) and male gender, whereas intrinsic motivation, year of study and grade point average were weak negative predictors. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that medical students are willing to engage more than one person in either close or distant relationships in academic cheating. In order to develop effective preventive measures to deter cheating at medical academic institutions, factors surrounding students' preference towards academic cheating rather than routine favours should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varja Đogaš
- />Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Jerončić
- />Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Matko Marušić
- />Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- />Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
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