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Membrane Protein Production and Purification from Escherichia coli and Sf9 Insect Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33582985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0724-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle to studying membrane proteins by biophysical techniques is the difficulty in producing sufficient amounts of materials for functional and structural studies. To overexpress the target membrane protein heterologously, especially an eukaryotic protein, a key step is to find the optimal host expression system and perform subsequent expression optimization. In this chapter, we describe protocols for screening membrane protein production using bacterial and insect cells, solubilization screening, large-scale production, and commonly used affinity chromatography purification methods. We discuss general optimization conditions, such as promoters and tags, and describe current techniques that can be used in any laboratory without specialized expensive equipment. Especially for insect cells, GFP fusions are particularly useful for localization and in-gel fluorescence detection of the proteins on SDS-PAGE. We give detailed protocols that can be used to screen the best expression and purification conditions for membrane protein study.
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2
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Efficient osmolyte-based procedure to increase expression level and solubility of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleoprotein in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4087-4100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Kaur J, Kumar A, Kaur J. Strategies for optimization of heterologous protein expression in E. coli: Roadblocks and reinforcements. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:803-822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Kaur J, Kumar A, Kaur J. Strategies for optimization of heterologous protein expression in E. coli: Roadblocks and reinforcements. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.080 10.1242/jeb.069716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Improvement in the production of the human recombinant enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (rhGALNS) in Escherichia coli using synthetic biology approaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5844. [PMID: 28724898 PMCID: PMC5517531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated production of an active recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (rhGALNS) enzyme in Escherichia coli as a potential therapeutic alternative for mucopolysaccharidosis IVA. However, most of the rhGALNS produced was present as protein aggregates. Here, several methods were investigated to improve production and activity of rhGALNS. These methods involved the use of physiologically-regulated promoters and alternatives to improve protein folding including global stress responses (osmotic shock), overexpression of native chaperones, and enhancement of cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation. Increase of rhGALNS activity was obtained when a promoter regulated under σs was implemented. Additionally, improvements were observed when osmotic shock was applied. Noteworthy, overexpression of chaperones did not have any effect on rhGALNS activity, suggesting that the effect of osmotic shock was probably due to a general stress response and not to the action of an individual chaperone. Finally, it was observed that high concentrations of sucrose in conjunction with the physiological-regulated promoter proUmod significantly increased the rhGALNS production and activity. Together, these results describe advances in the current knowledge on the production of human recombinant enzymes in a prokaryotic system such as E. coli, and could have a significant impact on the development of enzyme replacement therapies for lysosomal storage diseases.
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Sang Y, Zhang R, Creagh AL, Haynes CA, Straus SK. Interactions of U24 from Roseolovirus with WW domains: canonical vs noncanonical. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:350-358. [PMID: 28314105 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
U24 is a C-terminal membrane-anchored protein found in both human herpes virus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), with an N-terminal segment that is rich in prolines (PPxY motif in both HHV-6A and 7; PxxP motif in HHV-6A). Previous work has shown that U24 interacts strongly with Nedd4 WW domains, in particular, hNedd4L-WW3*. It was also shown that this interaction depends strongly on the nature of the amino acids that are upstream from the PY motif in U24. In this contribution, data was obtained from pull-downs, isothermal titration calorimetry, and NMR to further determine what modulates U24:WW domain interactions. Specifically, 3 non-canonical WW domains from human Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor (Smurf), namely hSmurf2-WW2, hSmurf2-WW3, and a tandem construct hSmurf2-WW2 + 3, were studied. Overall, the interactions between U24 and these Smurf WW domains were found to be weaker than those in U24:Nedd4 WW domain pairs, suggesting that U24 function is tightly linked to specific E3 ubiqitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Sang
- a Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - A Louise Creagh
- b Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Charles A Haynes
- b Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Suzana K Straus
- a Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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7
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Sang Y, Zhang R, Scott WRP, Creagh AL, Haynes CA, Straus SK. U24 from Roseolovirus interacts strongly with Nedd4 WW Domains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39776. [PMID: 28051106 PMCID: PMC5209733 DOI: 10.1038/srep39776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
U24 is a protein found in both roseoloviruses Human Herpes Virus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7), with an N-terminus that is rich in prolines (PY motif in both HHV-6A and 7; PxxP motif in HHV-6A). Previous work has shown that the interaction between U24 and WW domains is important for endocytic recycling of T-cell receptors, but a cognate ligand was never identified. In this contribution, data was obtained from pull-downs, ITC, NMR and molecular dynamics simulations to show that a specific interaction exists between U24 and Nedd4 WW domains. ITC experiments were also carried out for U24 from HHV-6A phosphorylated at Thr6 (pU24-6A) and a peptide containing the PY motif from Nogo-A, a protein implicated in both the initial inflammatory and the neurodegenerative phases of multiple sclerosis (MS). The results suggest that phosphorylation of U24 from HHV-6A may be crucial for its potential role in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Sang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Walter R P Scott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Louise Creagh
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charles A Haynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suzana K Straus
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Nikolaivits E, Kokkinou A, Karpusas M, Topakas E. Microbial host selection and periplasmic folding in Escherichia coli affect the biochemical characteristics of a cutinase from Fusarium oxysporum. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 127:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Ren G, Ke N, Berkmen M. Use of the SHuffle Strains in Production of Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 85:5.26.1-5.26.21. [PMID: 27479507 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli continues to be a popular expression host for the production of proteins, yet successful recombinant expression of active proteins to high yields remains a trial and error process. This is mainly due to decoupling of the folding factors of a protein from its native host, when expressed recombinantly in E. coli. Failure to fold could be due to many reasons but is often due to lack of post-translational modifications that are absent in E. coli. One such post-translational modification is the formation of disulfide bonds, a common feature of secreted proteins. The genetically engineered SHuffle cells offer an expression solution to proteins that require disulfide bonds for their folding and activity. The purpose of this protocol unit is to familiarize the researcher with the biology of SHuffle cells and guide the experimental design in order to optimize and increase the chances of successful expression of their desired protein of choice. Example of the expression and purification of a model disulfide-bonded protein DsbC is described in detail. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Ke
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts
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10
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Malik A. Protein fusion tags for efficient expression and purification of recombinant proteins in the periplasmic space of E. coli. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:44. [PMID: 28330113 PMCID: PMC4742420 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds occurred in majority of secreted protein. Formation of correct disulfide bonds are must for achieving native conformation, solubility and activity. Production of recombinant proteins containing disulfide bond for therapeutic, diagnostic and various other purposes is a challenging task of research. Production of such proteins in the reducing cytosolic compartment of E. coli usually ends up in inclusion bodies formation. Refolding of inclusion bodies can be difficult, time and labor consuming and uneconomical. Translocation of these proteins into the oxidative periplasmic compartment provides correct environment to undergo proper disulfide bonds formation and thus achieving native conformation. However, not all proteins can be efficiently translocated to the periplasm with the help of bacterial signal peptides. Therefore, fusion to a small well-folded and stable periplasmic protein is more promising for periplasmic production of disulfide bonded proteins. In the past decades, several full-length proteins or domains were used for enhancing translocation and solubility. Here, protein fusion tags that significantly increase the yields of target proteins in the periplasmic space are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Hang B, Pan J, Ni D, Zheng Q, Zhang X, Cai J, Huang L, Wei P, Xu Z. High-level production of aquaporin Z in Escherichia coli using maltose-binding protein/polyhistidine dual-affinity tag fusion system. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Yang YX, Qian ZG, Zhong JJ, Xia XX. Hyper-production of large proteins of spider dragline silk MaSp2 by Escherichia coli via synthetic biology approach. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Ueda T, Akuta T, Kikuchi-Ueda T, Imaizumi K, Ono Y. Improving the soluble expression and purification of recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF) in endotoxin-free Escherichia coli by disulfide shuffling with persulfide. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:99-105. [PMID: 26724416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We here present a new method for the expression and purification of recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF(164)) in endotoxin-free ClearColi(®) BL21(DE3) cells harboring codon-optimized Profinity eXact™-tagged hSCF cDNA. Previously, we demonstrated that co-expression with thioredoxin increased the solubility of rhSCF in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and addition of l-arginine enhanced chromatography performance by removing the endotoxin-masked surface of rhSCF. Initially, we tried to express rhSCF in an endotoxin-free strain using a thioredoxin co-expression system, which resulted in significantly lower expression, possibly due to the stress imposed by overexpressed thioredoxin or antibiotics susceptibility. Therefore, we developed a new expression system without thioredoxin. External redox coupling was tested using persulfides such as glutathione persulfide or cysteine persulfide for the in vivo-folding of hSCF in the cytoplasm. Persulfides improved the protein solubility by accelerating disulfide-exchange reactions for incorrectdisulfides during folding in E. coli. Furthermore, the persulfides enhanced the expression level, likely due to upregulation of the enzymatic activity of T7 RNA polymerase. The recombinant protein was purified via affinity chromatography followed by cleavage with sodium fluoride, resulting in complete proteolytic removal of the N-terminal tag. The endotoxin-free fusion protein from ClearColi(®) BL21(DE3) could bind to the resin in the standard protocol using sodium phosphate (pH 7.2). Furthermore, purified rhSCF enhanced the proliferation and maturation of the human mast cell line LAD2. Thus, we conclude that use of the protein expression system employing E. coli by disulfide shuffling with persulfide addition could be a very useful method for efficient protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd., 7-8, Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0024, Japan.
| | - Takane Kikuchi-Ueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Keitaro Imaizumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd., 7-8, Nihonbashi Kobunacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0024, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Structure of the C-Terminal Domain of the Multifunctional ICP27 Protein from Herpes Simplex Virus 1. J Virol 2015; 89:8828-39. [PMID: 26085142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00441-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating viruses that have successfully evolved to evade the immune system of humans, establishing lifelong infections. ICP27 from herpes simplex virus is a multifunctional regulatory protein that is functionally conserved in all known human herpesviruses. It has the potential to interact with an array of cellular proteins, as well as intronless viral RNAs. ICP27 plays an essential role in viral transcription, nuclear export of intronless RNAs, translation of viral transcripts, and virion host shutoff function. It has also been implicated in several signaling pathways and the prevention of apoptosis. Although much is known about its central role in viral replication and infection, very little is known about the structure and mechanistic properties of ICP27 and its homologs. We present the first crystal structure of ICP27 C-terminal domain at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The structure reveals the C-terminal half of ICP27 to have a novel fold consisting of α-helices and long loops, along with a unique CHCC-type of zinc-binding motif. The two termini of this domain extend from the central core and hint to possibilities of making interactions. ICP27 essential domain is capable of forming self-dimers as seen in the structure, which is confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation study. Preliminary in vitro phosphorylation assays reveal that this domain may be regulated by cellular kinases. IMPORTANCE ICP27 is a key regulatory protein of the herpes simplex virus and has functional homologs in all known human herpesviruses. Understanding the structure of this protein is a step ahead in deciphering the mechanism by which the virus thrives. In this study, we present the first structure of the C-terminal domain of ICP27 and describe its novel features. We critically analyze the structure and compare our results to the information available form earlier studies. This structure can act as a guide in future experimental designs and can add to a better understanding of mechanism of ICP27, as well as that of its homologs.
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Ke N, Berkmen M. Production of Disulfide‐Bonded Proteins in
Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:16.1B.1-16.1B.21. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1601bs108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ke
- New England Biolabs Ipswich Massachusetts
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16
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Sang Y, Tait AR, Scott WRP, Creagh AL, Kumar P, Haynes CA, Straus SK. Probing the interaction between U24 and the SH3 domain of Fyn tyrosine kinase. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6092-102. [PMID: 25225878 DOI: 10.1021/bi500945x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The putative membrane protein U24 from HHV-6A shares a seven-residue sequence identity (which includes a PxxP motif) with myelin basic protein (MBP), a protein responsible for the compaction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. U24 from HHV-6A also shares a PPxY motif with U24 from the related virus HHV-7, allowing them both to block early endosomal recycling. Recently, MBP has been shown to have protein-protein interactions with a range of proteins, including proteins containing SH3 domains. Given that this interaction is mediated by the proline-rich segment in MBP, and that similar proline-rich segments are found in U24, we investigate here whether U24 also interacts with SH3 domain-containing proteins and what the nature of that interaction might be. The implications of a U24-Fyn tyrosine kinase SH3 domain interaction are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that U24 may function like MBP through molecular mimicry, potentially contributing to the disease state of multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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17
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Zheng X, Dong S, Zheng J, Li D, Li F, Luo Z. Expression, stabilization and purification of membrane proteins via diverse protein synthesis systems and detergents involving cell-free associated with self-assembly peptide surfactants. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:564-74. [PMID: 24566241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in regulating most of physiological actions and metabolism in the bodies, which have become most frequently addressed therapeutic targets for various disorders and diseases. Purified GPCR-based drug discoveries have become routine that approaches to structural study, novel biophysical and biochemical function analyses. However, several bottlenecks that GPCR-directed drugs need to conquer the problems including overexpression, solubilization, and purification as well as stabilization. The breakthroughs are to obtain efficient protein yield and stabilize their functional conformation which are both urgently requiring of effective protein synthesis system methods and optimal surfactants. Cell-free protein synthesis system is superior to the high yields and post-translation modifications, and early signs of self-assembly peptide detergents also emerged to superiority in purification of membrane proteins. We herein focus several predominant protein synthesis systems and surfactants involving the novel peptide detergents, and uncover the advantages of cell-free protein synthesis system with self-assembling peptide detergents in purification of functional GPCRs. This review is useful to further study in membrane proteins as well as the new drug exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Duanhua Li
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Sermadiras I, Revell J, Linley JE, Sandercock A, Ravn P. Recombinant expression and in vitro characterisation of active Huwentoxin-IV. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83202. [PMID: 24324842 PMCID: PMC3855799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huwentoxin-IV (HwTx-IV) is a 35-residue neurotoxin peptide with potential application as a novel analgesic. It is a member of the inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) peptide family, characterised by a compact globular structure maintained by three intramolecular disulfide bonds. Here we describe a novel strategy for producing non-tagged, fully folded ICK-toxin in a bacterial system. HwTx-IV was expressed as a cleavable fusion to small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in the cytoplasm of the SHuffle T7 Express lysY Escherichia coli strain, which allows cytosolic disulfide bond formation. Purification by IMAC with selective elution of monomeric SUMO fusion followed by proteolytic cleavage and polishing chromatographic steps yielded pure homogeneous toxin. Recombinant HwTx-IV is produced with a C-terminal acid, whereas the native peptide is C-terminally amidated. HwTx-IV(acid) inhibited Nav1.7 in a dose dependent manner (IC50 = 463-727 nM). In comparison to HwTx-IV(amide) (IC50 = 11 ± 3 nM), the carboxylate was ~50 fold less potent on Nav1.7, which highlights the impact of the C-terminus. As the amide bond of an additional amino acid may mimic the carboxamide, we expressed the glycine-extended analogue HwTx-IV(G36)(acid) in the SUMO/SHuffle system. The peptide was approximately three fold more potent on Nav1.7 in comparison to HwTx-IV(acid) (IC50 = 190 nM). In conclusion, we have established a novel system for expression and purification of fully folded and active HwTx-IV(acid) in bacteria, which could be applicable to other structurally complex and cysteine rich peptides. Furthermore, we discovered that glycine extension of HwTx-IV(acid) restores some of the potency of the native carboxamide. This finding may also apply to other C-terminally amidated peptides produced recombinantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Sermadiras
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Research, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jefferson Revell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Research, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Linley
- Neuroscience in vitro Biology, Research, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Sandercock
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Research, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ravn
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Research, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Nozach H, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Fenaille F, Beau F, Ramos OHP, Douzi B, Saez NJ, Moutiez M, Servent D, Gondry M, Thaï R, Cuniasse P, Vincentelli R, Dive V. High throughput screening identifies disulfide isomerase DsbC as a very efficient partner for recombinant expression of small disulfide-rich proteins in E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:37. [PMID: 23607455 PMCID: PMC3668227 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disulfide-rich proteins or DRPs are versatile bioactive compounds that encompass a wide variety of pharmacological, therapeutic, and/or biotechnological applications. Still, the production of DRPs in sufficient quantities is a major bottleneck for their complete structural or functional characterization. Recombinant expression of such small proteins containing multiple disulfide bonds in the bacteria E. coli is considered difficult and general methods and protocols, particularly on a high throughput scale, are limited. Results Here we report a high throughput screening approach that allowed the systematic investigation of the solubilizing and folding influence of twelve cytoplasmic partners on 28 DRPs in the strains BL21 (DE3) pLysS, Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY (1008 conditions). The screening identified the conditions leading to the successful soluble expression of the 28 DRPs selected for the study. Amongst 336 conditions tested per bacterial strain, soluble expression was detected in 196 conditions using the strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS, whereas only 44 and 50 conditions for soluble expression were identified for the strains Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY respectively. To assess the redox states of the DRPs, the solubility screen was coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the exact masses of the produced DRPs or fusion proteins. To validate the results obtained at analytical scale, several examples of proteins expressed and purified to a larger scale are presented along with their MS and functional characterization. Conclusions Our results show that the production of soluble and functional DRPs with cytoplasmic partners is possible in E. coli. In spite of its reducing cytoplasm, BL21 (DE3) pLysS is more efficient than the Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY trxB-/gor- strains for the production of DRPs in fusion with solubilizing partners. However, our data suggest that oxidation of the proteins occurs ex vivo. Our protocols allow the production of a large diversity of DRPs using DsbC as a fusion partner, leading to pure active DRPs at milligram scale in many cases. These results open up new possibilities for the study and development of DRPs with therapeutic or biotechnological interest whose production was previously a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Nozach
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France.
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Voulgaridou GP, Mantso T, Chlichlia K, Panayiotidis MI, Pappa A. Efficient E. coli expression strategies for production of soluble human crystallin ALDH3A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56582. [PMID: 23451057 PMCID: PMC3579847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) is a recently characterized corneal crystallin with its exact functions still being unclear. Expressing recombinant human ALDH3A1 has been difficult in Escherichia coli (E. coli) because of low solubility, yield and insufficient purity issues. In this report, we compared different E. coli expression strategies (namely the maltose binding protein; MBP- and the 6-his-tagged expression systems) under conditions of auto-induction and co-expression with E. coli’s molecular chaperones where appropriate. Thus, we aimed to screen the efficiency of these expression strategies in order to improve solubility of recombinant ALDH3A1 when expressed in E. coli. We showed that the MBP- tagged expression in combination with lower-temperature culture conditions resulted in active soluble recombinant ALDH3A1. Expression of the fused 6-his tagged-ALDH3A1 protein resulted in poor solubility and neither lowering temperature culture conditions nor the auto-induction strategy improved its solubility. Furthermore, higher yield of soluble, active native form of 6-his tagged-ALDH3A1 was facilitated through co-expression of the two groups of E. coli’s molecular chaperones, GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE. Convenient one step immobilized affinity chromatography methods were utilized to purify the fused ALDH3A1 hybrids. Both fusion proteins retained their biological activity and could be used directly without removing the fusion tags. Taken together, our results provide a rational option for producing sufficient amounts of soluble and active recombinant ALDH3A1 using the E. coli expression system for conducting functional studies towards elucidating the biological role(s) of this interesting corneal crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Persephoni Voulgaridou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Medical School, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- * E-mail:
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de Marco A. Recent contributions in the field of the recombinant expression of disulfide bonded proteins in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 22978724 PMCID: PMC3462667 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of heterologous disulfide bonded proteins in bacteria remains a biotechnological challenge. A rapid literature survey results in the identification of some interesting proposals, such as the option of producing functional proteins in the cytoplasm in the presence of sulfhydryl oxidases and isomerases. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of applications refers to recombinant proteins displayed at the bacterial surface. Time will tell whether these developments will lead to universally accepted laboratory protocols.
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Cytoplasmic expression, antibody production, and characterization of the novel zinc finger protein 637. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:741-9. [PMID: 22733115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 637 (zfp637), belonging to the Kruppel-like protein family, comprises one atypical C(2)H(2) and six consecutive typical zinc finger motifs. Based on the structural characterization of zfp637 and its location in the cell nucleus, we predict that zfp637 might function as a DNA-binding protein to regulate gene transcription. However, the absence of both a purified zfp637 protein and any commercial antibody for detecting it in cells and tissues has limited functional studies of zfp637 to date. Here, we developed and optimized an expression system by fusing zfp637 with glutathione S-transferase (GST) to achieve a maximal yield of soluble GST-zfp637 fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The yield was about 10 mg/l of the original bacterial culture. The recombinant GST-zfp637 fusion protein was purified and used for polyclonal antibody production in rabbits. In addition, we developed a method to remove the anti-GST antibody component and obtained a highly purified anti-zfp637 antibody, as demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting showed that the anti-zfp637 antibody recognized not only the recombinant zfp637 protein but also endogenous zfp637 in several cell lines. The protein was localized mainly in the cell nucleus by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of zfp637 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in NIH3T3 cells treated with 200 μM of H(2)O(2) in a time-dependent manner. The recombinant GST-zfp637 fusion protein and our purified anti-zfp637 antibody will help in elucidating the function of zfp637.
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Berkmen M. Production of disulfide-bonded proteins in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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