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Siverino C, Fahmy-Garcia S, Niklaus V, Kops N, Dolcini L, Misciagna MM, Ridwan Y, Farrell E, van Osch GJ, Nickel J. Addition of heparin binding sites strongly increases the bone forming capabilities of BMP9 in vivo. Bioact Mater 2023; 29:241-250. [PMID: 37502679 PMCID: PMC10371762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) like BMP2 and BMP7 have shown great potential in the treatment of severe bone defects. In recent in vitro studies, BMP9 revealed the highest osteogenic potential compared to other BMPs, possibly due to its unique signaling pathways that differs from other osteogenic BMPs. However, in vivo the bone forming capacity of BMP9-adsorbed scaffolds is not superior to BMP2 or BMP7. In silico analysis of the BMP9 protein sequence revealed that BMP9, in contrast to other osteogenic BMPs such as BMP2, completely lacks so-called heparin binding motifs that enable extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions which in general might be essential for the BMPs' osteogenic function. Therefore, we genetically engineered a new BMP9 variant by adding BMP2-derived heparin binding motifs to the N-terminal segment of BMP9's mature part. The resulting protein (BMP9 HB) showed higher heparin binding affinity than BMP2, similar osteogenic activity in vitro and comparable binding affinities to BMPR-II and ALK1 compared to BMP9. However, remarkable differences were observed when BMP9 HB was adsorbed to collagen scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously in the dorsum of rats, showing a consistent and significant increase in bone volume and density compared to BMP2 and BMP9. Even at 10-fold lower BMP9 HB doses bone tissue formation was observed. This innovative approach of significantly enhancing the osteogenic properties of BMP9 simply by addition of ECM binding motifs, could constitute a valuable replacement to the commonly used BMPs. The possibility to use lower protein doses demonstrates BMP9 HB's high translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Siverino
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shorouk Fahmy-Garcia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Niklaus
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kops
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Dolcini
- Fin-Ceramica Faenza SpA, Via Granarolo 177/3, 48018, Faenza, Italy
| | | | - Yanto Ridwan
- AMIE Core Facility, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer ISC, Translational Center RT, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Zhang YN, Liu JJ, Zhang W, Qin HY, Wang LT, Chen YY, Yuan L, Yang F, Cao RY, Wang XJ. Expression, purification and refolding of pro-MMP-2 from inclusion bodies of E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 208-209:106278. [PMID: 37094772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
MMP-2 has been reported as the most validated target for cancer progression and deserves further investigation. However, due to the lack of methods for obtaining large amounts of highly purified and bioactive MMP-2, identifying specific substrates and developing specific inhibitors of MMP-2remains extremely difficult. In this study, the DNA fragment coding for pro-MMP-2 was inserted into plasmid pET28a in an oriented manner, and the resulting recombinant protein was effectively expressed and led to accumulation as inclusion bodies in E. coli. This protein was easy to purify to near homogeneity by the combination of common inclusion bodies purification procedure and cold ethanol fractionation. Then, our results of gelatin zymography and fluorometric assay revealed that pro-MMP-2 at least partially restored its natural structure and enzymatic activity after renaturation. We obtained approximately 11 mg refolded pro-MMP-2 protein from 1 L LB broth, which was higher than other strategies previously reported. In conclusion, a simple and cost-effective procedure for obtaining high amounts of functional MMP-2was developed, which would contribute to the progress of studies on the gamut of biological action of this important proteinase. Furthermore, our protocol should be appropriate for the expression, purification, and refolding of other bacterial toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia Jian Liu
- Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Han Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lin Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Rong Yue Cao
- Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xue Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Kim K, Kim MG, Lee GM. Improving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production in CHO cells through understanding of BMP synthesis, signaling and endocytosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108080. [PMID: 36526238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors with the clinical potential to regulate cartilage and bone formation. Functionally active mature recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs), produced primarily in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for clinical applications, are considered difficult to express because they undergo maturation processes, signaling pathways, or endocytosis. Although BMPs are a family of proteins with similar mature domain sequence identities, their individual properties are diverse. Thus, understanding the properties of individual rhBMPs is essential to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells. In this review, we discuss various approaches to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells by understanding the overall maturation process, signaling pathways and endocytosis of individual rhBMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Jia X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Fu Y. Highly Efficient Method for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins Mediated by Cholera Toxin-Induced Protein Internalization. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4067-4078. [PMID: 34672633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of functional proteins into cells may help us understand how specific protein influences cell behavior as well as treat diseases caused by protein deficiency or loss-of-function mutations. However, protein cannot enter cells by diffusion. In this work, a novel cell biology tool for delivering recombinant proteins into mammalian cells was developed. We hijacked the intracellular transport routes used by the cholera toxin and took advantage of recent development on split intein that is compatible with denatured conditions and shows an exceptional splicing activity to deliver a protein of interest into mammalian cells. Here, we used green fluorescent protein and apoptin as proofs-of-concept. The results demonstrate that the cholera toxin B subunit alone could deliver other recombinant proteins into cells through either covalent conjugation or noncovalent interaction. Our method offers more than 10-fold better delivery efficiency than the tat cell-penetrating peptide and is selective for ganglioside-rich cells. This study adds a useful tool to the receptor-mediated intracellular targeting toolkit and opens possibility for the selective delivery of therapeutic proteins into ganglioside-rich cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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The Dual Effect of the BMP9-ALK1 Pathway in Blood Vessels: An Opportunity for Cancer Therapy Improvement? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215412. [PMID: 34771575 PMCID: PMC8582496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The modulation of tumor blood vessels is a great opportunity for improving cancer therapies. Understanding the cellular and molecular players that regulate the biology of tumor blood vessels and tumor angiogenesis is necessary for the development of new anti-tumor strategies. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is a circulating factor with multiple effects in vascular biology through its receptor activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1). In this review, we give an overview of the possible benefits of modulating BMP9–ALK1 functions for cancer therapy improvement. Abstract The improvement of cancer therapy efficacy, the extension of patient survival and the reduction of adverse side effects are major challenges in cancer research. Targeting blood vessels has been considered a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Since the tumor vasculature is disorganized, leaky and triggers immunosuppression and tumor hypoxia, several strategies have been studied to modify tumor vasculature for cancer therapy improvement. Anti-angiogenesis was first described as a mechanism to prevent the formation of new blood vessels and prevent the oxygen supply to tumor cells, showing numerous limitations. Vascular normalization using low doses of anti-angiogenic drugs was purposed to overcome the limitations of anti-angiogenic therapies. Other strategies such as vascular promotion or the induction of high endothelial venules are being studied now to improve cancer therapy. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) exerts a dual effect through the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) receptor in blood vessel maturation or activation phase of angiogenesis. Thus, it is an interesting pathway to target in combination with chemotherapies or immunotherapies. This review manuscript explores the effect of the BMP9–ALK1 pathway in tumor angiogenesis and the possible usefulness of targeting this pathway in anti-angiogenesis, vascular normalization or vascular promotion therapies.
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Desroches-Castan A, Tillet E, Bouvard C, Bailly S. BMP9 and BMP10: two close vascular quiescence partners that stand out. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:178-197. [PMID: 34240497 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are dimeric transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) family cytokines that were first described in bone and cartilage formation but have since been shown to be involved in many pleiotropic functions. In human, there are 15 BMP ligands, which initiate their cellular signaling by forming a complex with two copies of type I receptors and two copies of type II receptors, both of which are transmembrane receptors with an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain. Within this receptor family, ALK1 (Activin receptor-Like Kinase 1), which is a type I receptor mainly expressed on endothelial cells, and BMPRII (BMP Receptor type II), a type II receptor also highly expressed on endothelial cells, have been directly linked to two rare vascular diseases: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), respectively. BMP9 (gene name GDF2) and BMP10, two close members of the BMP family, are the only known ligands for the ALK1 receptor. This specificity gives them a unique role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis and tissue homeostasis. The aim of this current review is to present an overview of what is known about BMP9 and BMP10 on vascular regulation with a particular emphasis on recent results and the many questions that remain unanswered regarding the roles and specificities between BMP9 and BMP10. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Tillet
- Laboratory BioSanté, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Bouvard
- Laboratory BioSanté, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Laboratory BioSanté, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
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7
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of ligands and exert most of their effects through the canonical effectors Smad1, 5, and 8. Appropriate regulation of BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems. Aberrations in BMP pathways or their regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies, and there is an urgent and growing need to develop effective approaches to modulate BMP signaling in the clinic. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on diseases and/or conditions associated with dysregulated BMP signal transduction, outline the current strategies available to modulate BMP pathways, highlight emerging second-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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8
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Jung JW, Yoon SM, Kim S, Jeon YH, Yoon BH, Yang SG, Kim MK, Choe S, Kuo MMC. Bone morphogenetic protein-9 is a potent growth inhibitor of hepatocellular carcinoma and reduces the liver cancer stem cells population. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73754-73768. [PMID: 27650540 PMCID: PMC5342011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological role of BMP-9 signaling in liver cancer remains dubious. To explore the potential use of BMP-9 signaling for anti-cancer therapy, we used recombinant human BMP-9, which we referred to as MB109, to study the effect on growth of fifteen hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. MB109 effectively inhibits the proliferation of nine HCC cells in vitro. The anti-proliferative effect was found to be induced by turning on p21 signaling, which caused survivin suppression and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. ID3 was identified to be the mediator of the MB109-induced p21 expression. Blocking the activity of p38 MAPK diminished ID3 and p21 expression, indicating that MB109 signals through a p38 MAPK/ID3/p21 pathway to arrest cell cycle progression. Moreover, prolonged MB109 treatment suppressed the expression of five prominent liver cancer stem cell (LCSC) markers, including CD44, CD90, AFP, GPC3 and ANPEP. Xenograft model confirmed the anti-tumor and LCSC-suppression capability of MB109 in vivo. Contrary to ongoing efforts of suppressing BMP-9 signaling to inhibit angiogenesis of cancer tissue, these results demonstrate an unexpected therapeutic potential of MB109 to stimulate BMP-9 signaling for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Jung
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Current address: Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - So-Mi Yoon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Yun-Hui Jeon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hak Yoon
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Department of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Senyon Choe
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Drug Discovery Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Mario Meng-Chiang Kuo
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Joint Center for Biosciences, Songdo Smart Valley, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.,Drug Discovery Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.,Current address: Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
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Nasrabadi D, Rezaeiani S, Sayadmanesh A, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Shabani A. Inclusion Body Expression and Refolding of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2018; 10:202-207. [PMID: 30555651 PMCID: PMC6252035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) is a cysteine rich growth factor expressed in homodimeric form and has a pivotal role in osteochondral development and fracture healing. Recent studies have benefited more from recombinant BMP-2 in osteochondral tissue engineering. Cost-effective and easy production at large scale makes Escherichia coli (E. coli) the first choice for recombinant protein expression programs. However, inclusion body aggregation and refolding process limits production and purification of recombinant BMP-2 in bacterial systems. METHODS BMP-2 encoded gene was optimized for expression in bacterial expression system and synthesized with proper restriction sites. The optimized sequence was then cloned in a pET28a expression vector and expressed in Origami™ E. coli strain. The aggregated and monomeric BMP-2 was refolded and purified comparing two oxidoreductase systems and refolding methods as well as different purification techniques. The biological activity of recombinant protein was investigated by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALK) of ATDC-5 cell line. RESULTS No difference was observed between oxidoreductase systems in improving the efficiency of protein refolding. However, comparisons between two refolding methods showed that pooling monomeric BMP-2 that was refolded under mild condition with equal volume of it refolded under severe oxidoreductase condition resulted in production of more active dimeric protein. CONCLUSION A new method for production of biologically active dimeric form of BMP-2 in E. coli expression system was established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Nasrabadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Siamak Rezaeiani
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Aliakbar Shabani, Ph.D., Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad, Ph.D., Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 23 33654187, 21 22413790, Fax: +98 21 22409314, E-mail:, , ,
| | - Aliakbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,Corresponding authors: Aliakbar Shabani, Ph.D., Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad, Ph.D., Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 23 33654187, 21 22413790, Fax: +98 21 22409314, E-mail:, , ,
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A Survey of Strategies to Modulate the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Pathway: Current and Future Perspectives. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7290686. [PMID: 27433166 PMCID: PMC4940573 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7290686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the TGF-β family of ligands and are unequivocally involved in regulating stem cell behavior. Appropriate regulation of canonical BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems, as aberrations in the BMP pathway or its regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies. In this review, we provide a wide-perspective on strategies that increase or decrease BMP signaling. We briefly outline the current FDA-approved approaches, highlight emerging next-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation. We also detail how activating other pathways may indirectly modulate BMP signaling, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between the BMP and Activin/TGF-β pathways.
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11
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Optimization of dilution refolding conditions for a camelid single domain antibody against human beta-2-microglobulin. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 117:59-66. [PMID: 26386406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Single domain antibody (sdAb) is often expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Establishing an effective in vitro refolding method for sdAb obtained from inclusion bodies would be important for sdAb research. In this study, dilution refolding condition for a camelid sdAb specific against human beta-2-microglobulin was optimized for the sdAb purified from the inclusion bodies of E. coli BL21 (DE3). Single factor methods based on protein concentration, velocity of dilution, incubation time and refolding buffer composition were first investigated. Then the key refolding buffer compositions were selected for further optimization by means of the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The activity of the refolded sdAb was determined by measuring its specific antigen-binding ability using indirect ELISA. The optimized refolding condition of sdAb consisted of a 10-fold dilution in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 1.24 mM GSH, 1mM GSSG, 352 mM L-Arg, 0.65% PEG-2000, and a 16 h incubation at 4 °C. Further comparison of the activities between the refolded sdAb and purified soluble sdAb expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) pLysS indicated that the sdAb was correctly refolded, as assayed by isothermal titration calorimetry. This work could provide an important strategy for the recombinant production and application of sdAb.
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