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Philipp LA, Bühler K, Ulber R, Gescher J. Beneficial applications of biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:276-290. [PMID: 37957398 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms live in the form of a biofilm. Although they are feared in the medical sector, biofilms that are composed of non-pathogenic organisms can be highly beneficial in many applications, including the production of bulk and fine chemicals. Biofilm systems are natural retentostats in which the biocatalysts can adapt and optimize their metabolism to different conditions over time. The adherent nature of biofilms allows them to be used in continuous systems in which the hydraulic retention time is much shorter than the doubling time of the biocatalysts. Moreover, the resilience of organisms growing in biofilms, together with the potential of uncoupling growth from catalytic activity, offers a wide range of opportunities. The ability to work with continuous systems using a potentially self-advancing whole-cell biocatalyst is attracting interest from a range of disciplines, from applied microbiology to materials science and from bioengineering to process engineering. The field of beneficial biofilms is rapidly evolving, with an increasing number of applications being explored, and the surge in demand for sustainable and biobased solutions and processes is accelerating advances in the field. This Review provides an overview of the research topics, challenges, applications and future directions in beneficial and applied biofilm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Alina Philipp
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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de la Cruz M, Ramírez EA, Sigala JC, Utrilla J, Lara AR. Plasmid DNA Production in Proteome-Reduced Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091444. [PMID: 32967123 PMCID: PMC7563601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of optimal cell factories requires engineering resource allocation for maximizing product synthesis. A recently developed method to maximize the saving in cell resources released 0.5% of the proteome of Escherichia coli by deleting only three transcription factors. We assessed the capacity for plasmid DNA (pDNA) production in the proteome-reduced strain in a mineral medium, lysogeny, and terrific broths. In all three cases, the pDNA yield from biomass was between 33 and 53% higher in the proteome-reduced than in its wild type strain. When cultured in fed-batch mode in shake-flask, the proteome-reduced strain produced 74.8 mg L-1 pDNA, which was four times greater than its wild-type strain. Nevertheless, the pDNA supercoiled fraction was less than 60% in all cases. Deletion of recA increased the pDNA yields in the wild type, but not in the proteome-reduced strain. Furthermore, recA mutants produced a higher fraction of supercoiled pDNA, compared to their parents. These results show that the novel proteome reduction approach is a promising starting point for the design of improved pDNA production hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi de la Cruz
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico; (M.d.l.C.); (E.A.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Elisa A. Ramírez
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico; (M.d.l.C.); (E.A.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Juan-Carlos Sigala
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico; (M.d.l.C.); (E.A.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - José Utrilla
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Program, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
| | - Alvaro R. Lara
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico; (M.d.l.C.); (E.A.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Kurokawa M, Ying BW. Experimental Challenges for Reduced Genomes: The Cell Model Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2019; 8:E3. [PMID: 31861355 PMCID: PMC7022904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome reduction, as a top-down approach to obtain the minimal genetic information essential for a living organism, has been conducted with bacterial cells for decades. The most popular and well-studied cell models for genome reduction are Escherichia coli strains. As the previous literature intensively introduced the genetic construction and application of the genome-reduced Escherichia coli strains, the present review focuses the design principles and compares the reduced genome collections from the specific viewpoint of growth, which represents a fundamental property of living cells and is an important feature for their biotechnological application. For the extended simplification of the genomic sequences, the approach of experimental evolution and concern for medium optimization are newly proposed. The combination of the current techniques of genomic construction and the newly proposed methodologies could allow us to acquire growing Escherichia coli cells carrying the extensively reduced genome and to address the question of what the minimal genome essential for life is.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bei-Wen Ying
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 305-8572 Ibaraki, Japan;
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4
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Yuan X, Couto JM, Glidle A, Song Y, Sloan W, Yin H. Single-Cell Microfluidics to Study the Effects of Genome Deletion on Bacterial Growth Behavior. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2219-2227. [PMID: 28844132 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By directly monitoring single cell growth in a microfluidic platform, we interrogated genome-deletion effects in Escherichia coli strains. We compared the growth dynamics of a wild type strain with a clean genome strain, and their derived mutants at the single-cell level. A decreased average growth rate and extended average lag time were found for the clean genome strain, compared to those of the wild type strain. Direct correlation between the growth rate and lag time of individual cells showed that the clean genome population was more heterogeneous. Cell culturability (the ratio of growing cells to the sum of growing and nongrowing cells) of the clean genome population was also lower. Interestingly, after the random mutations induced by a glucose starvation treatment, for the clean genome population mutants that had survived the competition of chemostat culture, each parameter markedly improved (i.e., the average growth rate and cell culturability increased, and the lag time and heterogeneity decreased). However, this effect was not seen in the wild type strain; the wild type mutants cultured in a chemostat retained a high diversity of growth phenotypes. These results suggest that quasi-essential genes that were deleted in the clean genome might be required to retain a diversity of growth characteristics at the individual cell level under environmental stress. These observations highlight that single-cell microfluidics can reveal subtle individual cellular responses, enabling in-depth understanding of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yuan
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School
of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Jillian M. Couto
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Infrastructure and Environment,
School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Andrew Glidle
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School
of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Yanqing Song
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School
of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - William Sloan
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Infrastructure and Environment,
School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Huabing Yin
- College
of Science and Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School
of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Lee JH, Wendisch VF. Production of amino acids - Genetic and metabolic engineering approaches. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1575-1587. [PMID: 28552565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biotechnological production of amino acids occurs at the million-ton scale and annually about 6milliontons of l-glutamate and l-lysine are produced by Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum strains. l-glutamate and l-lysine production from starch hydrolysates and molasses is very efficient and access to alternative carbon sources and new products has been enabled by metabolic engineering. This review focusses on genetic and metabolic engineering of amino acid producing strains. In particular, rational approaches involving modulation of transcriptional regulators, regulons, and attenuators will be discussed. To address current limitations of metabolic engineering, this article gives insights on recent systems metabolic engineering approaches based on functional tools and method such as genome reduction, amino acid sensors based on transcriptional regulators and riboswitches, CRISPR interference, small regulatory RNAs, DNA scaffolding, and optogenetic control, and discusses future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- Major in Food Science & Biotechnology, School of Food Biotechnology & Nutrition, Kyungsung University, 309, Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Bursac T, Gralnick JA, Gescher J. Acetoin production via unbalanced fermentation in Shewanella oneidensis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1283-1289. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Bursac
- Department of Applied Biology; Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Gralnick
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Microbiology; University of Minnesota; Twin Cities St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Department of Applied Biology; Institute for Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Microbiology of Natural and Technical Interfaces; Institute of Functional Interfaces; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Jahn M, Vorpahl C, Hübschmann T, Harms H, Müller S. Copy number variability of expression plasmids determined by cell sorting and Droplet Digital PCR. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:211. [PMID: 27993152 PMCID: PMC5168713 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmids are widely used for molecular cloning or production of proteins in laboratory and industrial settings. Constant modification has brought forth countless plasmid vectors whose characteristics in terms of average plasmid copy number (PCN) and stability are rarely known. The crucial factor determining the PCN is the replication system; most replication systems in use today belong to a small number of different classes and are available through repositories like the Standard European Vector Architecture (SEVA). Results In this study, the PCN was determined in a set of seven SEVA-based expression plasmids only differing in the replication system. The average PCN for all constructs was determined by Droplet Digital PCR and ranged between 2 and 40 per chromosome in the host organism Escherichia coli. Furthermore, a plasmid-encoded EGFP reporter protein served as a means to assess variability in reporter gene expression on the single cell level. Only cells with one type of plasmid (RSF1010 replication system) showed a high degree of heterogeneity with a clear bimodal distribution of EGFP intensity while the others showed a normal distribution. The heterogeneous RSF1010-carrying cell population and one normally distributed population (ColE1 replication system) were further analyzed by sorting cells of sub-populations selected according to EGFP intensity. For both plasmids, low and highly fluorescent sub-populations showed a remarkable difference in PCN, ranging from 9.2 to 123.4 for ColE1 and from 0.5 to 11.8 for RSF1010, respectively. Conclusions The average PCN determined here for a set of standardized plasmids was generally at the lower end of previously reported ranges and not related to the degree of heterogeneity. Further characterization of a heterogeneous and a homogeneous population demonstrated considerable differences in the PCN of sub-populations. We therefore present direct molecular evidence that the average PCN does not represent the true number of plasmid molecules in individual cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0610-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jahn
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Vorpahl
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hübschmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Martínez-García E, de Lorenzo V. The quest for the minimal bacterial genome. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:216-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kurokawa M, Seno S, Matsuda H, Ying BW. Correlation between genome reduction and bacterial growth. DNA Res 2016; 23:517-525. [PMID: 27374613 PMCID: PMC5144675 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome reduction by removing dispensable genomic sequences in bacteria is commonly used in both fundamental and applied studies to determine the minimal genetic requirements for a living system or to develop highly efficient bioreactors. Nevertheless, whether and how the accumulative loss of dispensable genomic sequences disturbs bacterial growth remains unclear. To investigate the relationship between genome reduction and growth, a series of Escherichia coli strains carrying genomes reduced in a stepwise manner were used. Intensive growth analyses revealed that the accumulation of multiple genomic deletions caused decreases in the exponential growth rate and the saturated cell density in a deletion-length-dependent manner as well as gradual changes in the patterns of growth dynamics, regardless of the growth media. Accordingly, a perspective growth model linking genome evolution to genome engineering was proposed. This study provides the first demonstration of a quantitative connection between genomic sequence and bacterial growth, indicating that growth rate is potentially associated with dispensable genomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Bei-Wen Ying
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Li Y, Zhu X, Zhang X, Fu J, Wang Z, Chen T, Zhao X. Characterization of genome-reduced Bacillus subtilis strains and their application for the production of guanosine and thymidine. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:94. [PMID: 27260256 PMCID: PMC4893254 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome streamlining has emerged as an effective strategy to boost the production efficiency of bio-based products. Many efforts have been made to construct desirable chassis cells by reducing the genome size of microbes. It has been reported that the genome-reduced Bacillus subtilis strain MBG874 showed clear advantages for the production of several heterologous enzymes including alkaline cellulase and protease. In addition to enzymes, B. subtilis is also used for the production of chemicals. To our best knowledge, it is still unknown whether genome reduction could be used to optimize the production of chemicals such as nucleoside products. Results In this study, we constructed a series of genome-reduced strains by deleting non-essential regions in the chromosome of B. subtilis 168. These strains with genome reductions ranging in size from 581.9 to 814.4 kb displayed markedly decreased growth rates, sporulation ratios, transformation efficiencies and maintenance coefficients, as well as increased cell yields. We re-engineered the genome-reduced strains to produce guanosine and thymidine, respectively. The strain BSK814G2, in which purA was knocked out, and prs, purF and guaB were co-overexpressed, produced 115.2 mg/L of guanosine, which was 4.4-fold higher compared to the control strain constructed by introducing the same gene modifications into the parental strain. We also constructed a thymidine producer by deleting the tdk gene and overexpressing the prs, ushA, thyA, dut, and ndk genes from Escherichia coli in strain BSK756, and the resulting strain BSK756T3 accumulated 151.2 mg/L thymidine, showing a 5.2-fold increase compared to the corresponding control strain. Conclusions Genome-scale genetic manipulation has a variety of effects on the physiological characteristics and cell metabolism of B. subtilis. By introducing specific gene modifications related to guanosine and thymidine accumulation, respectively, we demonstrated that genome-reduced strains had greatly improved properties compared to the wild-type strain as chassis cells for the production of these two products. These strains also have great potential for the production of other nucleosides and similar derived chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0494-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Tianjin Vocational College of Bioengineering, Tianjin, 300462, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Akasaka N, Astuti W, Ishii Y, Hidese R, Sakoda H, Fujiwara S. Change in the plasmid copy number in acetic acid bacteria in response to growth phase and acetic acid concentration. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:661-8. [PMID: 25575969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids pGE1 (2.5 kb), pGE2 (7.2 kb), and pGE3 (5.5 kb) were isolated from Gluconacetobacter europaeus KGMA0119, and sequence analyses revealed they harbored 3, 8, and 4 genes, respectively. Plasmid copy numbers (PCNs) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR at different stages of bacterial growth. When KGMA0119 was cultured in medium containing 0.4% ethanol and 0.5% acetic acid, PCN of pGE1 increased from 7 copies/genome in the logarithmic phase to a maximum of 12 copies/genome at the beginning of the stationary phase, before decreasing to 4 copies/genome in the late stationary phase. PCNs for pGE2 and pGE3 were maintained at 1-3 copies/genome during all phases of growth. Under a higher concentration of ethanol (3.2%) the PCN for pGE1 was slightly lower in all the growth stages, and those of pGE2 and pGE3 were unchanged. In the presence of 1.0% acetic acid, PCNs were higher for pGE1 (10 copies/genome) and pGE3 (6 copies/genome) during the logarithmic phase. Numbers for pGE2 did not change, indicating that pGE1 and pGE3 increase their PCNs in response to acetic acid. Plasmids pBE2 and pBE3 were constructed by ligating linearized pGE2 and pGE3 into pBR322. Both plasmids were replicable in Escherichia coli, Acetobacter pasteurianus and G. europaeus, highlighting their suitability as vectors for acetic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Akasaka
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Wiwik Astuti
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishii
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryota Hidese
- Research Center for Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hisao Sakoda
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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