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Energy metabolism as the target of 3-phenyllactic acid against Rhizopus oryzae. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 369:109606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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The development of alginate-based amperometric nanoreactors for biochemical profiling of living yeast cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 145:108082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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State-of-the-art in analytical methods for metabolic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Liao Z, Zhu Z, Li L, Wang L, Wang H, Jiang Y, Cao Y. Metabonomics on Candida albicans indicate the excessive H3K56ac is involved in the antifungal activity of Shikonin. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1243-1253. [PMID: 31452461 PMCID: PMC6735332 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1657362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of antifungal agents with novel mechanism and low toxicity are essential due to the prevalence of the infectious diseases caused by Candida albicans. The current study employed a new research method, which combined the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to investigate the intrinsic mechanism of Shikonin (SK) against C. albicans. The levels of 27 metabolites, which mainly involved in histone deacetylation, amino acid synthesis, lipid synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative stress and glycolysis, were remarkably changed upon SK treatment. Specially, the down-regulation of nicotinamide (NAM) upon SK treatment indicated the suppression of the deacetylation of the histone H3 on lysine 56 residue (H3K56). Further experiment confirmed that the level of H3K56 acetylation (H3K56ac) was dramatically increased upon SK treatment which was mediated by HST3, the gene encoding the H3K56 deacetylase (Hst3p). Our results demonstrated that SK is the first natural compound reported to execute antifungal activity directly via boosting H3K56ac mediated by HST3. Importantly, this finding shed new light on the mechanisms to relieve the side effects or reverse the drug tolerance, as well as the development of agents for antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZeBin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - YuanYing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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5
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Da W, Shao J, Li Q, Shi G, Wang T, Wu D, Wang C. Extraction of Extracellular Matrix in Static and Dynamic Candida Biofilms Using Cation Exchange Resin and Untargeted Analysis of Matrix Metabolites by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31110494 PMCID: PMC6499207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida albicans poses a great threat to human health. The ability of biofilm formation is believed to be associated with resistance-related Candida infections. Currently, knowledge on extracellular matrix (EM) of C. albicans biofilm is limited. In this study, we introduced ion exchange resin, i.e., cation exchange resin (CER) and anion exchange resin (AER), in EM extraction of C. albicans biofilm as well as several non-albicans Candida (NAC) biofilms under static and dynamic states in combination with vortexing and ultrasonication (VU). The metabolites extracted from the dynamic C. albicans biofilm matrix using the CER-VU and VU were identified with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) via untargeted filtration. Compared with other physical and chemical extraction methods, CER-VU was demonstrated to be an ideal approach with high-yield acquisitions of EM constituents including proteins, triglycerides and carbohydrates and low-level damages on fungal cell viability and integrity. The untargeted MS analysis further showed the high efficacy of CER-VU, as a large quantity of metabolites (217 versus 198) was matched comprising a great number of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleic acids and their derivatives together with a high involvement of signaling pathways compared with the VU alone. However, combining the results from both the CER-VU and VU methods could generate more metabolites. In summary, the EM analysis of the dynamic C. albicans biofilm expands our understanding upon a comprehensive depiction of matrix components and provides another effective approach for EM extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Da
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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6
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7
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Model MA, Petruccelli JC. Intracellular Macromolecules in Cell Volume Control and Methods of Their Quantification. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:237-289. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Xu J, Shao X, Li Y, Wei Y, Xu F, Wang H. Metabolomic Analysis and Mode of Action of Metabolites of Tea Tree Oil Involved in the Suppression of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1017. [PMID: 28634477 PMCID: PMC5459894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO), a volatile essential oil, has been widely used as an antimicrobial agent. However, the mechanism underlying TTO antifungal activity is not fully understood. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomics survey was undertaken to identify changes in metabolite production in Botrytis cinerea cells treated with TTO. Significant differences in 91 metabolites were observed, including 8 upregulated and 83 downregulated metabolites in TTO-treated cells. The results indicate that TTO inhibits primary metabolic pathways through the suppression of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Further experiments show that TTO treatment decreases the activities of key enzymes in the TCA cycle and increases the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Membrane damage is also induced by TTO treatment. We hypothesize that the effect of TTO on B. cinerea is achieved mainly by disruption of the TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China
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9
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Cawoy H, Mariutto M, Henry G, Fisher C, Vasilyeva N, Thonart P, Dommes J, Ongena M. Plant defense stimulation by natural isolates of bacillus depends on efficient surfactin production. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:87-100. [PMID: 24156767 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0262-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some plant-associated Bacillus strains produce induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host, which contributes to their protective effect against phytopathogens. Little is known about the variety of elicitors responsible for ISR that are produced by Bacillus strains. Working with a particular strain, we have previously identified the surfactin lipopeptide as a main compound stimulating plant immune-related responses. However, with the perspective of developing Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents, it is important to establish whether a central role of surfactin is generally true for isolates belonging to the B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens complex. To that end, we set up a comparative study involving a range of natural strains. Their secretomes were first tested for triggering early defense events in cultured tobacco cells. Six isolates with contrasting activities were further evaluated for ISR in plants, based both on macroscopic disease reduction and on stimulation of the oxylipin pathway as defense mechanism. A strong correlation was found between defense-inducing activity and the amount of surfactin produced by the isolates. These results support the idea of a widespread role for surfactin as a nonvolatile elicitor formed by B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens, and screening for strong surfactin producers among strains naturally secreting multiple antibiotics could be an efficient approach to select good candidates as biopesticides.
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10
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Cao Y, Zhu Z, Chen X, Yao X, Zhao L, Wang H, Yan L, Wu H, Chai Y, Jiang Y. Effect of amphotericin B on the metabolic profiles of Candida albicans. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2921-32. [PMID: 23672250 DOI: 10.1021/pr4002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antifungal drug widely used for systemic fungal infections. In this study, a metabonomic method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed to characterize the metabolic profiles of Candida albicans cells exposed to AmB. Thirty-one differentially produced metabolites between AmB-treated and the control groups were identified, among which 10 metabolites were upregulated and 21 metabolites were downregulated. These differentially produced metabolites were mainly involved in polyamines synthesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, lipid synthesis and glycolysis. Further experiments showed that the polyamines including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine played an important role in the sensitivity of C. albicans cells upon AmB treatment, and combined use of AmB and inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis pathway might be a potential antifungal strategy. This study provided a systemic view of the metabolic pattern in C. albicans upon exposure to AmB, which shed new light on the mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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11
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Metabolic fluxes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe grown on glucose and mixtures of glycerol and acetate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5013-26. [PMID: 23389339 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth on glycerol has already been a topic of research for several yeast species, and recent publications deal with the regulatory mechanisms of glycerol assimilation by the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We investigated glycerol metabolism of S. pombe from a physiological point of view, characterizing growth and metabolism on a mixture of glycerol and acetate and comparing it to growth on glucose under respirative growth conditions in chemostat experiments. On glycerol/acetate mixtures, the cells grew with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.11 h(-1) where 46 % of the carbon was channeled into biomass and the key fermentation product ethanol was not detectable. (13)C-assisted metabolic flux analysis resolved substrate distributions through central carbon metabolism, proving that glycerol is used as a precursor for glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway, while acetate enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle via acetyl-CoA. Considering compartmentalization between cytosol and mitochondria in the metabolic model, we found compartmentalization of biosynthesis for the amino acids aspartate and leucine. Balancing of redox cofactors revealed an abundant production of cytosolic NADPH that must be finally regenerated via the respiratory chain shown by the simulated and measured CO2 production and oxygen consumption rates which were in good agreement.
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12
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Kim S, Lee DY, Wohlgemuth G, Park HS, Fiehn O, Kim KH. Evaluation and Optimization of Metabolome Sample Preparation Methods for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2169-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302881e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sooah Kim
- School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Gert Wohlgemuth
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hyong Seok Park
- School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
136-713, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhu Z, Wang H, Shang Q, Jiang Y, Cao Y, Chai Y. Time course analysis of Candida albicans metabolites during biofilm development. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:2375-85. [PMID: 22834926 DOI: 10.1021/pr300447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat because of their decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial therapy. Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen associated with colonization and biofilm formation on the surfaces of indwelling medical devices which show intrinsic resistance to many commonly used antifungal agents. In this study, a metabonomic method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed to characterize metabolic profiles during the whole biofilm developmental phases compared to the planktonic mode in C. albicans. Thirty-one differentially produced metabolites between the biofilm and planktonic specimens at each time point were identified, and they were mainly involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, and oxidative stress. Further experiments showed that lack of trehalose, one of the metabolites differentially produced between biofilm and planktonic cells, resulted in abnormal biofilm formation and increased sensitivity to amphotericin B and miconazole. This study provides a systemic view of the metabolic pattern during the development of C. albicans biofilms, indicating that multicomponent, phase-specific mechanisms are operative in the process of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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14
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Diez J, Martinez JP, Mestres J, Sasse F, Frank R, Meyerhans A. Myxobacteria: natural pharmaceutical factories. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:52. [PMID: 22545867 PMCID: PMC3420326 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are amongst the top producers of natural products. The diversity and unique structural properties of their secondary metabolites is what make these social microbes highly attractive for drug discovery. Screening of products derived from these bacteria has revealed a puzzling amount of hits against infectious and non-infectious human diseases. Preying mainly on other bacteria and fungi, why would these ancient hunters manufacture compounds beneficial for us? The answer may be the targeting of shared processes and structural features conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Diez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Shao S, Zhou T, McGarvey BD. Comparative metabolomic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the degradation of patulin using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:789-97. [PMID: 22159606 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparative metabolomic analysis was conducted on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with and without patulin treatment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach. A total of 72 metabolites were detected and compared, including 16 amino acids, 29 organic acids and alcohols, 19 sugars and sugar alcohols, 2 nucleotides, and 6 miscellaneous compounds. Principle component analysis showed a clear separation of metabolome between the cells with and without patulin treatment, and most of the identified metabolites contributed to the separation. A close examination of the identified metabolites showed an increased level of most of the free amino acids, an increased level of the intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a higher amount of glycerol, a changed fatty acid composition, and a decreased level of cysteine and glutathione in the cells with patulin treatment. This finding indicated a slower protein synthesis rate and induced oxidative stress in the cells with patulin treatment, and provided new insights into the effect of toxic chemicals on the metabolism of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Shao
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
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16
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Gu Q, David F, Lynen F, Rumpel K, Dugardeyn J, Van Der Straeten D, Xu G, Sandra P. Evaluation of automated sample preparation, retention time locked gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and data analysis methods for the metabolomic study of Arabidopsis species. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3247-54. [PMID: 21296359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, automated sample preparation, retention time locked gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and data analysis methods for the metabolomics study were evaluated. A miniaturized and automated derivatisation method using sequential oximation and silylation was applied to a polar extract of 4 types (2 types×2 ages) of Arabidopsis thaliana, a popular model organism often used in plant sciences and genetics. Automation of the derivatisation process offers excellent repeatability, and the time between sample preparation and analysis was short and constant, reducing artifact formation. Retention time locked (RTL) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used, resulting in reproducible retention times and GC-MS profiles. Two approaches were used for data analysis. XCMS followed by principal component analysis (approach 1) and AMDIS deconvolution combined with a commercially available program (Mass Profiler Professional) followed by principal component analysis (approach 2) were compared. Several features that were up- or down-regulated in the different types were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Gu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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17
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Lee SY, Park JM, Kim TY. Application of Metabolic Flux Analysis in Metabolic Engineering. Methods Enzymol 2011; 498:67-93. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385120-8.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Porro D, Branduardi P. Yeast cell factory: fishing for the best one or engineering it? Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:51. [PMID: 19822015 PMCID: PMC2768682 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Zamboni N, Sauer U. Novel biological insights through metabolomics and 13C-flux analysis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:553-8. [PMID: 19744879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and (13)C-flux analysis have become instrumental for analyzing cellular metabolism and its regulation. Driven primarily by technical advances in mass spectrometry-based analytics, they provide unmatched readouts on metabolic state and activity. Functional genomics leverages metabolomics for the discovery of novel enzymes and unexpected secondary activities of annotated enzymes. (13)C-flux analyses are frequently used for empirical elucidation of pathways in poorly characterized species and for network-wide analysis of mechanisms that realize energy and redox balancing. Integration of metabolomics, (13)C-flux analysis and other data enable the condition-dependent characterization of regulatory circuits that ultimately govern the metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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