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Todorović S, Ćeranić MS, Tošković B, Diklić M, Mitrović Ajtić O, Subotički T, Vukotić M, Dragojević T, Živković E, Oprić S, Stojiljkovic M, Gačić J, Čolaković N, Crnokrak B, Čokić VP, Đikić D. Proinflammatory Microenvironment in Adenocarcinoma Tissue of Colorectal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10062. [PMID: 39337548 PMCID: PMC11432548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-promoting proinflammatory microenvironment influences colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We examined the biomarkers of inflammation, intestinal differentiation, and DNA activity correlated with the clinical parameters to observe progression and prognosis in the adenocarcinoma subtype of CRC. Their immunohistology, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR analyses were performed in the adenocarcinoma and neighboring healthy tissues of 64 patients with CRC after routine colorectal surgery. Proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling as well as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and S100 protein levels were upregulated in adenocarcinoma compared with nearby healthy colon tissue. In contrast to nitrotyrosine expression, the oxidative stress marker 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was increased in adenocarcinoma tissue. Biomarkers of intestinal differentiation β-catenin and mucin 2 (MUC2) were inversely regulated, with the former upregulated in adenocarcinoma tissue and positively correlated with tumor marker CA19-9. Downregulation of MUC2 expression correlated with the increased 2-year survival rate of patients with CRC. Proliferation-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was activated, and Ki67 frequency was three-fold augmented in positive correlation with metastasis and cancer stage, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated a parallel induction of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in adenocarcinoma tissue that was not reflected in the neighboring healthy colon tissue of CRC. The expansiveness of colorectal adenocarcinoma was confirmed by irregular intestinal differentiation and elevated proliferation biomarkers, predominantly Ki67. The origin of the linked inflammatory factors was in adenocarcinoma tissue, with an accompanying systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Todorović
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljan S Ćeranić
- University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Borislav Tošković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Diklić
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Mitrović Ajtić
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Subotički
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Vukotić
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Dragojević
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Živković
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Oprić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Stojiljkovic
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Gačić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Čolaković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bogdan Crnokrak
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Žorža Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan P Čokić
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragoslava Đikić
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
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Jia F, Liu L, Weng Q, Zhang H, Zhao X. Glycolysis-Metabolism-Related Prognostic Signature for Ewing Sarcoma Patients. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00899-5. [PMID: 37775679 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a malignant sarcoma which occurs in bone and soft tissues commonly happening in children with poor survival rates. Changes in cell metabolism, such as glycolysis, may provide the environment for the transformation and progression of tumors. We aimed to build a model to predict prognosis of EwS patients based on glycolysis and metabolism genes. Candidate genes were obtained by differential gene expression analysis based on GSE17679, GSE17674 and ICGC datasets. We performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on candidate genes. Univariate Cox and LASSO Cox regression analyses were conducted to construct a model to calculate the Risk Score. GSEA was done between high-risk and low-risk groups. CIBERSORT was applied to analyze the immune landscape. We got 295 candidate glycolysis-metabolism-related genes which were enriched in 620 GO terms and 18 KEGG pathways. 12 Genes were selected by univariate Cox model and 5 of them were determined by LASSO Cox regression analysis to be used in the construction of the Risk Score model. The Risk Score could be considered as an independent prognosis factor. The immune landscape and immune checkpoints' expression significantly differed between high- and low-risk groups. Our research constructed a new glycolysis-metabolism-related genes (FABP5, EMILIN1, GLCE, PHF11 and PALM3) based prognostic signature for EwS patients and assisted in gaining insight into prognosis to improve therapies further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusen Jia
- Department of Hand & Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Orthopedic Surgery 2nd, Qilu Hospital Huantai Branch, Huantai County, Zibo, 256400, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Weng
- Department of Psychology, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Hand & Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Zhao
- Orthopedic Surgery 2nd, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, No. 24297 Jingshi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Wen J, Yi L, Wan L, Dong X. Prognostic value of GLCE and infiltrating immune cells in Ewing sarcoma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19357. [PMID: 37662777 PMCID: PMC10474439 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) and mast cell infiltration in Ewing sarcoma (ES) has not been well specified and highlighted, which may facilitate survival prediction and treatment. Methods Several qualified datasets were downloaded from the GEO website. Common differentially expressed genes between normal subjects and ES patients in GSE17679, GSE45544, and GSE68776 were identified and screened by multiple algorithms to find hub genes with prognostic value. The prognostic value of 64 infiltrating cells was also explored. A prognostic model was established and then validated with GSE63155 and GSE63156. Finally, functional analysis was performed. Results GLCE and mast cell infiltration were screened as two indicators for a prognostic model. The Kaplan‒Meier analysis showed that patients in the low GLCE expression, mast cell infiltration and risk score groups had poorer outcomes than patients in the high GLCE expression, mast cell infiltration and risk score groups, both in the training and validation sets. Scatter plots and heatmaps also indicated the same results. The concordance indices and calibration analyses indicated a high prediction accuracy of the model in the training and validation sets. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analyses suggested high sensitivity and specificity of the model, with area under the curve values between 0.76 and 0.98. The decision curve analyses suggested a significantly higher net benefit by the model than the treat-all and treat-none strategies. Functional analyses suggested that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-heparan sulfate/heparin, the cell cycle and microRNAs in cancer were upregulated in ES patients. Conclusions GLCE and mast cell infiltration are potential prognostic indicators in ES. GLCE may affect the proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis of ES by affecting the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
- Department of Orthopedics, JXHC Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, 152 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Lijun Yi
- Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Yangming Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Lijia Wan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xieping Dong
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
- Department of Orthopedics, JXHC Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, 152 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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4
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cui H, Wang Z, Zhang T, Li JP, Fang J. Re-expression of glucuronyl C5-epimerase in the mutant MEF cells increases heparan sulfate epimerization but has no influence on the Golgi localization and enzymatic activity of 2-O-sulfotransferase. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1018-1025. [PMID: 33755115 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear and complex polysaccharide that modulates the biological activities through protein recognition and interaction. Evidence indicates that protein-binding properties of HS are largely dependent on distinctive sulfation and epimerization patterns that are modified by a series of Golgi-localized enzymes. In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid residues to L-iduronic acid, and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues. Mice lacking both Hsepi and 2OST display multiple development defects, indicating the importance of IdoA in HS. Here, to gain greater insights of HS structure-function relationships, as well as a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Hsepi and 2OST, the fine structure and cellular signaling functions of HS were investigated after restoration of Hsepi in the mutant mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Introduction of Hsepi into the Hsepi mutant MEF cells led to robustly increased proportion of IdoA residues, which rescued the cell signaling in responding to FGF2. However, we found that Hsepi knockout had no influence on either cellular transportation or enzymatic activity of 2OST in the MEF cells, which is not in accord with the findings reported, suggesting that the enzymatic activity and cellular transportation of 2OST and Hsepi might be differently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhaoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Jianping Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,GlycoNovo Technologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
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6
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186588. [PMID: 32916872 PMCID: PMC7554799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been an intriguing subject of study for their complex structural characteristics, their finely regulated biosynthetic machinery, and the wide range of functions they perform in living organisms from development to adulthood. From these studies, key roles of HSPGs in tumor initiation and progression have emerged, so that they are currently being explored as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancers. The multifaceted nature of HSPG structure/activity translates in their capacity to act either as inhibitors or promoters of tumor growth and invasion depending on the tumor type. Deregulation of HSPGs resulting in malignancy may be due to either their abnormal expression levels or changes in their structure and functions as a result of the altered activity of their biosynthetic or remodeling enzymes. Indeed, in the tumor microenvironment, HSPGs undergo structural alterations, through the shedding of proteoglycan ectodomain from the cell surface or the fragmentation and/or desulfation of HS chains, affecting HSPG function with significant impact on the molecular interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment, and tumor cell behavior. Here, we overview the structural and functional features of HSPGs and their signaling in the tumor environment which contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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7
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Bearne SL. Through the Looking Glass: Chiral Recognition of Substrates and Products at the Active Sites of Racemases and Epimerases. Chemistry 2020; 26:10367-10390. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyDepartment of ChemistryDalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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Insights into Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity in Cattle: An In Vitro Whole-Transcriptomic Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070429. [PMID: 32610656 PMCID: PMC7404968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, and particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are toxic mycotoxins to humans and farm animal species, resulting in acute and chronic toxicities. At present, AFB1 is still considered a global concern with negative impacts on health, the economy, and social life. In farm animals, exposure to AFB1-contaminated feed may cause several untoward effects, liver damage being one of the most devastating ones. In the present study, we assessed in vitro the transcriptional changes caused by AFB1 in a bovine fetal hepatocyte-derived cell line (BFH12). To boost the cellular response to AFB1, cells were pre-treated with the co-planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), a known aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. Three experimental groups were considered: cells exposed to the vehicle only, to PCB126, and to PCB126 and AFB1. A total of nine RNA-seq libraries (three replicates/group) were constructed and sequenced. The differential expression analysis showed that PCB126 induced only small transcriptional changes. On the contrary, AFB1 deeply affected the cell transcriptome, the majority of significant genes being associated with cancer, cellular damage and apoptosis, inflammation, bioactivation, and detoxification pathways. Investigating mRNA perturbations induced by AFB1 in cattle BFH12 cells will help us to better understand AFB1 toxicodynamics in this susceptible and economically important food-producing species.
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Substrate binding mode and catalytic mechanism of human heparan sulfate d-glucuronyl C5 epimerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6760-6765. [PMID: 30872481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818333116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, complex polysaccharide that modulates the biological activities of proteins through binding sites made by a series of Golgi-localized enzymes. Of these, glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) catalyzes C5-epimerization of the HS component, d-glucuronic acid (GlcA), into l-iduronic acid (IdoA), which provides internal flexibility to the polymer and forges protein-binding sites to ensure polymer function. Here we report crystal structures of human Glce in the unbound state and of an inactive mutant, as assessed by real-time NMR spectroscopy, bound with a (GlcA-GlcNS)n substrate or a (IdoA-GlcNS)n product. Deep infiltration of the oligosaccharides into the active site cleft imposes a sharp kink within the central GlcNS-GlcA/IdoA-GlcNS trisaccharide motif. An extensive network of specific interactions illustrates the absolute requirement of N-sulfate groups vicinal to the epimerization site for substrate binding. At the epimerization site, the GlcA/IdoA rings are highly constrained in two closely related boat conformations, highlighting ring-puckering signatures during catalysis. The structure-based mechanism involves the two invariant acid/base residues, Glu499 and Tyr578, poised on each side of the target uronic acid residue, thus allowing reversible abstraction and readdition of a proton at the C5 position through a neutral enol intermediate, reminiscent of mandelate racemase. These structures also shed light on a convergent mechanism of action between HS epimerases and lyases and provide molecular frameworks for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin or HS analogs.
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10
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GLCE rs3865014 (Val597Ile) polymorphism is associated with breast cancer susceptibility and triple-negative breast cancer in Siberian population. Gene 2017; 628:224-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Biosynthesis & Enzymatic Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Implications for Tumorigenesis and Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071361. [PMID: 28672878 PMCID: PMC5535854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of heparan sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are epigenetically regulated at many levels. As the exact composition of the heparan sulfate portion of the resulting HSPG molecules is critical to the broad spectrum of biological processes involved in oncogenesis, the epigenetic regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has far-reaching effects on many cellular activities related to cancer progression. Given the current focus on developing new anti-cancer therapeutics focused on epigenetic targets, it is important to understand the effects that these emerging therapeutics may have on the synthesis of HSPGs as alterations in HSPG composition may have profound and unanticipated effects. As an introduction, this review will briefly summarize the variety of important roles which HSPGs play in a wide-spectrum of cancer-related cellular and physiological functions and then describe the biosynthesis of the heparan sulfate chains of HSPGs, including how alterations observed in cancer cells serve as potential biomarkers. This review will then focus on detailing the multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of the enzymes in the heparan sulfate synthesis pathway with a particular focus on regulation by miRNA and effects of epigenetic therapies on HSPGs. We will also explore the use of lectins to detect differences in heparan sulfate composition and preview their potential diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinic.
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12
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Suhovskih AV, Domanitskaya NV, Tsidulko AY, Prudnikova TY, Kashuba VI, Grigorieva EV. Tissue-specificity of heparan sulfate biosynthetic machinery in cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 9:452-9. [PMID: 26120938 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are key components of cell microenvironment and fine structure of their polysaccharide HS chains plays an important role in cell-cell interactions, adhesion, migration and signaling. It is formed on non-template basis, so, structure and functional activity of HS biosynthetic machinery is crucial for correct HS biosynthesis and post-synthetic modification. To reveal cancer-related changes in transcriptional pattern of HS biosynthetic system, the expression of HS metabolism-involved genes (EXT1/2, NDST1/2, GLCE, 3OST1/HS3ST1, SULF1/2, HPSE) in human normal (fibroblasts, PNT2) and cancer (MCF7, LNCaP, PC3, DU145, H157, H647, A549, U2020, U87, HT116, KRC/Y) cell lines and breast, prostate, colon tumors was studied. Real-time RT-PCR and Western-blot analyses revealed specific transcriptional patterns and expression levels of HS biosynthetic system both in different cell lines in vitro and cancers in vivo. Balance between transcriptional activities of elongation- and post-synthetic modification- involved genes was suggested as most informative parameter for HS biosynthetic machinery characterization. Normal human fibroblasts showed elongation-oriented HS biosynthesis, while PNT2 prostate epithelial cells had modification-oriented one. However, cancer epithelial cells demonstrated common tendency to acquire fibroblast-like elongation-oriented mode of HS biosynthetic system. Surprisingly, aggressive metastatic cancer cells (U2020, DU145, KRC/Y) retained modification-oriented HS biosynthesis similar to normal PNT2 cells, possibly enabling the cells to keep like-to-normal cell surface glycosylation pattern to escape antimetastatic control. The obtained results show the cell type-specific changes of HS-biosynthetic machinery in cancer cells in vitro and tissue-specific changes in different cancers in vivo, supporting a close involvement of HS biosynthetic system in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,b Novosibirsk State University ; Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,b Novosibirsk State University ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,c MTC; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm , Sweden
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13
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Jurca G, Addam O, Aksac A, Gao S, Özyer T, Demetrick D, Alhajj R. Integrating text mining, data mining, and network analysis for identifying genetic breast cancer trends. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:236. [PMID: 27112211 PMCID: PMC4845430 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a serious disease which affects many women and may lead to death. It has received considerable attention from the research community. Thus, biomedical researchers aim to find genetic biomarkers indicative of the disease. Novel biomarkers can be elucidated from the existing literature. However, the vast amount of scientific publications on breast cancer make this a daunting task. This paper presents a framework which investigates existing literature data for informative discoveries. It integrates text mining and social network analysis in order to identify new potential biomarkers for breast cancer. Results We utilized PubMed for the testing. We investigated gene–gene interactions, as well as novel interactions such as gene-year, gene-country, and abstract-country to find out how the discoveries varied over time and how overlapping/diverse are the discoveries and the interest of various research groups in different countries. Conclusions Interesting trends have been identified and discussed, e.g., different genes are highlighted in relationship to different countries though the various genes were found to share functionality. Some text analysis based results have been validated against results from other tools that predict gene–gene relations and gene functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2023-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Jurca
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Omar Addam
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alper Aksac
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shang Gao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tansel Özyer
- Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Douglas Demetrick
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reda Alhajj
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Computer Science, Global University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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14
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Qin Y, Ke J, Gu X, Fang J, Wang W, Cong Q, Li J, Tan J, Brunzelle JS, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Li JP, Xu HE, Ding K. Structural and functional study of D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4620-4630. [PMID: 25568314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, which interacts with diverse signal molecules and is essential for many physiological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, inflammation, and blood coagulation. D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) is a crucial enzyme in HS synthesis, converting D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid to increase HS flexibility. This modification of HS is important for protein ligand recognition. We have determined the crystal structures of Glce in apo-form (unliganded) and in complex with heparin hexasaccharide (product of Glce following O-sulfation), both in a stable dimer conformation. A Glce dimer contains two catalytic sites, each at a positively charged cleft in C-terminal α-helical domains binding one negatively charged hexasaccharide. Based on the structural and mutagenesis studies, three tyrosine residues, Tyr(468), Tyr(528), and Tyr(546), in the active site were found to be crucial for the enzymatic activity. The complex structure also reveals the mechanism of product inhibition (i.e. 2-O- and 6-O-sulfation of HS keeps the C5 carbon of L-iduronic acid away from the active-site tyrosine residues). Our structural and functional data advance understanding of the key modification in HS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China,; the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiyuan Ke
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,.
| | - Xin Gu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Jianping Fang
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China,; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Biomedical Center, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Wucheng Wang
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qifei Cong
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Li
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinzhi Tan
- the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- the Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Chenghai Zhang
- the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Biomedical Center, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - H Eric Xu
- the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China,; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,.
| | - Kan Ding
- From the Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China,.
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15
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Suhovskih AV, Tsidulko AY, Kutsenko OS, Kovner AV, Aidagulova SV, Ernberg I, Grigorieva EV. Transcriptional Activity of Heparan Sulfate Biosynthetic Machinery is Specifically Impaired in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:79. [PMID: 24782989 PMCID: PMC3995048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are key components of mammalian cells surface and extracellular matrix. Structure and composition of HS, generated by HS-biosynthetic system through non-template-driven process, are significantly altered in cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of HS-metabolic machinery in prostate carcinogenesis. Transcriptional patterns of HS-metabolic enzymes (EXT1, EXT2, NDST1, NDST2, GLCE, 3OST1/HS3ST1, SULF1, SULF2, HPSE) were determined in normal, benign, and cancer human prostate tissues and cell lines (PNT2, LNCaP, PC3, DU145). Stability of the HS-metabolic system patterns under the pressure of external or internal stimuli was studied. Overall impairment of transcriptional activity of HS-metabolic machinery was detected in benign prostate hyperplasia, while both significant decrease in the transcriptional activity and changes in the expression patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes were observed in prostate tumors. Prostate cancer cell lines possessed specific transcriptional patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes; however, expression activity of the system was similar to that of normal prostate PNT2 cells. HS-metabolic system was able to dynamically react to different external or internal stimuli in a cell type-dependent manner. LNCaP cells were sensitive to the external stimuli (5-aza-deoxycytidin or Trichostatin A treatments; co-cultivation with human fibroblasts), whereas PC3 cells almost did not respond to the treatments. Ectopic GLCE over-expression resulted in transcriptional activation of HS-biosynthetic machinery in both cell lines, suggesting an existence of a self-regulating mechanism for the coordinated transcription of HS metabolism-involved genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate impairment of HS-metabolic system in prostate tumors in vivo but not in prostate cancer cells in vitro, and suggest that as a potential microenvironmental biomarker for prostate cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Olesya S Kutsenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Anna V Kovner
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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16
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GLCE regulates PC12 cell neuritogenesis induced by nerve growth factor through activating SMAD/ID3 signalling. Biochem J 2014; 459:405-15. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of glucuronic acid epimerase causes arrested PC12 cell growth and promotes the neuritogenesis and differentiation induced by nerve growth factor through activating SMAD/ID3 signalling. This action is independent of its enzymatic activity.
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17
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D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase cell type specifically affects angiogenesis pathway in different prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3237-45. [PMID: 24264315 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) is involved in breast and lung carcinogenesis as a potential tumor suppressor gene, acting through inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and invasion/metastasis pathways. However, in prostate tumors, increased GLCE expression is associated with advanced disease, suggesting versatile effects of GLCE in different cancers. To investigate further the potential cancer-promoting effect of GLCE in prostate cancer, GLCE was ectopically re-expressed in morphologically different LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Transcriptional profiles of normal PNT2 prostate cells, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells, and GLCE-expressing LNCaP and PC3 cells were determined. Comparative analysis revealed the genes whose expression was changed in prostate cancer cells compared with normal PNT2 cells, and those differently expressed between the cancer cell lines (ACTA2, IL6, SERPINE1, TAGLN, SEMA3A, and CDH2). GLCE re-expression influenced mainly angiogenesis-involved genes (ANGPT1, SERPINE1, IGF1, PDGFB, TNF, IL8, TEK, IFNA1, and IFNB1) but in a cell type-specific manner (from basic deregulation of angiogenesis in LNCaP cells to significant activation in PC3 cells). Invasion/metastasis pathway was also affected (MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, S100A4, ITGA1, ITGB3, ERBB2, and FAS). The obtained results suggest activation of angiogenesis as a main molecular mechanism of pro-oncogenic effect of GLCE in prostate cancer. GLCE up-regulation plus expression pattern of a panel of six genes, discriminating morphologically different prostate cancer cell sub-types, is suggested as a potential marker of aggressive prostate cancer.
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18
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Prudnikova TY, Soulitzis N, Kutsenko OS, Mostovich LA, Haraldson K, Ernberg I, Kashuba VI, Spandidos DA, Zabarovsky ER, Grigorieva EV. Heterogeneity of d-glucuronyl C5-epimerase expression and epigenetic regulation in prostate cancer. Cancer Med 2013; 2:654-61. [PMID: 24403231 PMCID: PMC3892797 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparansulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) play an important role in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions and signaling, and one of the key enzymes in heparansulfate biosynthesis is d-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE). A tumor suppressor function has been demonstrated for GLCE in breast and lung carcinogenesis; however, no data are available as to the expression and regulation of the gene in prostate cancer. In this study, decreased GLCE expression was observed in 10% of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and 53% of prostate tumors, and increased GLCE mRNA levels were detected in 49% of BPH tissues and 21% of tumors. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between increased GLCE expression and Gleason score, TNM staging, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in the prostate tumors (Pearson correlation coefficients GLCE/Gleason = 0.56, P < 0.05; GLCE/TNM = 0.62, P < 0.05; and GLCE/PSA = 0.88, P < 0.01), suggesting GLCE as a candidate molecular marker for advanced prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an intratumoral heterogeneity of GLCE protein levels both in BPH and prostate cancer cells, resulting in a mixed population of GLCE-expressing and nonexpressing epithelial cells in vivo. A model experiment on normal (PNT2) and prostate cancer (LNCaP, PC3, DU145) cell lines in vitro showed a 1.5- to 2.5-fold difference in GLCE expression levels between the cancer cell lines and an overall decrease in GLCE expression in cancer cells. Methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulfite sequencing, and deoxy-azacytidin (aza-dC) treatment identified differential GLCE promoter methylation (LNCaP 70–72%, PC3 32–35%, DU145, and PNT2 no methylation), which seems to contribute to heterogeneous GLCE expression in prostate tumors. The obtained results reveal the complex deregulation of GLCE expression in prostatic diseases compared with normal prostate tissue and suggest that GLCE may be used as a potential model to study the functional role of intratumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer progression. The molecular mechanisms of intratumour heterogeneity of cancer cells, contributing to tissue malignisation, remain unclear. This study reveals the complex deregulation of d-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate tumours, and the high intratumour heterogeneity of prostate cancer cells in terms of GLCE expression and promoter methylation. The results suggest that GLCE may be used as a potential target gene to study the functional role of cancer cell heterogeneity in disease progression and treatment.
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19
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Prudnikova TY, Mostovich LA, Kashuba VI, Ernberg I, Zabarovsky ER, Grigorieva EV. miRNA-218 contributes to the regulation of D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase expression in normal and tumor breast tissues. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1109-14. [PMID: 22968430 PMCID: PMC3469452 DOI: 10.4161/epi.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. In the present study, regulation of tumor-suppressor gene D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) by miRNA-218 was investigated. Significant downregulation of miRNA-218 expression was shown in primary breast tumors. Exogenous miRNA-218/anti-miRNA-218 did not affect GLCE mRNA but regulated GLCE protein level in MCF7 breast carcinoma cells in vitro. Comparative analysis showed a positive correlation between miRNA-218 and GLCE mRNA, and negative correlation between miRNA-218 and GLCE protein levels in breast tissues and primary tumors in vivo, supporting a direct involvement of miRNA-218 in posttranscriptional regulation of GLCE in human breast tissue. A common scheme for the regulation of GLCE expression in normal and tumor breast tissues is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Prudnikova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Department of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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20
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Mostovich LA, Prudnikova TY, Kondratov AG, Gubanova NV, Kharchenko OA, Kutsenko OS, Vavilov PV, Haraldson K, Kashuba VI, Ernberg I, Zabarovsky ER, Grigorieva EV. The TCF4/β-catenin pathway and chromatin structure cooperate to regulate D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase expression in breast cancer. Epigenetics 2012; 7:930-9. [PMID: 22805760 DOI: 10.4161/epi.21199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) is a potential tumor-suppressor gene involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. GLCE expression is significantly decreased in breast tumors; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the possible epigenetic mechanisms for GLCE inactivation in breast cancer. Very little methylation of the GLCE promoter region was detected in breast tumors in vivo and in breast cancer cells (MCF7 and T47D) in vitro and GLCE expression in breast cancer cells was not altered by 5-deoxyazacytidine (5-aza-dC) treatment, suggesting that promoter methylation is not involved in regulating GLCE expression. Chromatin activation by Trichostatin A (TSA) or 5-aza-dC/TSA treatment increased GLCE expression by two to 3-fold due to an increased interaction between the GLCE promoter and the TCF4/β-catenin transactivation complex, or H3K9ac and H3K4Me3 histone modifications. However, ectopic expression of TCF4/β-catenin was not sufficient to activate GLCE expression in MCF7 cells, suggesting that chromatin structure plays a key role in GLCE regulation. Although TSA treatment significantly repressed canonical WNT signaling in MCF7 cells, it did not influence endogenous TCF4/β-catenin mRNA levels and activated TCF4/β-catenin-driven transcription from the GLCE promoter, indicating GLCE as a novel target for TCF4/β-catenin complex in breast cancer cells. A correlation was observed between GLCE, TCF4 and β-catenin expression in breast cancer cells and primary tumors, suggesting an important role for TCF4/β-catenin in regulating GLCE expression both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that GLCE expression in breast cancer is regulated by a combination of chromatin structure and TCF4/β-catenin complex activity.
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Grigorieva EV, Prudnikova TY, Domanitskaya NV, Mostovich LA, Pavlova TV, Kashuba VI, Zabarovsky ER. D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase suppresses small-cell lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:74-82. [PMID: 21654676 PMCID: PMC3137399 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulphate proteoglycans, which has an important role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and signalling. Decreased GLCE expression in human breast tumours and its anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells suggest that it may be a candidate tumour-suppressor gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of GLCE in lung carcinogenesis. METHODS D-Glucuronyl C5-epimerase expression in different lung cancer cell lines was determined and the gene was ectopically re-expressed in U2020 small-cell lung cancer cells. Cellular proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo were then examined. RESULTS Ectopic re-expression of GLCE in U2020 cells did not affect cell viability but did influence morphology. Cellular proliferation in vitro and tumour formation in vivo were both suppressed. These effects were mediated via downregulation of several pro-angiogenic growth factors and their receptors, including VEGF-A, TGFB1, FGFR2, PDGF-A and PDGF-B, and TNFa and its receptors. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase2, MTA1, PLAU, TIMP3, S100A4, SERPINE1 and TWIST1 was also downregulated. CONCLUSION The anti-tumour effects associated with ectopic GLCE re-expression suggest that it may be a potential tumour-suppressor gene and a possible target for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS, Timakova str 2, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia.
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