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Kumar A, Gahlawat S, Singh V. Comparative analysis of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate-reductase gene sequences from different regions of India. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03715. [PMID: 32280801 PMCID: PMC7139110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular surveillance of the drug resistance genes in parasite can be used for monitoring/surveillance of drug resistance in endemic malaria areas. Here we report the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene in nucleotide sequence of Plasmodium falciparum from different regions in India. We found markedly prevalent mutants evident in P. falciparum infections N51I, C59R, 108N and I164L. Our results indicate that P. falciparum populations in the regions show an increase in the prevalence of polymorphisms, most likely reflecting different selective pressures found in humans and mosquitoes. Molecular surveillance can serve as a useful tool to monitor the prevalence/emergence of resistant genotypes within endemic populations and can serve for determining the efficacy of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 10077, India
| | - S.K. Gahlawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Haryana, 125055, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 10077, India
- Corresponding author.
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Jiang T, Chen J, Fu H, Wu K, Yao Y, Eyi JUM, Matesa RA, Obono MMO, Du W, Tan H, Lin M, Li J. High prevalence of Pfdhfr-Pfdhps quadruple mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 2019; 18:101. [PMID: 30914041 PMCID: PMC6434785 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in Africa. However, increasing SP resistance (SPR) affects the therapeutic efficacy of the SP. As molecular markers, Pfdhfr (dihydrofolate reductase) and Pfdhps (dihydropteroate synthase) genes are widely used for SPR surveillance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes mutations and haplotypes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG). METHODS In total, 180 samples were collected in 2013-2014. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes were identified with nested PCR and Sanger sequencing. The genotypes and linkage disequilibrium (LD) tests were also analysed. RESULTS Sequences of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes were obtained from 92.78% (167/180) and 87.78% (158/180) of the samples, respectively. For Pfdhfr, 97.60% (163/167), 87.43% (146/167) and 97.01% (162/167) of the samples carried N51I, C59R and S108N mutant alleles, respectively. The prevalence of the Pfdhps S436A, A437G, K540E, A581G, and A613S mutations were observed in 20.25% (32/158), 90.51% (143/158), 5.06% (8/158), 0.63% (1/158), and 3.16% (5/158) of the samples, respectively. In total, 3 unique haplotypes at the Pfdhfr locus and 8 haplotypes at the Pfdhps locus were identified. A triple mutation (CIRNI) in Pfdhfr was the most prevalent haplotype (86.83%), and a single mutant haplotype (SGKAA; 62.66%) was predominant in Pfdhps. A total of 130 isolates with 12 unique haplotypes were found in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps combined haplotypes, 65.38% (85/130) of them carried quadruple allele combinations (CIRNI-SGKAA), whereas only one isolate (0.77%, 1/130) was found to carry the wild-type (CNCSI-SAKAA). For LD analysis, the Pfdhfr N51I was significantly associated with the Pfdhps A437G (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Bioko Island possesses a high prevalence of the Pfdhfr triple mutation (CIRNI) and Pfdhps single mutation (SGKAA), which will undermine the pharmaceutical effect of SP for malaria treatment strategies. To avoid an increase in SPR, continuous molecular monitoring and additional control efforts are urgently needed in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Chen
- The Chinese Medical Aid Team To the Republic of Equatorial Guinea; Laboratory Medical Center, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Clinical Laboratory, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Schistosomiasis and Endemic Diseases, Wuhan City Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Rocio Apicante Matesa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Weixing Du
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Molecular Markers of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in a Residual Malaria Focus Area in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165515. [PMID: 27788228 PMCID: PMC5082862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and fansidar (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, SP) were widely used for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum for several decades in Malaysia prior to the introduction of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) in 2008. Our previous study in Kalabakan, located in south-east coast of Sabah showed a high prevalence of resistance to CQ and SP, suggesting the use of the treatment may no longer be effective in the area. This study aimed to provide a baseline data of antimalarial drug resistant markers on P. falciparum isolates in Kota Marudu located in the north-east coast of Sabah. Mutations on genes associated with CQ (pfcrt and pfmdr1) and SP (pfdhps and pfdhfr) were assessed by PCR amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Mutations on the kelch13 marker (K13) associated with artemisinin resistance were determined by DNA sequencing technique. The assessment of pfmdr1 copy number variation associated with mefloquine resistant was done by real-time PCR technique. A low prevalence (6.9%) was indicated for both pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y mutations. All P. falciparum isolates harboured the pfdhps A437G mutation. Prevalence of pfdhfr gene mutations, S108N and I164L, were 100% and 10.3%, respectively. Combining the different resistant markers, only two isolates were conferred to have CQ and SP treatment failure markers as they contained mutant alleles of pfcrt and pfmdr1 together with quintuple pfdhps/pfdhfr mutation (combination of pfdhps A437G+A581G and pfdhfr C59R+S108N+I164L). All P. falciparum isolates carried single copy number of pfmdr1 and wild type K13 marker. This study has demonstrated a low prevalence of CQ and SP resistance alleles in the study area. Continuous monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy is warranted and the findings provide information for policy makers in ensuring a proper malaria control.
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Sastu UR, Norahmad NA, Abdul-Karim A, Muhammad A, Muniandy PK, Jelip J, Rundi C, Imwong M, Mudin RN, Abdullah NR. Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Malaria Declining Areas of Sabah, East Malaysia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152415. [PMID: 27023787 PMCID: PMC4811561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia has a national goal to eliminate malaria by 2020. Understanding the genetic diversity of malaria parasites in residual transmission foci can provide invaluable information which may inform the intervention strategies used to reach elimination targets. This study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity level of P. falciparum isolates in malaria residual foci areas of Sabah. Malaria active case detection was conducted in Kalabakan and Kota Marudu. All individuals in the study sites were screened for malaria infection by rapid diagnostic test. Blood from P. falciparum-infected individuals were collected on filter paper prior to DNA extraction. Genotyping was performed using merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2), glutamate rich protein (GLURP) and 10 neutral microsatellite loci markers. The size of alleles, multiplicity of infection (MOI), mean number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity (He), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genetic differentiation (FST) were determined. In Kalabakan, the MSP-1 and MSP-2 alleles were predominantly K1 and FC27 family types, respectively. The GLURP genotype VI (751-800 bp) was predominant. The MOI for MSP-1 and MSP-2 were 1.65 and 1.20, respectively. The Na per microsatellite locus was 1.70. The He values for MSP-1, MSP-2, GLURP and neutral microsatellites were 0.17, 0.37, 0.70 and 0.33, respectively. In Kota Marudu, the MSP-1 and MSP-2 alleles were predominantly MAD20 and 3D7 family types, respectively. The GLURP genotype IV (651-700 bp) was predominant. The MOI for both MSP-1 and MSP-2 was 1.05. The Na per microsatellite locus was 3.60. The He values for MSP-1, MSP-2, GLURP and neutral microsatellites were 0.24, 0.25, 0.69 and 0.30, respectively. A significant LD was observed in Kalabakan (0.495, p<0.01) and Kota Marudu P. falciparum populations (0.601, p<0.01). High genetic differentiation between Kalabakan and Kota Marudu P. falciparum populations was observed (FST = 0.532). The genetic data from the present study highlighted the limited diversity and contrasting genetic pattern of P. falciparum populations in the malaria declining areas of Sabah.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umi Rubiah Sastu
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azrina Norahmad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abass Abdul-Karim
- Zonal Public Health Laboratory, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Amirrudin Muhammad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prem Kumar Muniandy
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Sabah State Health Department, Rumah Persekutuan, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Christina Rundi
- Sabah State Health Department, Rumah Persekutuan, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Rain Abdullah
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sastu UR, Abdullah NR, Norahmad NA, Saat MNF, Muniandy PK, Jelip J, Tikuson M, Yusof N, Sidek HM. Mutations of pvdhfr and pvdhps genes in vivax endemic-malaria areas in Kota Marudu and Kalabakan, Sabah. Malar J 2016; 15:63. [PMID: 26850038 PMCID: PMC4743234 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria cases persist in some remote areas in Sabah and Sarawak despite the ongoing and largely successful malaria control programme conducted by the Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry Of Health, Malaysia. Point mutations in the genes that encode the two enzymes involved in the folate biosynthesis pathway, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) enzymes confer resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine respectively, in both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. The aim of the current study was to determine the mutation on both pvdhfr at codon 13, 33, 57, 58, 61, 117, and 173 and pvdhps genes at codon 383 and 553, which are potentially associated with resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine in P. vivax samples in Sabah. Methods Every individual was screened for presence of malaria infection using a commercial rapid dipstick assay, ParaMax-3™ (Zephyr Biomedical, India). Individuals tested positive for P. vivax had blood collected and parasite DNA extracted. The pvdhfr and pvdhps genes were amplified by nested-PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was carried out for detection of specific mutations in pvdhfr at codons 13Leu, 33Leu, 57Ile/Leu, 58Arg, 61Met, 117Asn/Thr, and 173Leu and pvdhps at codons 383Gly and 553Gly. The PCR–RFLP products were analysed using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technology, AS). Results A total of 619 and 2119 individuals from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, respectively participated in the study. In Kalabakan and Kota Marudu, 9.37 and 2.45 % were tested positive for malaria and the positivity for P. vivax infection was 4.2 and 0.52 %, respectively. No mutation was observed at codon 13, 33 and 173 on pvdhfr and at codon 553 on pvdhps gene on samples from Kalabakan and Kota Marudu. One-hundred per cent mutations on pvdhfr were at 57Leu and 117Thr. Mutation at 58Arg and 61Met was observed to be higher in Kota Marudu 72.73 %. Mutation at 383Gly on pvdhps was highest in Kalabakan with 80.77 %. There are four distinct haplotypes of pvdhfr/pvdhps combination. Conclusions The presence of triple and quintuple mutation combination suggest that the P. vivax isolates exhibit a high degree of resistant to sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Rubiah Sastu
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Rain Abdullah
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Azrina Norahmad
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Nor Farhan Saat
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Prem Kumar Muniandy
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jenarun Jelip
- Sabah State Health Department, Level 3, Rumah Persekutuan, Jalan Mat Salleh, 88590, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Moizin Tikuson
- District Health Office Kota Marudu, PO Box 421, 89108, Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Norsalleh Yusof
- District Health Office Kota Marudu, PO Box 421, 89108, Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Hasidah Mohd Sidek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Afzan A, Ali R, Amir Jalaluddin NF, Wasiman MI, Shiekh Zahari SH, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z. Effect of selected local medicinal plants on the asexual blood stage of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:492. [PMID: 25510573 PMCID: PMC4300612 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of resistant to current antimalarial drugs is a major challenge in achieving malaria elimination status in many countries. Therefore there is a need for new antimalarial drugs. Medicinal plants have always been the major source for the search of new antimalarial drugs. The aim of this study was to screen selected Malaysian medicinal plants for their antiplasmodial properties. Methods Each part of the plants were processed, defatted by hexane and sequentially extracted with dichloromethane, methanol and water. The antiplasmodial activities of 54 plant extracts from 14 species were determined by Plasmodium falciparum Histidine Rich Protein II ELISA technique. In order to determine the selectivity index (SI), all plant extracts demonstrating a good antiplasmodial activity were tested for their cytotoxicity activity against normal Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell lines by 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results Twenty three extracts derived from Curcuma zedoaria (rhizome), Curcuma aeruginosa (rhizome), Alpinia galanga (rhizome), Morinda elliptica (leaf), Curcuma mangga (rhizome), Elephantopus scaber (leaf), Vitex negundo (leaf), Brucea javanica (leaf, root and seed), Annona muricata (leaf), Cinnamomun iners (leaf) and Vernonia amygdalina (leaf) showed promising antiplasmodial activities against the blood stage chloroquine resistant P. falciparum (EC50 < 10 μg/ml) with negligible toxicity effect to MDBK cells in vitro (SI ≥10). Conclusion The extracts belonging to eleven plant species were able to perturb the growth of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum effectively. The findings justified the bioassay guided fractionation on these plants for the search of potent antimalarial compounds or formulation of standardized extracts which may enhance the antimalarial effect in vitro and in vivo.
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