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Xiang Z, Zhou L, Pan M, Qin Y, Bai Y, Qin P, Zeng W, Wei X, Lu Y, Somboonwit C, Menezes L, Huang Y, Cui L, Yang Z. An imported malaria case with repeated episodes of neurological syndromes resulting from different Plasmodium species. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:41. [PMID: 38172708 PMCID: PMC10763073 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imported cerebral malaria (CM) cases in non-endemic areas are often misdiagnosed, which delays treatment. Post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) after recovery from severe malaria can also complicate diagnosis. CASE We report an imported malaria case from West Africa with two sequential episodes with neurological syndromes within about a month. The first episode was diagnosed as CM with microscopy-positive Plasmodium falciparum infection. The second episode, occurring a month after the recovery from the first CM episode, was consistent with PMNS, since malaria parasites were not detected by microscopy in peripheral blood smears. However, this diagnosis was complicated by the detection of Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood by PCR, suggesting a potential cause of the second episode by P. vivax. CONCLUSION This study suggests that PMNS often occurs after severe falciparum malaria. Concurrent P. vivax infection with pathogenic biomass being predominantly extravascular further complicates accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Longcan Zhou
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Maohua Pan
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yucheng Qin
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pien Qin
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wei
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxin Lu
- Shanglin County People's Hospital, Shanglin, Guangxi, China
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lynette Menezes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yaming Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Saito M, Phyo AP, Chu C, Proux S, Rijken MJ, Beau C, Win HH, Archasuksan L, Wiladphaingern J, Phu NH, Hien TT, Day NP, Dondorp AM, White NJ, Nosten F, McGready R. Severe falciparum malaria in pregnancy in Southeast Asia: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:320. [PMID: 37620809 PMCID: PMC10464355 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe malaria in pregnancy causes maternal mortality, morbidity, and adverse foetal outcomes. The factors contributing to adverse maternal and foetal outcomes are not well defined. We aimed to identify the factors predicting higher maternal mortality and to describe the foetal mortality and morbidity associated with severe falciparum malaria in pregnancy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of severe falciparum malaria in pregnancy, as defined by the World Health Organization severe malaria criteria. The patients were managed prospectively by the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) on the Thailand-Myanmar border or were included in hospital-based clinical trials in six Southeast Asian countries. Fixed-effects multivariable penalised logistic regression was used for analysing maternal mortality. RESULTS We included 213 (123 SMRU and 90 hospital-based) episodes of severe falciparum malaria in pregnancy managed between 1980 and 2020. The mean maternal age was 25.7 (SD 6.8) years, and the mean gestational age was 25.6 (SD 8.9) weeks. The overall maternal mortality was 12.2% (26/213). Coma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 7.18, 95% CI 2.01-25.57, p = 0.0002), hypotension (aOR 11.21, 95%CI 1.27-98.92, p = 0.03) and respiratory failure (aOR 4.98, 95%CI 1.13-22.01, p = 0.03) were associated with maternal mortality. Pregnant women with one or more of these three criteria had a mortality of 29.1% (25/86) (95%CI 19.5 to 38.7%) whereas there were no deaths in 88 pregnant women with hyperparasitaemia (> 10% parasitised erythrocytes) only or severe anaemia (haematocrit < 20%) only. In the SMRU prospective cohort, in which the pregnant women were followed up until delivery, the risks of foetal loss (23.3% by Kaplan-Meier estimator, 25/117) and small-for-gestational-age (38.3%, 23/60) after severe malaria were high. Maternal death, foetal loss and preterm birth occurred commonly within a week of diagnosis of severe malaria. CONCLUSIONS Vital organ dysfunction in pregnant women with severe malaria was associated with a very high maternal and foetal mortality whereas severe anaemia or hyperparasitaemia alone were not associated with poor prognosis, which may explain the variation of reported mortality from severe malaria in pregnancy. Access to antenatal care must be promoted to reduce barriers to early diagnosis and treatment of both malaria and anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Saito
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Cindy Chu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Stephane Proux
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Rijken
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Candy Beau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Laypaw Archasuksan
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Jacher Wiladphaingern
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Nguyen H Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran T Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nick P Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rose McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mala W, Wilairatana P, Samerjai C, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, Kotepui M. Prevalence of Signs of Severity Identified in the Thai Population with Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031196. [PMID: 35162229 PMCID: PMC8834971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the prevalence of signs of severity identified in the Thai population with malaria could aid clinical management and disease control efforts, decrease mortality, and promote malaria elimination in Thailand. This systematic review aimed to collate the evidence regarding signs of severity identified in the Thai population with malaria. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for potentially relevant studies. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. The pooled prevalence of signs of severity among patients with severe malaria and the pooled proportion of each sign of severity among all signs of severity were estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity among included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test. A subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate whether differences in pooled estimates between different study sites. Publication bias was assessed by visualizing funnel plot asymmetry and using Egger’s test. Among 741 studies identified by literature searching, 12 studies of a total of 2900 patients with severe malaria, in 7 Thai hospitals, met the eligibility criteria. Results of meta-analyses showed that the signs of the severity of malaria with the highest prevalence in Thailand were jaundice (54%), hyperparasitemia (47%), impaired consciousness/coma (21%), acidosis (18%), renal impairment (13%), shock (10%), convulsions (9%), severe anemia (8%), pulmonary edema/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (8%), hypoglycemia (4%), and bleeding/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (2%). The signs of the severity of malaria that made up the highest proportion of all signs of severity identified in the Thai population with malaria were hyperparasitemia (33%), jaundice (33%), impaired consciousness/coma (12%), acidosis (9%), renal impairment (7%), severe anemia (6%), convulsions (5%), shock (5%), pulmonary edema/ARDS (3%), bleeding/DIC (1%), and hypoglycemia (1%). The present study revealed the prevalence of signs of severity identified in the Thai population with malaria. Jaundice, hyperparasitemia, and impaired consciousness/coma were the most common signs of severity identified. These results may inform the management of patients with severe malaria and promote malaria-elimination efforts in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutharat Samerjai
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Zhang T, Xu X, Jiang J, Yu C, Tian C, Xie Q, Li W. Risk factors of severe imported malaria in Anhui province, China. Acta Trop 2019; 197:104934. [PMID: 30802426 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine risk factors for developing severe illness in patients infected with imported Plasmodium falciparum, and identify factors that can be implemented in preventive public health actions. Data of patients in Anhui province were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Information System for Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention from 2012 to 2018. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical severity, and preventive measures were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Risk factors for severe malaria were identified by logistic regression. During the study period, 8.01% (53/662) of patients infected with P. falciparum developed severe malaria; the annual severe incidence rate varied from 5.93% to 10.77% and the fatality rate was 0.6%. Two models were built to analyze the delay from symptom onset to treatment; one analyzed data by stage, whereas the other analyzed data combined from all stages. In model 1, multivariate analysis identified misdiagnosis at first medical visit and patient delay as risk factors for severe malaria (odds ratio: 3.108 and 3.385, respectively, all p < 0.01). In model 2, overall delay was a significant factor of severe malaria onset (odds ratio: 4.719, p = 0.000). In both models, patients with a history of previous infection had a significantly reduced risk of developing severe malaria; high parasitemia (≥2.5%) was associated with an increased risk of severe infection. Delay between symptom onset and treatment was an important cause for development of severe disease in Anhui province. Measures to reduce delays should be used and implemented in preventive public health actions.
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Kumar R, Saravu K. Severe vivax malaria: a prospective exploration at a tertiary healthcare centre in Southwestern India. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:148-160. [PMID: 28367735 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1309342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is recognized to cause severe malaria and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of disease severity, the spectrum of complications, underlying non-infectious comorbidities and predictors of severity in monoinfection P. vivax malaria among adults at a tertiary healthcare centre in Southwestern India. A prospective cohort study was conducted among microscopically confirmed monoinfection P. vivax acute malaria patients aged, ≥18 years. Cases with pregnancy and concomitant febrile illnesses including mixed malaria were excluded. Cases were distinguished as either 'severe' or 'non-severe' P. vivax malaria as per the definitions laid by the World Health Organization. Of total 511 acute P. vivax cases studied, 23.9% (122/511) had severe malaria. The proportion of severity did not vary between microscopy alone and additional nPCR proved monoinfection P. vivax subgroups. There was no significant difference (p = 0.296) in the occurrence of non-infectious comorbidities among non-severe (9.0%, 35/389) and severe (12.3%, 15/122) vivax groups. Multiple complications despite early parasite clearance resulted in delayed casualty in two cases, indicating overall case fatality rate of 3/1000 cases. Age >40 years, rising respiratory rate, total bilirubin, serum creatinine and falling hemoglobin were the independent predictors of disease severity in this vivax malaria cohort. Total and direct bilirubin and serum urea had good discriminatory performance for severe vivax malaria. Total bilirubin should be considered as an important prognostic marker while managing P. vivax malaria. Patients with multiple complications must be treated cautiously as there may be delayed deterioration leading to mortality despite parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Kumar
- a Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College , Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- a Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College , Manipal University , Manipal , India.,b Manipal McGill Center for Infectious Diseases (MAC-ID) , Manipal University , Manipal , India
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Twomey PS, Smith BL, McDermott C, Novitt-Moreno A, McCarthy W, Kachur SP, Arguin PM. Intravenous Artesunate for the Treatment of Severe and Complicated Malaria in the United States: Clinical Use Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:498-506. [PMID: 26301474 PMCID: PMC4627466 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinidine gluconate, the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for life-threatening malaria in the United States, has a problematic safety profile and is often unavailable in hospitals. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and clinical benefit of intravenous artesunate as an alternative to quinidine. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING U.S. hospitals. PATIENTS 102 patients aged 1 to 72 years (90% adults; 61% men) with severe and complicated malaria. Patients received 4 weight-based doses of intravenous artesunate (2.4 mg/kg) under a treatment protocol implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between January 2007 and December 2010. At baseline, 35% had evidence of cerebral malaria, and 17% had severe hepatic impairment. Eligibility required the presence of microscopically confirmed malaria, need for intravenous treatment, and an impediment to quinidine. MEASUREMENTS Clinical and laboratory data from each patient's hospital records were abstracted retrospectively, including information from baseline through a maximum 7-day follow-up, and presented before a physician committee to evaluate safety and clinical benefit outcomes. RESULTS 7 patients died (mortality rate, 6.9%). The most frequent adverse events were anemia (65%) and elevated hepatic enzyme levels (49%). All deaths and most adverse events were attributed to the severity of malaria. Patients' symptoms generally improved or resolved within 3 days, and the median time to discharge from the intensive care unit was 4 days, even for patients with severe liver disease or cerebral malaria. More than 100 concomitant medications were used, with no documented drug-drug interactions. LIMITATION Potential late-presenting safety issues might occur outside the 7-day follow-up. CONCLUSION Artesunate was a safe and clinically beneficial alternative to quinidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Twomey
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bryan L. Smith
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cathy McDermott
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anne Novitt-Moreno
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William McCarthy
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S. Patrick Kachur
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul M. Arguin
- From U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick; Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland
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Madrid L, Lanaspa M, Maculuve SA, Bassat Q. Malaria-associated hypoglycaemia in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 13:267-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.995632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Determinants of mortality, intensive care requirement and prolonged hospitalization in malaria - a tertiary care hospital based cohort study from South-Western India. Malar J 2014; 13:370. [PMID: 25233836 PMCID: PMC4177244 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a remarkable dearth of literature on less pronounced outcomes in malaria, namely prolonged hospitalization and intensive care requirement. Limitations on routine clinical applicability of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines for determination of severity in malaria does result in underestimation of the true burden of clinicians’ perceived severity in malaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinico-laboratory and malarial severity features to determine their association with mortality, prolonged hospitalization and requirement of intensive care outcomes. Methods A tertiary care hospital based retrospective study was conducted from the year 2007 to 2011 among microscopically proven adult malaria patients. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with mortality, more than seven days hospitalization, intensive care and other supportive requirements. Results Of a total of 922 malaria cases studied, more than seven days of hospitalization was the most frequent outcome (21.8% (201), 95% CI = 19.1-24.5%) followed by intensive care requirement (8.6% (79), 95% CI = 6.8-10.4%) and in-hospital mortality (1.2% (11), 95% CI = 0.5-1.9%). Odds of mortality were significantly higher with cerebral malaria, pulmonary oedema/acute respiratory distress syndrome (PE/ARDS), liver dysfunction, severe anaemia, renal failure, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis and leucocytosis. More than seven days hospitalization had inverse association with mortality. Plasmodium falciparum infection, more than three days of history of fever, haemoglobinuria, renal failure, shock, leucocytosis, severe thrombocytopaenia and every 10 mmHg fall in systolic blood pressure were the independent predictors of more than seven days of hospitalization. More than three days of history of fever, cerebral malaria, PE/ARDS, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, hyperparasitaemia, leucocytosis and severe thrombocytopaenia were independently associated factors with intensive care requirement. Conclusions For routine clinical settings, severity definition for malaria needs to be redefined or modified from the existing WHO guidelines. Leucocytosis and severe thrombocytopaenia should be identified as severity determinant in malaria. Patients having more than three days history of fever, leucocytosis, severe thrombocytopaenia and renal failure are more likely to require either prolonged hospitalization and/or intensive care. PE/ARDS alone in Plasmodium vivax may result in mortality, whereas multiorgan involvement is common in P. falciparum related mortalities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-370) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most common causes for non-traumatic encephalopathy in the world. It affects both the urban and rural population. It is a challenge to treat these patients in a resource limited setting; where majority of these cases present. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out from September 2005 to December 2006 at Jiwan Jyoti Christian Hospital in Eastern Uttar Pradesh in India. This is a secondary level care with limited resources. We studied the clinical profile, treatment and outcome of all the patients above the age of 14 years diagnosed with CM. Results: There were a total of 53 patients with CM of which 38 (71.7%) of them were females. Among them, 35 (66%) patients were less than 30 years of age. The clinical features noted were seizure (39.62%), anemia (84.9%), icterus (16.98%), hypotension (13.2%), bleeding (3.7%), hepatomegaly (5.66%), splenomegaly (5.66%), non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (16.98%) and renal dysfunction (37.36%). Co-infection with Plasmodium vivax was present in 13 (24.53%) of them. Treatment received included artesunin compounds or quinine. Median time of defervescence was 2 (interquartile range1-3). Complete recovery was achieved in 43 (81%) of them. Two (3.7%) of them died. Conclusion: CM, once considered to be a fatal disease has shown remarkable improvement in the outcome with the wide availability of artesunin and quinine components. To combat the malaria burden, physicians in resource limited setting should be well trained to manage these patients especially in the endemic areas. The key to management is early diagnosis and initiation of treatment based on a high index of suspicion. Anticipation and early recognition of the various complications are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jency Maria Koshy
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jacob Koshy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Martins AC, Lins JB, Santos LMN, Fernandes LN, Malafronte RS, Maia TC, Ribera MCV, Ribera RB, da Silva-Nunes M. Vivax malaria in an Amazonian child with dilated cardiomyopathy. Malar J 2014; 13:61. [PMID: 24548824 PMCID: PMC3945074 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A child living in the Brazilian Amazon region who had had vivax malaria at the age of 11 months was admitted three months later with a history of progressive dyspnoea and fever, which culminated in respiratory distress and severe dilated cardiomyopathy at hospital admission in a malaria-free area. She received treatment for cardiac insufficiency and was tested for malaria with two thick blood smears, which were negative. There was general improvement of cardiorespiratory function in the next two weeks, but in the third week of hospital admission, there was re-appearance of fever, severe anaemia, severe plaquetopaenia, and respiratory distress. A third thick blood smear was positive for Plasmodium vivax mono-infection, which was confirmed by molecular methods. A serological panel with the most prevalent infectious agents known to cause myocarditis was performed, and specific anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM and elevated levels of anti-CMV IgG were also detected in the serum. After treatment for malaria, there was improvement of respiratory distress, although cardiac function did not recover. She was discharged home with drugs for cardiac insufficiency and is currently under follow-up with a paediatric cardiologist as an outpatient. This report presents a young child with several episodes of vivax malaria who suffers from cardiac insufficiency, probably related to CMV-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica da Silva-Nunes
- Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Acre, BR 364 KM 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
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