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Kaushik JJ, Kaushik A, Mebrahtu D, Bereket E, Eyob E, Kelifa H, Weldemichael K, Andebrhan R. Evaluation of larvicidal potential of Eritrean medicinal plants against Aedes aegypti. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:150-156. [PMID: 38440761 PMCID: PMC10908879 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Larvicidal activity of three Eritrean medicinal plants was evaluated against Aedes aegypti by conducting the bioassay using WHO methods. Efficacy of the plant extracts of O. hadiense, R. officinalis and C. spinarum was evaluated against 3rd instar Aedes aegypti larvae and mortality was recorded. LC50 and LC90 of the various plant extracts were also calculated using probit analysis. The morphological analysis of treated larvae was also performed. Extracts of O. hadiense, C. spinarium and R. officinalis were prepared using different solvents viz chloroform, 70% ethanol and water. Of the screened extracts, the chloroform extracts of O. hadiense exhibited the highest larvicidal activities and has the minimum LC50 and LC90 (24 mg/ml and 198.411 mg/ml respectively). Chloroform extract of C. spinarium exhibited the least larvicidal activity with maximum LC50 and LC90 (736.883 mg/ml and 1188.699 mg/ml respectively). Microscopic analysis confirmed the changes in the Aedes aegypti larvae caused by various plants extracts. An accumulation of dark pigmentation was observed in abdominal region and in the anal papillae after contact and also showed major structural damage such as destruction of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Jyoti Kaushik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Atul Kaushik
- Unit of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Sciences, Orotta College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Dawit Mebrahtu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Efrem Bereket
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Elen Eyob
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Hana Kelifa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Kokob Weldemichael
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Rahwa Andebrhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
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Jared Owiti Y. Efficacy of a simply resting box baited with crude fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of Phytolaccadodecandra (L' Herit) in capturing and killing of indoor mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Korando, Western Kenya. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5221-5228. [PMID: 34466100 PMCID: PMC8380997 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective capture and elimination of indoor resting mosquito population is important in the fight against mosquito borne diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a simply resting box baited with crude fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra in attracting and killing indoor mosquitoes at Korando, Western Kenya. The study was conducted in three phases: pre-intervention, intervention and post intervention. Simple resting boxes made from galvanized wire frame measuring 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm, covered in blue and black tunic in and out and lined with carton boards were used. The boxes were baited with socks with strong human odour and 80 ml/100mls (e/w) solution of either crude ethanol fruit or leaf extracts of P. dodecandra, ethanol leaf extracts of Azadiracta indica or Deltamethrin. Deltamethrin and Azadiracta indica were used as positive and water as negative control. The treatments were applied at the intervention phase only. The boxes were left overnight in the houses and mosquitoes collected by 6.30 h. It was observed that more Culicines than Anopheline were captured irrespective of phase or treatment used. Mosquito densities reduced with phase of activity. P. dodecandra leaf extracts killed more mosquitoes than fruit or A. indica leaf extracts though the number were less than that of Deltamethrin or WHO threshold of >80% mortality. In conclusion, the simple resting boxes were effective in collecting and killing indoor mosquitoes though lethality did not matched the WHO threshold. With improved structural set up and use of pure extracts of P. dodecandra, the resting boxes can serve as effective tools for capture, elimination and management of mosquito borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugi Jared Owiti
- School of Science and Technology, University of Kabianga, P. O. Box 20230-20300, Kericho, Kenya
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Gou Y, Li Z, Fan R, Guo C, Wang L, Sun H, Li J, Zhou C, Wang C, Wang Y. Ethnobotanical survey and evaluation of traditional mosquito repellent plants of Dai people in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113124. [PMID: 32730874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dengue is one of the most important pervasive diseases in many regions of the world, including China. There is an urgent need for new repellents, including plant derivatives, due to the resistance, toxicity, and non-degradability of synthetic insecticides. Traditional plant-based remedies may provide potential avenues for developing new strategies. AIMS OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were to 1) document the traditional mosquitoes repellent plants used by the Dai people of Xishuangbanna, China; 2) screen out new efficient mosquito repellent plants as candidates for further study. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the period August 2016 to July 2017, five field surveys were conducted in 16 villages of Xishuangbanna. A total of 81 informants (44 males and 37 females) were interviewed using semi-structured questions to collect detailed information on the plants they use to prevent mosquito bites. Ten plants with higher popularity and larger resource were collected and extracts were prepared by hydro-distillation or with petroleum ether. Extracts were tested for adult Aedes albopictus repellency using a human-bait cage. Firstly, repellency was determined as the Minimum Effective Dosage (MED) per minute at which 1% of the mosquito bite through the treated cloth. Secondly, five plant extracts with lower MEDs were tested the repellent longevity of different concentrations. RESULTS Eighteen plants were documented as being used in traditional remedies against mosquitoes. The methods for controlling mosquitoes were diverse: direct burning was used for most plants (16 species), followed by smearing (5 species), and placing (5 species). Laboratory analyses confirmed that ten plants did exhibit mosquito repellent activity. Of them, Artemisia indica, Nicotiana tabacum, Blumea balsamifera, Vitex trifolia, and Chromolaena odorata showed good mosquito repellency with MEDs of 0.015, 0.061, 0.090, 0.090, and 0.105 mg/cm2, respectively. The protection rate provided by A. indica is also the highest among five plants. Although it provides complete protection time of only 30 min at 0.45 mg/cm2 concentration, its repellency within 2 h is not significantly different from that of DEET. CONCLUSION Dai villagers in Xishuangbanna have a rich, diverse and scientific knowledge of plant-based mosquito repellents. Laboratory experiments screened out several plants as candidates for mosquito repellents, of which Artemisia indica was the most promising candidate plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gou
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Zhennan Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ruyan Fan
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Changan Guo
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- Kunming City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Jiping Li
- Kunming City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Chengpeng Zhou
- Kunming City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Kaura T, Mewara A, Zaman K, Sharma A, Agrawal SK, Thakur V, Garg A, Sehgal R. Utilizing larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of Eucalyptus and neem oil against Aedes mosquito: An approach for mosquito control. Trop Parasitol 2019; 9:12-17. [PMID: 31161087 PMCID: PMC6542315 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_35_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Plant-based products can provide safe and biodegradable mosquito control agents. The essential oils have a strong odor due to complex secondary metabolites and exhibit lower density than that of water, which renders them suitable to form a thin layer above the water surface. The present study was designed to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal activity of Eucalyptus and neem oils against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the activity of commercially available Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and neem (Azadirachta indica) oils against larvae and pupae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus for their larvicidal and pupicidal activity, stability in different water types, dependence on volume and surface area of the water body, and residual efficacy. Results: Eucalyptus oil was found to be more effective against larvae and pupae at lower concentrations, i.e., concentration at which 50% is observed (LC50) for larvae and pupae was 93.3 and 144.5 parts per million (ppm) and concentration at which 90% is observed (LC90) was 707.9 and 741.3 ppm, respectively, while for neem oil, LC50 for larvae and pupae was 7852 and 19,054 ppm and LC90 was 10,092 and 19,952 ppm, respectively. The efficacy of Eucalyptus oil depended on surface area rather than volume of water, and the residual efficacy of Eucalyptus oil was up to 8 days. Conclusions: Eucalyptus oil was more effective against mosquito larvae at lower concentration as compared to neem oil. It can, therefore, be utilized in the community in artificial and small temporary water bodies as an eco-friendly vector control measure in the era of increasing resistance to chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Kaura
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- Scientist-C, ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Kumari Agrawal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vandana Thakur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Garg
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sillo AJ, Makirita WE, Swai H, Chacha M. Larvicidal activity of Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br root extracts against Anopheles gambiae Giless.s, Aedes aegypti L, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. J Exp Pharmacol 2019; 11:23-27. [PMID: 31118834 PMCID: PMC6501056 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s187837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate larvicidal activity of Hypoestes forskaolii R. Br root extract against 3rd instar Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods: A protocol developed by the World Health Organization was adopted, with minor modification using chloroform and methanol extracts with concentrations ranging from 25–750 µg/mL. Results: The H. forskaolii chloroform extract exhibited very high larvicidal activity after 72 hours of exposure, with LC50 2.0322, 3.8989, 6.0004 μg/mL against A. gambiae, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Conclusion: The larvicidal activity of H. forskaolii is reported for the first time in this paper. The effectiveness of H. forskaolii chloroform extract warrants further research to develop botanical mosquito repellants from this source. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Sillo
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Winisia E Makirita
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Hulda Swai
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Musa Chacha
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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He Q, Wang W, Zhu L. Larvicidal activity of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil against the malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles sinensis. Malar J 2018; 17:194. [PMID: 29764438 PMCID: PMC5952513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zanthoxylum acanthopodium has insecticidal effect in Chinese traditional medicine. In this study, the essential oil from the dried Zanthoxylum plant was used as a larvicidal compound against the malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles sinensis. Methods Compounds in the Zanthoxylum essential oil were investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). The larvicidal bioassays of the whole oil, as well as the main compounds in the oil (estragole and eucalyptol) were performed using WHO method. Results In total, 63 main compounds (99.32%) were found in the oils, including estragole (15.46%), eucalyptol (10.94%), β-caryophyllene (5.52%), cis-linalool oxide (3.76%), cis-limonene oxide (3.06%). A dose-dependent effect on mortality was recorded with increasing concentrations of essential oil and compounds increasing mortality of the larvae. Larvicidal bioassays revealed that 24 h LC50 of the whole essential oil was 36.00 mg/L and LC90 was 101.49 mg/L against An. anthropophagus, while LC50 was 49.02 mg/L and LC90 was 125.18 mg/L against An. sinensis. Additionally, 24 h LC50 of estragole were 38.56 and 41.67 mg/L against An. anthropophagus and An. sinensis, respectively, while the related LC90 were 95.90 and 107.89 mg/L. LC50 of eucalyptol were 42.41 and 45.49 mg/L against An. anthropophagus and An. sinensis, while the related LC90 were 114.45 and 124.95 mg/L. Conclusion The essential oil of Z. acanthopodium and its several major compounds may have potential for use in the control of malaria mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- College of Light Industry and Food, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.: Traditional and Commercial Uses and Phytochemical and Pharmacological Significance in the African and Indian Subcontinent. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6746071. [PMID: 28115974 PMCID: PMC5237467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6746071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lippia javanica occurs naturally in central, eastern, and southern Africa and has also been recorded in the tropical Indian subcontinent. The potential of L. javanica as herbal or recreational tea and herbal medicine and its associated phytochemistry and biological properties are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that L. javanica is used as herbal tea and has ethnomedicinal applications such as in colds, cough, fever, malaria, wounds, diarrhoea, chest pains, bronchitis, and asthma. Multiple classes of phytochemicals including volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, iridoids, and triterpenes as well as several minerals have been identified from L. javanica. Scientific studies on L. javanica indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include anticancer, antiamoebic, antidiabetic, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and pesticidal effects. Although many of the traditional uses of L. javanica have been validated by phytochemical and pharmacological studies, there are still some gaps where current knowledge could be improved. Lippia javanica is popular as both herbal and recreational tea, but there is need for more precise studies to evaluate the safety and clinical value of its main active crude and pure compounds and to clarify their mechanisms of action.
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Mukandiwa L, Naidoo V, Katerere DR. The use of Clausena anisata in insect pest control in Africa: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:1103-1111. [PMID: 27836776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clausena anisata is used traditionally by various communities across Africa against pests such as mosquitoes, flies and weevils among others. Pests are a major cause of disease and production losses in various crop and livestock production systems in Africa. This review discusses the available information on the occurrence, chemistry, biological activity and possible commercialization of Clausena anisata with a view to see the plant species being integrated in pest management. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on the ethnomedical use, chemistry and biological activity of C. anisata published between 1980 and 2016 was accessed from various databases namely Science Direct, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library. In addition various relevant books were also consulted. RESULTS The crude extracts as well as different fractions of C. anisata have been evaluated for activity against various insect pests and have been shown to be active. Furthermore, close to 50 compounds have been isolated and identified from C. anisata, which include coumarins, carbazole alkaloids, limonoids and essential oils (monoterpenes). Some of these compounds have been proven to exhibit pesticidal properties in both laboratory and field studies against various pests including mosquitoes, flies and weevils. The possible mechanisms of action of these compounds have been explored in this review. CONCLUSION The results of pesticidal and phytochemical screening of C. anisata strongly indicate that the species is endowed with pesticidal properties that can be harnessed into commercial products. However, one glaring challenge in the evaluation of this plant species for pesticidal activity has been the non-availability of standard testing systems. Researchers have used various methods which they developed based on their own circumstances and resources. Formulation, standard appropriate testing systems and agronomic research are key in unlocking the potential of this important African species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Ondesterpoort 0110, South Africa
| | - V Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Ondesterpoort 0110, South Africa
| | - D R Katerere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.
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Mukandiwa L, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. Repellent and mosquitocidal effects of leaf extracts of Clausena anisata against the Aedes aegypti mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11257-11266. [PMID: 26924698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are rapidly developing resistance to insecticides that millions of people relied on to protect themselves from the diseases they carry, thereby creating a need to develop new insecticides. Clausena anisata is used traditionally as an insect repellent by various communities in Africa and Asia. For this study, the repellency and adulticidal activities of leaf extracts and compounds isolated from this plant species were evaluated against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In the topical application assays, using total bites as an indicator, repellency was dose dependent, with the acetone crude extract (15 %) having 93 % repellence and the hexane fraction (7.5 %) 67 % repellence after 3 h. Fractionation resulted in a loss of total repellence. As mosquito-net treating agents, the acetone and hexane extracts of C. anisata, both at 15 %, had average repellences of 46.89 ± 2.95 and 50.13 ± 2.02 %, respectively, 3 h after exposure. The C. anisata acetone extract and its hexane fraction caused mosquito knockdown and eventually death when nebulised into the testing chamber, with an EC50 of 78.9 mg/ml (7.89 %) and 71.6 mg/ml (7.16 %) in the first 15 min after spraying. C. anisata leaf extracts have potential to be included in protection products against mosquitoes due to the repellent and cidal compounds contained therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04 Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04 Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
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Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M. Ovicidal and adulticidal potential of leaf and seed extract of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Family: Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1949-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Venkatesan R, Ravindran J, Eapen A, William J. Insecticidal and growth regulating activity of crude leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpinaceae) against the urban malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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