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Schwarzer E, Skorokhod O. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins of Malaria Parasites during the Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6145. [PMID: 38892332 PMCID: PMC11173270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating protein functions, influencing various fundamental processes in eukaryotes. These include, but are not limited to, cell signaling, protein trafficking, the epigenetic control of gene expression, and control of the cell cycle, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and interactions between cells. In this review, we discuss protein PTMs that play a key role in the malaria parasite biology and its pathogenesis. Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and lipoxidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, nitrosylation and glutathionylation, all of which occur in malarial parasites, are reviewed. We provide information regarding the biological significance of these modifications along all phases of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium spp. Importantly, not only the parasite, but also the host and vector protein PTMs are often crucial for parasite growth and development. In addition to metabolic regulations, protein PTMs can result in epitopes that are able to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host or vector. We discuss some existing and prospective results from antimalarial drug discovery trials that target various PTM-related processes in the parasite or host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Mahanta PJ, Lhouvum K. Plasmodium falciparum proteases as new drug targets with special focus on metalloproteases. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 258:111617. [PMID: 38554736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Malaria poses a significant global health threat particularly due to the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection. With the emergence of parasite resistance to existing drugs including the recently discovered artemisinin, ongoing research seeks novel therapeutic avenues within the malaria parasite. Proteases are promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite biology, including hemoglobin digestion, merozoite invasion, and egress. While exploring the genomic landscape of Plasmodium falciparum, it has been revealed that there are 92 predicted proteases, with only approximately 14 of them having been characterized. These proteases are further distributed among 26 families grouped into five clans: aspartic proteases, cysteine proteases, metalloproteases, serine proteases, and threonine proteases. Focus on metalloprotease class shows further role in organelle processing for mitochondria and apicoplasts suggesting the potential of metalloproteases as viable drug targets. Holistic understanding of the parasite intricate life cycle and identification of potential drug targets are essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies against malaria and mitigating its devastating global impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimjolly Lhouvum
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, González-Matos M, Varela AC, Méndez Y, Del Rivero MA, Rivera DG, González-Bacerio J. Parasite Metalo-aminopeptidases as Targets in Human Infectious Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:416-461. [PMID: 36825701 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230224140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo- aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are essential enzymes for parasite development, and M18 aminopeptidase could be involved in hemoglobin digestion and erythrocyte invasion and egression. Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania major acidic M17 aminopeptidases can play a nutritional role. T. brucei basic M17 aminopeptidase down-regulation delays the cytokinesis. The inhibition of Leishmania basic M17 aminopeptidase could affect parasite viability. L. donovani methionyl aminopeptidase inhibition prevents apoptosis but not the parasite death. Decrease in Acanthamoeba castellanii M17 aminopeptidase activity produces cell wall structural modifications and encystation inhibition. Inhibition of Babesia bovis growth is probably related to the inhibition of the parasite M17 aminopeptidase, probably involved in host hemoglobin degradation. Schistosoma mansoni M17 aminopeptidases inhibition may affect parasite development, since they could participate in hemoglobin degradation, surface membrane remodeling and eggs hatching. Toxoplasma gondii M17 aminopeptidase inhibition could attenuate parasite virulence, since it is apparently involved in the hydrolysis of cathepsin Cs- or proteasome-produced dipeptides and/or cell attachment/invasion processes. These data are relevant to validate these enzymes as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha E Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanira Méndez
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday A Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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González-Bacerio J, Izquierdo M, Aguado ME, Varela AC, González-Matos M, Del Rivero MA. Using microbial metalo-aminopeptidases as targets in human infectious diseases. MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:239-246. [PMID: 34692819 PMCID: PMC8485470 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.10.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several microbial metalo-aminopeptidases are emerging as novel targets for the treatment of human infectious diseases. Some of them are well validated as targets and some are not; some are essential enzymes and others are important for virulence and pathogenesis. For another group, it is not clear if their enzymatic activity is involved in the critical functions that they mediate. But one aspect has been established: they display relevant roles in bacteria and protozoa that could be targeted for therapeutic purposes. This work aims to describe these biological functions for several microbial metalo-aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday Alonso Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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Rout S, Mahapatra RK. In silico study of M18 aspartyl amino peptidase (M18AAP) of Plasmodium vivax as an antimalarial drug target. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2553-2571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Escotte-Binet S, Huguenin A, Aubert D, Martin AP, Kaltenbach M, Florent I, Villena I. Metallopeptidases of Toxoplasma gondii: in silico identification and gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:26. [PMID: 29737275 PMCID: PMC5939537 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metallopeptidases are a family of proteins with domains that remain highly conserved throughout evolution. These hydrolases require divalent metal cation(s) to activate the water molecule in order to carry out their catalytic action on peptide bonds by nucleophilic attack. Metallopeptidases from parasitic protozoa, including Toxoplasma, are investigated because of their crucial role in parasite biology. In the present study, we screened the T. gondii database using PFAM motifs specific for metallopeptidases in association with the MEROPS peptidase Database (release 10.0). In all, 49 genes encoding proteins with metallopeptidase signatures were identified in the Toxoplasma genome. An Interpro Search enabled us to uncover their domain/motif organization, and orthologs with the highest similarity by BLAST were used for annotation. These 49 Toxoplasma metallopeptidases clustered into 15 families described in the MEROPS database. Experimental expression analysis of their genes in the tachyzoite stage revealed transcription for all genes studied. Further research on the role of these peptidases should increase our knowledge of basic Toxoplasma biology and provide opportunities to identify novel therapeutic targets. This type of study would also open a path towards the comparative biology of apicomplexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France - Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Toxoplasmosis National Reference Center, Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Antoine Huguenin
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France - Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Toxoplasmosis National Reference Center, Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France - Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Toxoplasmosis National Reference Center, Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Anne-Pascaline Martin
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Matthieu Kaltenbach
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- UMR7245 CNRS-MNHN, National Museum of Natural History, Department Adaptations of the Living, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France - Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Toxoplasmosis National Reference Center, Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
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Nyagwange J, Tijhaar E, Ternette N, Mobegi F, Tretina K, Silva JC, Pelle R, Nene V. Characterization of the Theileria parva sporozoite proteome. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:265-273. [PMID: 29258832 PMCID: PMC5854367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2007 Theileria parva proteins expressed in the sporozoite were identified. Proteins include known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules were identified. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of P. falciparum invasion organelle proteins were identified. Proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation were identified.
East Coast fever is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The sporozoite stage of this parasite, harboured and released from the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus during feeding, invades and establishes infection in bovine lymphocytes. Blocking this initial stage of invasion presents a promising vaccine strategy for control of East Coast fever and can in part be achieved by targeting the major sporozoite surface protein p67. To support research on the biology of T. parva and the identification of additional candidate vaccine antigens, we report on the sporozoite proteome as defined by LC–MS/MS analysis. In total, 4780 proteins were identified in an enriched preparation of sporozoites. Of these, 2007 were identified as T. parva proteins, representing close to 50% of the total predicted parasite proteome. The remaining 2773 proteins were derived from the tick vector. The identified sporozoite proteins include a set of known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells from cattle that are immune to East Coast fever. We also identified proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules and invasion organelle proteins, and proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation. Overall, these data establish a protein expression profile of T. parva sporozoites as an important starting point for further study of a parasitic species which has considerable agricultural impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrick Mobegi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kyle Tretina
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Pelle
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Park SY, Scranton MA, Stajich JE, Yee A, Walling LL. Chlorophyte aspartyl aminopeptidases: Ancient origins, expanded families, new locations, and secondary functions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185492. [PMID: 29023459 PMCID: PMC5638241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
M18 aspartyl aminopeptidases (DAPs) are well characterized in microbes and animals with likely functions in peptide processing and vesicle trafficking. In contrast, there is a dearth of knowledge on plant aminopeptidases with a preference for proteins and peptides with N-terminal acidic residues. During evolution of the Plantae, there was an expansion and diversification of the M18 DAPs. After divergence of the ancestral green algae from red and glaucophyte algae, a duplication yielded the DAP1 and DAP2 lineages. Subsequently DAP1 genes were lost in chlorophyte algae. A duplication of DAP2-related genes occurred early in green plant evolution. DAP2 genes were retained in land plants and picoeukaryotic algae and lost in green algae. In contrast, DAP2-like genes persisted in picoeukaryotic and green algae, while this lineage was lost in land plants. Consistent with this evolutionary path, Arabidopsis thaliana has two DAP gene lineages (AtDAP1 and AtDAP2). Similar to animal and yeast DAPs, AtDAP1 is localized to the cytosol or vacuole; while AtDAP2 harbors an N-terminal transit peptide and is chloroplast localized. His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 expressed in Escherichia coli were enzymatically active and dodecameric with masses exceeding 600 kDa. His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 preferentially hydrolyzed Asp-p-nitroanilide and Glu-p-nitroanilide. AtDAPs are highly conserved metallopeptidases activated by MnCl2 and inhibited by ZnCl2 and divalent ion chelators. The protease inhibitor PMSF inhibited and DTT stimulated both His6-DAP1 and His6-DAP2 activities suggesting a role for thiols in the AtDAP catalytic mechanism. The enzymes had distinct pH and temperature optima, as well as distinct kinetic parameters. Both enzymes had high catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) exceeding 1.0 x 107 M-1 sec-1. Using established molecular chaperone assays, AtDAP1 and AtDAP2 prevented thermal denaturation. AtDAP1 also prevented protein aggregation and promoted protein refolding. Collectively, these data indicate that plant DAPs have a complex evolutionary history and have evolved new biochemical features that may enable their role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Youl Park
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Scranton
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Yee
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kumari M, Chandra S, Tiwari N, Subbarao N. 3D QSAR, pharmacophore and molecular docking studies of known inhibitors and designing of novel inhibitors for M18 aspartyl aminopeptidase of Plasmodium falciparum. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:12. [PMID: 27534744 PMCID: PMC4989538 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium falciparum M18 Aspartyl Aminopeptidase (PfM18AAP) is only aspartyl aminopeptidase which is found in the genome of P. falciparum and is essential for its survival. The PfM18AAP enzyme performs various functions in the parasite and the erythrocytic host such as hemoglobin digestion, erythrocyte invasion, parasite growth and parasite escape from the host cell. It is a valid target to develop antimalarial drugs. In the present work, we employed 3D QSAR modeling, pharmacophore modeling, and molecular docking to identify novel potent inhibitors that bind with M18AAP of P. falciparum. Results The PLSR QSAR model showed highest value for correlation coefficient r2 (88 %) and predictive correlation coefficient (pred_r2) =0.6101 for external test set among all QSAR models. The pharmacophore modeling identified DHRR (one hydrogen donor, one hydrophobic group, and two aromatic rings) as an essential feature of PfM18AAP inhibitors. The combined approach of 3D QSAR, pharmacophore, and structure-based molecular docking yielded 10 novel PfM18AAP inhibitors from ChEMBL antimalarial library, 2 novel inhibitors from each derivative of quinine, chloroquine, 8-aminoquinoline and 10 novel inhibitors from WHO antimalarial drugs. Additionally, high throughput virtual screening identified top 10 compounds as antimalarial leads showing G-scores -12.50 to -10.45 (in kcal/mol), compared with control compounds(G-scores -7.80 to -4.70) which are known antimalarial M18AAP inhibitors (AID743024). This result indicates these novel compounds have the best binding affinity for PfM18AAP. Conclusion The 3D QSAR models of PfM18AAP inhibitors provided useful information about the structural characteristics of inhibitors which are contributors of the inhibitory potency. Interestingly, In this studies, we extrapolate that the derivatives of quinine, chloroquine, and 8-aminoquinoline, for which there is no specific target has been identified till date, might show the antimalarial effect by interacting with PfM18AAP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-016-0063-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulata Kumari
- Department of Information Technology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263601, India.,School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Department of Botany, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263601, India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Statistics, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263601, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Lee A, Slattery C, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Hryciw DH, Wilk S, Wilk E, Zhang Y, Valova VA, Robinson PJ, Kelly DJ, Poronnik P. Chloride channel ClC-5 binds to aspartyl aminopeptidase to regulate renal albumin endocytosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F784-92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00322.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ClC-5 is a chloride/proton exchanger that plays an obligate role in albumin uptake by the renal proximal tubule. ClC-5 forms an endocytic complex with the albumin receptor megalin/cubilin. We have identified a novel ClC-5 binding partner, cytosolic aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP; EC 3.4.11.21), that catalyzes the release of N-terminal aspartate/glutamate residues. The physiological role of DNPEP remains largely unresolved. Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins binding to the glutathione- S-transferase (GST)-ClC-5 C terminus identified DNPEP as an interacting partner. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed that DNPEP and ClC-5 also associated in cells. Further experiments using purified GST-ClC-5 and His-DNPEP proteins demonstrated that the two proteins bound directly to each other. In opossum kidney (OK) cells, confocal immunofluorescence studies revealed that DNPEP colocalized with albumin-containing endocytic vesicles. Overexpression of wild-type DNPEP increased cell-surface levels of ClC-5 and albumin uptake. Analysis of DNPEP-immunoprecipitated products from rat kidney lysate identified β-actin and tubulin, suggesting a role for DNPEP in cytoskeletal maintenance. A DNase I inhibition assay showed a significant decrease in the amount of G actin when DNPEP was overexpressed in OK cells, suggesting a role for DNPEP in stabilizing the cytoskeleton. DNPEP was not present in the urine of healthy rats; however, it was readily detected in the urine in rat models of mild and heavy proteinuria (diabetic nephropathy and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, respectively). Urinary levels of DNPEP were found to correlate with the severity of proteinuria. Therefore, we have identified another key molecular component of the albumin endocytic machinery in the renal proximal tubule and describe a new role for DNPEP in stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aven Lee
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig Slattery
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic. of Ireland
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherwin Wilk
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Wilk
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina A. Valova
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Darren J. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Poronnik
- School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Spicer T, Fernandez-Vega V, Chase P, Scampavia L, To J, Dalton JP, Da Silva FL, Skinner-Adams TS, Gardiner DL, Trenholme KR, Brown CL, Ghosh P, Porubsky P, Wang JL, Whipple DA, Schoenen FJ, Hodder P. Identification of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum M18 Aspartyl Aminopeptidase (PfM18AAP) of Human Malaria via High-Throughput Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1107-15. [PMID: 24619116 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114525852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The target of this study, the PfM18 aspartyl aminopeptidase (PfM18AAP), is the only AAP present in the genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfM18AAP is a metallo-exopeptidase that exclusively cleaves N-terminal acidic amino acids glutamate and aspartate. It is expressed in parasite cytoplasm and may function in concert with other aminopeptidases in protein degradation, of, for example, hemoglobin. Previous antisense knockdown experiments identified a lethal phenotype associated with PfM18AAP, suggesting that it is a valid target for new antimalaria therapies. To identify inhibitors of PfM18AAP function, a fluorescence enzymatic assay was developed using recombinant PfM18AAP enzyme and a fluorogenic peptide substrate (H-Glu-NHMec). This was screened against the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network collection of ~292,000 compounds (the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository). A cathepsin L1 (CTSL1) enzyme-based assay was developed and used as a counter screen to identify compounds with nonspecific activity. Enzymology and phenotypic assays were used to determine mechanism of action and efficacy of selective and potent compounds identified from high-throughput screening. Two structurally related compounds, CID 6852389 and CID 23724194, yielded micromolar potency and were inactive in CTSL1 titration experiments (IC50>59.6 µM). As measured by the K(i) assay, both compounds demonstrated micromolar noncompetitive inhibition in the PfM18AAP enzyme assay. Both CID 6852389 and CID 23724194 demonstrated potency in malaria growth assays (IC504 µM and 1.3 µM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Spicer
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Virneliz Fernandez-Vega
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Peter Chase
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Joyce To
- Institute for Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John P Dalton
- Institute for Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabio L Da Silva
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald L Gardiner
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher L Brown
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Partha Ghosh
- The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Patrick Porubsky
- The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jenna L Wang
- The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David A Whipple
- The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- The University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Peter Hodder
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
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13
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McGowan S. Working in concert: the metalloaminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:828-35. [PMID: 23948130 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains the world's most prevalent human parasitic disease. Because of the rapid spread of drug resistance in parasites, there is an urgent need to identify diverse new drug targets. One group of proteases that are emerging as targets for novel antimalarials are the metalloaminopeptidases. These enzymes catalyze the removal of the N-terminal amino acids from proteins and peptides. Given the restricted specificities of each of these enzymes for different N-terminal amino acids, it is thought that they act in concert to facilitate protein turnover. Here we review recent structure and functional data relating to the development of the Plasmodium falciparum metalloaminopeptidases as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena McGowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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14
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Gitau EN, Kokwaro GO, Karanja H, Newton CRJC, Ward SA. Plasma and cerebrospinal proteomes from children with cerebral malaria differ from those of children with other encephalopathies. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1494-503. [PMID: 23888081 PMCID: PMC3789566 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral malaria in children are nonspecific and are seen in other common encephalopathies in malaria-endemic areas. This makes accurate diagnosis difficult in resource-poor settings. Novel malaria-specific diagnostic and prognostic methods are needed. We have used 2 proteomic strategies to identify differentially expressed proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from children with a diagnosis of cerebral malaria, compared with those with a diagnosis of malaria-slide-negative acute bacterial meningitis and other nonspecific encephalopathies. Here we report the presence of differentially expressed proteins in cerebral malaria in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid that could be used to better understand pathogenesis and help develop more-specific diagnostic methods. In particular, we report the expression of 2 spectrin proteins that have known Plasmodium falciparum–binding partners involved in the stability of the infected red blood cell, suppressing further invasion and possibly enhancing the red blood cell's ability to sequester in microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N Gitau
- Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
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15
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Méndez D, Hernáez ML, Kamali AN, Diez A, Puyet A, Bautista JM. Differential carbonylation of cytoskeletal proteins in blood group O erythrocytes: Potential role in protection against severe malaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1780-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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X-ray Crystal Structure and Specificity of the Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Aminopeptidase PfM18AAP. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:495-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Méndez D, Hernáez ML, Diez A, Puyet A, Bautista JM. Combined Proteomic Approaches for the Identification of Specific Amino Acid Residues Modified by 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal under Physiological Conditions. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5770-81. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100555v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darío Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Hernáez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain, The Proteomics Unit UCM-Parque Científico de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Mucha A, Drag M, Dalton JP, Kafarski P. Metallo-aminopeptidase inhibitors. Biochimie 2010; 92:1509-29. [PMID: 20457213 PMCID: PMC7117057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are enzymes that selectively hydrolyze an amino acid residue from the N-terminus of proteins and peptides. They are important for the proper functioning of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but very often are central players in the devastating human diseases like cancer, malaria and diabetes. The largest aminopeptidase group include enzymes containing metal ion(s) in their active centers, which often determines the type of inhibitors that are the most suitable for them. Effective ligands mostly bind in a non-covalent mode by forming complexes with the metal ion(s). Here, we present several approaches for the design of inhibitors for metallo-aminopeptidases. The optimized structures should be considered as potential leads in the drug discovery process against endogenous and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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