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Morgan CE, Topazian HM, Brandt K, Mitchell C, Kashamuka MM, Muwonga J, Sompwe E, Juliano JJ, Bobanga T, Tshefu A, Emch M, Parr JB. Association between domesticated animal ownership and Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e516-e523. [PMID: 37269868 PMCID: PMC10319634 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domesticated animal ownership is an understudied aspect of the human environment that influences mosquito biting behaviour and malaria transmission, and is a key part of national economies and livelihoods in malaria-endemic regions. In this study, we aimed to understand differences in Plasmodium falciparum prevalence by ownership status of common domesticated animals in DR Congo, where 12% of the world's malaria cases occur and anthropophilic Anopheles gambiae vectors predominate. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we used survey data from individuals aged 15-59 years in the most recent (2013-14) DR Congo Demographic and Health Survey and previously performed Plasmodium quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to estimate P falciparum prevalence differences by household ownership of cattle; chickens; donkeys, horses, or mules; ducks; goats; sheep; and pigs. We used directed acyclic graphs to consider confounding by age, gender, wealth, modern housing, treated bednet use, agricultural land ownership, province, and rural location. FINDINGS Of 17 701 participants who had qPCR results and covariate data, 8917 (50·4%) of whom owned a domesticated animal, we observed large differences in malaria prevalence across types of animals owned in both crude and adjusted models. Household chicken ownership was associated with 3·9 (95% CI 0·6 to 7·1) more P falciparum infections per 100 people, whereas cattle ownership was associated with 9·6 (-15·8 to -3·5) fewer P falciparum infections per 100 people, even after accounting for bednet use, wealth, and housing structure. INTERPRETATION Our finding of a protective association conferred by cattle ownership suggests that zooprophylaxis interventions might have a role in DR Congo, possibly by drawing An gambiae feeding away from humans. Studies of animal husbandry practices and associated mosquito behaviours could reveal opportunities for new malaria interventions. FUNDING The National Institutes of Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. TRANSLATIONS For the French and Lingala translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hillary M Topazian
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katerina Brandt
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cedar Mitchell
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jérémie Muwonga
- Programme National de La Lutte Contre Le SIDA, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - Eric Sompwe
- Programme National de La Lutte Contre Le Paludisme, Kinshasa, DR Congo; Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thierry Bobanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | | | - Michael Emch
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pham-Thanh L, Nguyen-Tien T, Magnusson U, Bui VN, Bui AN, Lundkvist Å, Vu DT, Tran SH, Can MX, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl JF. Zoonotic Flavivirus Exposure in Peri-Urban and Suburban Pig-Keeping in Hanoi, Vietnam, and the Knowledge and Preventive Practices of Pig Farmers. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7050079. [PMID: 35622706 PMCID: PMC9143339 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs), including those caused by flaviviruses, remain human health problems for developing and urbanizing economies. This cross-sectional study examined risks of flavivirus exposure through a survey regarding knowledge and practices of pig farmers, and serological analysis of pigs in peri-urban and suburban Hanoi city. A total of 636 pig sera from 179 pig farms in 4 districts, namely, Chuong My, Dan Phuong, Ha Dong, and Bac Tu Liem, were analyzed by a competitive ELISA designed for flavivirus antibody detection. The results indicated a low level of awareness about MBDs among pig farmers, and a high seroprevalence in pigs at 88.5% (95%CI = 85.8–90.9%). Moreover, common practices of pig owners to prevent mosquitoes at home and farm did not show a significant reduction in flavivirus exposure in pigs. At animal level, significant associations between seropositive pigs and the farms with more than 60 pigs, and the district location were found. Farm-level multivariable analysis did not identify significant risk factors for flavivirus exposure. The study suggests that improving awareness of pig owners about MBDs in Hanoi city may be warranted to reduce the risk for MBD flavivirus infections in both humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pham-Thanh
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-934-109-999
| | - Thang Nguyen-Tien
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.N.B.); (A.N.B.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Duoc Trong Vu
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Son Hai Tran
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (D.T.V.); (S.H.T.)
| | - Minh Xuan Can
- Hanoi Sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.N.-V.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Istiana I, Hadi U, Dachlan YP, Arwati H. Malaria at Forest Areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia: Risk Factors and Strategies for Elimination. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: South Kalimantan is one of province in Indonesia which has endemic area, mainly in the villages at forest area. Understanding the risk factors which can increase the risk of malaria in individuals at forest area will enable more effective use for controlling the disease. The identification of risk factors will provide information about local malaria epidemiology and usefull for making appropriate and effective malaria eradication program policies in this area.
AIM: To know the risk factors of malaria prevalence in endemic forest areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 adult people who lived in Batu Bulan Village and Batu Paha Village, South Kalimantan. Blood samples for malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic test is taken from cubital vein. Household factors and demographic data were obtained. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to analyze the factors associated with malaria prevalence in South Kalimantan. This research didn’t do vector survey, only on the prevalence of malaria and risk factor in human and environment.
RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria based RDT examination was 35.5% with 23.68% Plasmodium falciparum, 21.05% Plasmodium vivax, and 55.27% mixed infection. The prevalence malaria based on microscopic examination was 17.75% with 47.36% P. falciparum, 26.32% P. vivax, and 26.32% mix infection. Demographic factors influencing the prevalence of malaria were aged below 25-years-old (p = 0.01, 95% CI, OR = 2.289), villages in Batu Paha (p = 0.048, 95% CI, OR = 3.55), and occupation as a forest worker (p = 0.022, 95% CI, OR = 6.38). House factors that influence the prevalence of malaria were the condition of the walls that are open or not tight (p = 0.048 95% CI, OR = 5.205), the roof is made of plastic (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 2.831), and the presence of animal cage around the house (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 6.292).
CONCLUSIONS: Malaria incidence remains occurs with high prevalence in the pupolation in remote forest areas.
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Pham-Thanh L, Nguyen-Tien T, Magnusson U, Bui-Nghia V, Bui-Ngoc A, Le-Thanh D, Lundkvist Å, Can-Xuan M, Nguyen-Thi Thu T, Vu-Thi Bich H, Lee HS, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl J. Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030507. [PMID: 33808552 PMCID: PMC8003331 DOI: 10.3390/v13030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum samples from 221 households in six districts of Hanoi were analyzed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the pr-E protein of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity. The overall flavivirus seroprevalence in the dog population was 70.7% (95% CI = 66.4–74.8%). At the animal level, significant associations between seropositive dogs and district location, age, breed and keeping practice were determined. At the household level, the major risk factors were rural and peri-urban locations, presence of pigs, coil burning and households without mosquito-borne disease experience (p < 0.05). Mosquito control by using larvicides or electric traps could lower seropositivity, but other measures did not contribute to significant risk mitigation of flavivirus exposure in dogs. These results will support better control of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi, and they indicate that dogs can be used as sentinels for flavivirus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pham-Thanh
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-934-109-999
| | - Thang Nguyen-Tien
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Vuong Bui-Nghia
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Anh Bui-Ngoc
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Duy Le-Thanh
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Minh Can-Xuan
- Hanoi Sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.T.); (H.V.-T.B.)
| | - Hau Vu-Thi Bich
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.T.); (H.V.-T.B.)
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Hasyim H, Dhimal M, Bauer J, Montag D, Groneberg DA, Kuch U, Müller R. Does livestock protect from malaria or facilitate malaria prevalence? A cross-sectional study in endemic rural areas of Indonesia. Malar J 2018; 17:302. [PMID: 30126462 PMCID: PMC6102806 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ever since it was discovered that zoophilic vectors can transmit malaria, zooprophylaxis has been used to prevent the disease. However, zoopotentiation has also been observed. Thus, the presence of livestock has been widely accepted as an important variable for the prevalence and risk of malaria, but the effectiveness of zooprophylaxis remained subject to debate. This study aims to critically analyse the effects of the presence of livestock on malaria prevalence using a large dataset from Indonesia. Methods This study is based on data from the Indonesia Basic Health Research (“Riskesdas”) cross-sectional survey of 2007 organized by the National Institute of Health Research and Development of Indonesia’s Ministry of Health. The subset of data used in the present study included 259,885 research participants who reside in the rural areas of 176 regencies throughout the 15 provinces of Indonesia where the prevalence of malaria is higher than the national average. The variable “existence of livestock” and other independent demographic, social and behavioural variables were tested as potential determinants for malaria prevalence by multivariate logistic regressions. Results Raising medium-sized animals in the house was a significant predictor of malaria prevalence (OR = 2.980; 95% CI 2.348–3.782, P < 0.001) when compared to keeping such animals outside of the house (OR = 1.713; 95% CI 1.515–1.937, P < 0.001). After adjusting for gender, age, access to community health facility, sewage canal condition, use of mosquito nets and insecticide-treated bed nets, the participants who raised medium-sized animals inside their homes were 2.8 times more likely to contract malaria than respondents who did not (adjusted odds ratio = 2.809; 95% CI 2.207–3.575; P < 0.001). Conclusions The results of this study highlight the importance of livestock for malaria transmission, suggesting that keeping livestock in the house contributes to malaria risk rather than prophylaxis in Indonesia. Livestock-based interventions should therefore play a significant role in the implementation of malaria control programmes, and focus on households with a high proportion of medium-sized animals in rural areas. The implementation of a “One Health” strategy to eliminate malaria in Indonesia by 2030 is strongly recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2447-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia.
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jan Bauer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Doreen Montag
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David A Groneberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kesteman T, Randrianarivelojosia M, Rogier C. The protective effectiveness of control interventions for malaria prevention: a systematic review of the literature. F1000Res 2017; 6:1932. [PMID: 29259767 PMCID: PMC5721947 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12952.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thanks to a considerable increase in funding, malaria control interventions (MCI) whose efficacy had been demonstrated by controlled trials have been largely scaled up during the last decade. Nevertheless, it was not systematically investigated whether this efficacy had been preserved once deployed on the field. Therefore, we sought the literature to assess the disparities between efficacy and effectiveness and the effort to measure the protective effectiveness (PE) of MCI. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for references with keywords related to malaria, to control interventions for prevention and to study designs that allow for the measure of the PE against parasitemia or against clinical outcomes. Results: Our search retrieved 1423 references, and 162 articles were included in the review. Publications were scarce before the year 2000 but dramatically increased afterwards. Bed nets was the MCI most studied (82.1%). The study design most used was a cross-sectional study (65.4%). Two thirds (67.3%) were conducted at the district level or below, and the majority (56.8%) included only children even if the MCI didn’t target only children. Not all studies demonstrated a significant PE from exposure to MCI: 60.6% of studies evaluating bed nets, 50.0% of those evaluating indoor residual spraying, and 4/8 showed an added PE of using both interventions as compared with one only; this proportion was 62.5% for intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women, and 20.0% for domestic use of insecticides. Conclusions: This review identified numerous local findings of low, non-significant PE –or even the absence of a protective effect provided by these MCIs. The identification of such failures in the effectiveness of MCIs advocates for the investigation of the causes of the problem found. Ideal evaluations of the PE of MCIs should incorporate both a large representativeness and an evaluation of the PE stratified by subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kesteman
- Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France.,Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Christophe Rogier
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Ecole doctorale Sciences de la vie et de l'environnement, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Institute for Biomedical Research of the French Armed Forces (IRBA), Brétigny-Sur-Orge , France.,Unité de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes - (URMITE), Marseille, France
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Asale A, Duchateau L, Devleesschauwer B, Huisman G, Yewhalaw D. Zooprophylaxis as a control strategy for malaria caused by the vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae): a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:160. [PMID: 29157310 PMCID: PMC5697156 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zooprophylaxis is the use of wild or domestic animals, which are not the reservoir host of a given disease, to divert the blood-seeking malaria vectors from human hosts. In this paper, we systematically reviewed zooprophylaxis to assess its efficacy as a malaria control strategy and to evaluate the possible methods of its application. Methods The electronic databases, PubMed Central®, Web of Science, Science direct, and African Journals Online were searched using the key terms: “zooprophylaxis” or “cattle and malaria”, and reports published between January 1995 and March 2016 were considered. Thirty-four reports on zooprophylaxis were retained for the systematic review. Results It was determined that Anopheles arabiensis is an opportunistic feeder. It has a strong preference for cattle odour when compared to human odour, but feeds on both hosts. Its feeding behaviour depends on the available hosts, varying from endophilic and endophagic to exophilic and exophagic. There are three essential factors for zooprophylaxis to be effective in practice: a zoophilic and exophilic vector, habitat separation between human and host animal quarters, and augmenting zooprophylaxis with insecticide treatment of animals or co-intervention of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and/or indoor residual spraying. Passive zooprophylaxis can be applied only in malaria vector control if cattle and human dwellings are separated in order to avoid the problem of zoopotentiation. Conclusions The outcomes of using zooprophylaxis as a malaria control strategy varied across locations. It is therefore advised to conduct a site-specific evaluation of its effectiveness in vector control before implementing zooprophylaxis as the behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes varies across localities and circumstances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Asale
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerdien Huisman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kesteman T, Randrianarivelojosia M, Raharimanga V, Randrianasolo L, Piola P, Rogier C. Effectiveness of malaria control interventions in Madagascar: a nationwide case-control survey. Malar J 2016; 15:83. [PMID: 26867661 PMCID: PMC4751752 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Madagascar, as other malaria endemic countries, depends mainly on international funding for the implementation of malaria control interventions (MCI). As these funds no longer increase, policy makers need to know whether these MCI actually provide the expected protection. This study aimed at measuring the effectiveness of MCI deployed in all transmission patterns of Madagascar in 2012–2013 against the occurrence of clinical malaria cases. Methods From September 2012 to August 2013, patients consulting for non-complicated malaria in 31 sentinel health centres (SHC) were asked to answer a short questionnaire about long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) use, indoor residual spraying (IRS) in the household and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women (IPTp) intake. Controls were healthy all-ages individuals sampled from a concurrent cross-sectional survey conducted in areas surrounding the SHC. Cases and controls were retained in the database if they were resident of the same communes. The association between Plasmodium infection and exposure to MCI was calculated by multivariate multilevel models, and the protective effectiveness (PE) of an intervention was defined as 1 minus the odds ratio of this association. Results Data about 841 cases (out of 6760 cases observed in SHC) and 8284 controls was collected. The regular use of LLIN provided a significant 51 % PE (95 % CI [16–71]) in multivariate analysis, excluding in one transmission pattern where PE was −11 % (95 % CI [−251 to 65]) in univariate analysis. The PE of IRS was 51 % (95 % CI [31–65]), and the PE of exposure to both regular use of LLIN and IRS was 72 % (95 % CI [28–89]) in multivariate analyses. Vector control interventions avoided yearly over 100,000 clinical cases of malaria in Madagascar. The maternal PE of IPTp was 73 %. Conclusions In Madagascar, LLIN and IRS had good PE against clinical malaria. These results may apply to other countries with similar transmission profiles, but such case–control surveys could be recommended to identify local failures in the effectiveness of MCI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1132-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kesteman
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101, Avaradoha, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Unité de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes (URMITE) - UMR 6236, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France. .,Fondation Mérieux, 17 rue Bourgelat, 69002, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Vaomalala Raharimanga
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101, Avaradoha, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Laurence Randrianasolo
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101, Avaradoha, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Patrice Piola
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101, Avaradoha, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, 101, Avaradoha, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Unité de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes (URMITE) - UMR 6236, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France. .,Institute for Biomedical Research of the French Armed Forces (IRBA), BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-Sur-Orge Cedex, France.
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Donnelly B, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Michel P. A systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for malaria control. Malar J 2015; 14:313. [PMID: 26264913 PMCID: PMC4533963 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated vector management (IVM) is recommended as a sustainable approach to malaria control. IVM consists of combining vector control methods based on scientific evidence to maximize efficacy and cost-effectiveness while minimizing negative impacts, such as insecticide resistance and environmental damage. Zooprophylaxis has been identified as a possible component of IVM as livestock may draw mosquitoes away from humans, decreasing human-vector contact and malaria transmission. It is possible, however, that livestock may actually draw mosquitoes to humans, increasing malaria transmission (zoopotentiation). The goal of this paper is to take a realist approach to a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature to understand the contexts under which zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation occur. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched using the keywords 'zooprophylaxis' and 'zoopotentiation', and forward and backward citation tracking employed, to identify relevant articles. Only empirical, peer-reviewed articles were included. Critical appraisal was applied to articles retained for full review. RESULTS Twenty empirical studies met inclusion criteria after critical appraisal. A range of experimental and observational study designs were reported. Outcome measures included human malaria infection and mosquito feeding behaviour. Two key factors were consistently associated with zooprophylaxis and zoopotentiation: the characteristics of the local mosquito vector, and the location of livestock relative to human sleeping quarters. These associations were modified by the use of bed nets and socio-economic factors. DISCUSSION This review suggests that malaria risk is reduced (zooprophylaxis) in areas where predominant mosquito species do not prefer human hosts, where livestock are kept at a distance from human sleeping quarters at night, and where mosquito nets or other protective measures are used. Zoopotentiation occurs where livestock are housed within or near human sleeping quarters at night and where mosquito species prefer human hosts. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that zooprophylaxis could be part of an effective strategy to reduce malaria transmission under specific ecological and geographical conditions. The current scientific evidence base is inconclusive on understanding the role of socio-economic factors, optimal distance between livestock and human sleeping quarters, and the effect of animal species and number on zooprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blánaid Donnelly
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Lea Berrang-Ford
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Pascal Michel
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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Chirebvu E, Chimbari MJ, Ngwenya BN. Assessment of risk factors associated with malaria transmission in tubu village, northern botswana. Malar Res Treat 2014; 2014:403069. [PMID: 24757573 PMCID: PMC3976786 DOI: 10.1155/2014/403069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated potential risk factors associated with malaria transmission in Tubu village, Okavango subdistrict, a malaria endemic area in northern Botswana. Data was derived from a census questionnaire survey, participatory rural appraisal workshop, field observations, and mosquito surveys. History of malaria episodes was associated with several factors: household income (P < 0.05), late outdoor activities (OR = 7.016; CI = 1.786-27.559), time spent outdoors (P = 0.051), travel outside study area (OR = 2.70; CI = 1.004-7.260), nonpossession of insecticide treated nets (OR = 0.892; CI = 0.797-0.998), hut/house structure (OR = 11.781; CI = 3.868-35.885), and homestead location from water bodies (P < 0.05). No associations were established between history of malaria episodes and the following factors: being a farmer (P > 0.05) and number of nets possessed (P > 0.05). Eave size was not associated with mosquito bites (P > 0.05), frequency of mosquito bites (P > 0.05), and time of mosquito bites (P > 0.05). Possession of nets was very high (94.7%). Close proximity of a health facility and low vegetation cover were added advantages. Some of the identified risk factors are important for developing effective control and elimination strategies involving the community, with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Chirebvu
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana
| | - Moses John Chimbari
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Barbara Ntombi Ngwenya
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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11
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Abstract
Emerging vector-borne diseases are an important issue in global health. Many vector-borne pathogens have appeared in new regions in the past two decades, while many endemic diseases have increased in incidence. Although introductions and emergence of endemic pathogens are often considered to be distinct processes, many endemic pathogens are actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. We draw attention to key differences between dynamics and disease burden that result from increased pathogen transmission after habitat change and after introduction into new regions. Local emergence is commonly driven by changes in human factors as much as by enhanced enzootic cycles, whereas pathogen invasion results from anthropogenic trade and travel where and when conditions (eg, hosts, vectors, and climate) are suitable for a pathogen. Once a pathogen is established, ecological factors related to vector characteristics can shape the evolutionary selective pressure and result in increased use of people as transmission hosts. We describe challenges inherent in the control of vector-borne zoonotic diseases and some emerging non-traditional strategies that could be effective in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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12
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Komazawa O, Kaneko S, K’Opiyo J, Kiche I, Wanyua S, Shimada M, Karama M. Are long-lasting insecticidal nets effective for preventing childhood deaths among non-net users? A community-based cohort study in western Kenya. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49604. [PMID: 23185378 PMCID: PMC3501471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the distribution and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in Sub-Saharan Africa has made controlling malaria with ITNs more practical. We evaluated community effects induced by ITNs, specifically long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), under ordinary conditions in an endemic malaria area of Western Kenya. METHODS Using the database from Mbita Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), children younger than 5 years old were assessed over four survey periods. We analyzed the effect of bed net usage, LLIN density and population density of young people around a child on all-cause child mortality (ACCM) rates using Cox PH models. RESULTS During the study, 14,554 children were followed and 250 deaths were recorded. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for LLIN usage compared with no net usage were not significant among the models: 1.08 (95%CI 0.76-1.52), 1.19 (95%CI 0.69-2.08) and 0.92 (95%CI 0.42-2.02) for LLIN users, untreated net users, and any net users, respectively. A significant increasing linear trend in risk across LLIN density quartiles (HR=1.25; 95%CI 1.03-1.51) and a decreasing linear trend in risk across young population density quartiles among non-net user children (HR=0.77; 95%CI 0.63-0.94) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Although our data showed that current LLIN coverage level (about 35%) could induce a community effect to protect children sleeping without bed nets even in a malaria-endemic area, it appears that a better system is needed to monitor the current malaria situation globally in order to optimize malaria control programs with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osuke Komazawa
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ibrahim Kiche
- NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Mbita, Kenya
| | | | - Masaaki Shimada
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohamed Karama
- Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
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