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Sharabi S, Bresler Y, Ravid O, Shemesh C, Atrakchi D, Schnaider-Beeri M, Gosselet F, Dehouck L, Last D, Guez D, Daniels D, Mardor Y, Cooper I. Transient blood-brain barrier disruption is induced by low pulsed electrical fields in vitro: an analysis of permeability and trans-endothelial electric resistivity. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:459-469. [PMID: 30957567 PMCID: PMC6461088 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1571123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is limiting transcellular and paracellular movement of molecules and cells, controls molecular traffic, and keeps out toxins. However, this protective function is the major hurdle for treating brain diseases such as brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. It was previously demonstrated that high pulsed electrical fields (PEFs) can disrupt the BBB by inducing electroporation (EP) which increases the permeability of the transcellular route. Our goal was to study the effects of low PEFs, well below the threshold of EP on the integrity and function of the BBB. Ten low voltage pulses (5–100 V) were applied to a human in vitro BBB model. Changes in permeability to small molecules (NaF) were studied as well as changes in impedance spectrum and trans-endothelial electric resistivity. Viability and EP were evaluated by Presto-Blue and endogenous Lactate dehydrogenase release assays. The effect on tight junction and adherent junction protein was also studied. The results of low voltage experiments were compared to high voltage experiments (200–1400 V). A significant increase in permeability was found at voltages as low as 10 V despite EP only occurring from 100 V. The changes in permeability as a function of applied voltage were fitted to an inverse-exponential function, suggesting a plateau effect. Staining of VE-cadherin showed specific changes in protein expression. The results indicate that low PEFs can transiently disrupt the BBB by affecting the paracellular route, although the mechanism remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Sharabi
- a The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Yael Bresler
- a The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Orly Ravid
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Chen Shemesh
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Dana Atrakchi
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider-Beeri
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,d Department of Psychiatry , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- e Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE) , Université d'Artois , Lens , France
| | - Lucie Dehouck
- e Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE) , Université d'Artois , Lens , France
| | - David Last
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - David Guez
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Dianne Daniels
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- a The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Itzik Cooper
- b The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Ramat Gan , Israel.,f Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya , Herzliya , Israel
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Childs PG, Boyle CA, Pemberton GD, Nikukar H, Curtis AS, Henriquez FL, Dalby MJ, Reid S. Use of nanoscale mechanical stimulation for control and manipulation of cell behaviour. Acta Biomater 2016; 34:159-168. [PMID: 26612418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control cell behaviour, cell fate and simulate reliable tissue models in vitro remains a significant challenge yet is crucial for various applications of high throughput screening e.g. drug discovery. Mechanotransduction (the ability of cells to convert mechanical forces in their environment to biochemical signalling) represents an alternative mechanism to attain this control with such studies developing techniques to reproducibly control the mechanical environment in techniques which have potential to be scaled. In this review, the use of techniques such as finite element modelling and precision interferometric measurement are examined to provide context for a novel technique based on nanoscale vibration, also known as "nanokicking". Studies have shown this stimulus to alter cellular responses in both endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly in increased proliferation rate and induced osteogenesis respectively. Endothelial cell lines were exposed to nanoscale vibration amplitudes across a frequency range of 1-100 Hz, and MSCs primarily at 1 kHz. This technique provides significant potential benefits over existing technologies, as cellular responses can be initiated without the use of expensive engineering techniques and/or chemical induction factors. Due to the reproducible and scalable nature of the apparatus it is conceivable that nanokicking could be used for controlling cell behaviour within a wide array of high throughput procedures in the research environment, within drug discovery, and for clinical/therapeutic applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The results discussed within this article summarise the potential benefits of using nanoscale vibration protocols for controlling cell behaviour. There is a significant need for reliable tissue models within the clinical and pharma industries, and the control of cell behaviour and stem cell differentiation would be highly beneficial. The full potential of this method of controlling cell behaviour has not yet been realised.
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