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McCreery KP, Luetkemeyer CM, Calve S, Neu CP. Hyperelastic characterization reveals proteoglycans drive the nanoscale strain-stiffening response in hyaline cartilage. J Biomech 2023; 146:111397. [PMID: 36469996 PMCID: PMC9922104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) result in deterioration of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, significantly compromising tissue function. For measurement of mechanical properties at micron resolution, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a leading technique in biomaterials research, including in the study of OA. It is common practice to determine material properties by applying classical Hertzian contact theory to AFM data. However, errors are consequential because the application of a linear elastic contact model to tissue ignores the fact that soft materials exhibit nonlinear properties even at small strains, influencing the biological conclusions of clinically-relevant studies. Additionally, nonlinear material properties are not well characterized, limiting physiological relevance of Young's modulus. Here, we probe the ECM of hyaline cartilage with AFM and explore the application of Hertzian theory in comparison to five hyperelastic models: NeoHookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Fung, and Ogden. The Fung and Ogden models achieved the best fits of the data, but the Fung model demonstrated robust sensitivity during model validation, demonstrating its ideal application to cartilage ECM and potentially other connective tissues. To develop a biological understanding of the Fung nonlinear parameter, we selectively degraded ECM components to target collagens (purified collagenase), hyaluronan (bacterial hyaluronidase), and glycosaminoglycans (chondroitinase ABC). We found significant differences in both Fung parameters in response to enzymatic treatment, indicating that proteoglycans drive the nonlinear response of cartilage ECM, and validating biological relevance of these phenomenological parameters. Our findings add value to the biomechanics community of using two-parameter material models for microindentation of soft biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P McCreery
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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2
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Caetano-Silva S, Simbi BH, Marr N, Hibbert A, Allen SP, Pitsillides AA. Restraint upon Embryonic Metatarsal Ex Vivo Growth by Hydrogel Reveals Interaction between Quasi-Static Load and the mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413220. [PMID: 34948015 PMCID: PMC8706285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues play a vital role in limb skeletal development, yet their influence and underpinning mechanisms in the regulation of endochondral ossification (EO) processes are incompletely defined. Furthermore, interactions between endochondral growth and mechanics and the mTOR/NF-ĸB pathways are yet to be explored. An appreciation of how mechanical cues regulate EO would also clearly be beneficial in the context of fracture healing and bone diseases, where these processes are recapitulated. The study herein addresses the hypothesis that the mTOR/NF-ĸB pathways interact with mechanics to control endochondral growth. To test this, murine embryonic metatarsals were incubated ex vivo in a hydrogel, allowing for the effects of quasi-static loading on longitudinal growth to be assessed. The results showed significant restriction of metatarsal growth under quasi-static loading during a 14-day period and concentration-dependent sensitivity to hydrogel-related restriction. This study also showed that hydrogel-treated metatarsals retain their viability and do not present with increased apoptosis. Metatarsals exhibited reversal of the growth-restriction when co-incubated with mTOR compounds, whilst it was found that these compounds showed no effects under basal culture conditions. Transcriptional changes linked to endochondral growth were assessed and downregulation of Col2 and Acan was observed in hydrogel-treated metatarsi at day 7. Furthermore, cell cycle analyses confirmed the presence of chondrocytes exhibiting S-G2/M arrest. These data indicate that quasi-static load provokes chondrocyte cell cycle arrest, which is partly overcome by mTOR, with a less marked interaction for NF-ĸB regulators.
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Patel JM, Loebel C, Saleh KS, Wise BC, Bonnevie ED, Miller LM, Carey JL, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Stabilization of Damaged Articular Cartilage with Hydrogel-Mediated Reinforcement and Sealing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100315. [PMID: 33738988 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage injuries and subsequent tissue deterioration impact millions of patients. Since the regeneration of functional hyaline cartilage remains elusive, methods to stabilize the remaining tissue, and prevent further deterioration, would be of significant clinical utility and prolong joint function. Finite element modeling shows that fortification of the degenerate cartilage (Reinforcement) and reestablishment of a superficial zone (Sealing) are both required to restore fluid pressurization within the tissue and restrict fluid flow and matrix loss from the defect surface. Here, a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel system is designed to both interdigitate with and promote the sealing of the degenerated cartilage. Interdigitating fortification restores both bulk and local pericellular tissue mechanics, reestablishing the homeostatic mechanotransduction of endogenous chondrocytes within the tissue. This HA therapy is further functionalized to present chemo mechanical cues that improve the attachment and direct the response of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells at the defect site, guiding localized extracellular matrix deposition to "seal" the defect. Together, these results support the therapeutic potential, across cell and tissue length scales, of an innovative hydrogel therapy for the treatment of damaged cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M. Patel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Orthopaedics Emory University School of Medicine 201 Dowman Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
| | - Kamiel S. Saleh
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Brian C. Wise
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Edward D. Bonnevie
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Liane M. Miller
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - James L. Carey
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
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4
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Matheson AR, Sheehy EJ, Jay GD, Scott WM, O'Brien FJ, Schmidt TA. The role of synovial fluid constituents in the lubrication of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for cartilage repair. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104445. [PMID: 33740688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived scaffolds have shown promise as tissue-engineered grafts for promoting cartilage repair. However, there has been a lack of focus on fine-tuning the frictional properties of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering as well as understanding their interactions with synovial fluid constituents. Proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) are macromolecules within synovial fluid that play key roles as boundary mode lubricants during cartilage surface interactions. The overall objective of this study was to characterize the role PRG4 and HA play in the lubricating function of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffolds for cartilage repair. As a first step towards this goal, we aimed to develop a suitable in vitro friction test to establish the boundary mode lubrication parameters for collagen-GAG scaffolds articulated against glass in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) bath. Subsequently, we sought to leverage this system to determine the effect of physiological synovial fluid lubricants, PRG4 and HA, on the frictional properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds, with scaffolds hydrated in PBS and bovine synovial fluid (bSF) serving as negative and positive controls, respectively. At all compressive strains examined (ε = 0.1-0.5), fluid depressurization within hydrated collagen-GAG scaffolds was >99% complete at ½ minute. The coefficient of friction was stable at all compressive strains (ranging from a low 0.103 ± 0.010 at ε = 0.3 up to 0.121 ± 0.015 at ε = 0.4) and indicative of boundary-mode conditions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PRG4 from recombinant human (rh) and bovine sources adsorbed to collagen-GAG scaffolds and the coefficient of friction for scaffolds immersed in rhPRG4 (0.067 ± 0.027) and normal bSF (0.056 ± 0.020) solution decreased compared to PBS (0.118 ± 0.21, both p < 0.05, at ε = 0.2). The ability of the adsorbed rhPRG4 to reduce friction on the scaffolds indicates that its incorporation within collagen-GAG biomaterials may enhance their lubricating ability as potential tissue-engineered cartilage replacements. To conclude, this study reports the development of an in vitro friction test capable of characterizing the coefficient of friction of ECM-derived scaffolds tested in a range of synovial fluid lubricants and demonstrates frictional properties as a potential design parameter for implants and materials for soft tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn R Matheson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eamon J Sheehy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - W Michael Scott
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Sepúlveda RV, Eleotério In Memorian RB, Valente FL, Araújo FR, Sabino ADP, Evangelista FCG, Reis ECC, Borges APB. Canine umbilical cord perivascular tissue: A source of stem cells for therapy and research. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:193-202. [PMID: 32087438 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous sources of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) with therapeutic potential, and bone marrow is the main one. However, pain, lack of donors and comorbidities associated with harvesting stimulate the search for new sources of MSCs. The aim of this work is to obtain cells from umbilical cord (UC) perivascular tissue of dogs and characterize them as MSCs. For this, the UC was obtained from therapeutic cesarean sections and submitted to enzymatic digestion. The obtained cells were subjected to growth and proliferation tests, as well as the analysis of surface markers, differentiation test in three mesenchymal lineages and analysis of differentiation markers expression. From all the UC used in this study an adherent with fibroblastoid shape cell was obtained, with an initial number of 4.8 × 105 of cells. The growth curves showed a lag phase from 0 to 24 h, followed by a phase of growth of 24 to 168 h, and then phase of cell decay. The doubling time was kept around 15 h until the sixth passage, from which there were signs of cellular senescence. The differentiation assays demonstrated the ability of cells to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes when subjected to the induction mediums. The study of surface markers was positive for adhesion markers and negative for hematopoietic markers. Thus, cells obtained from canine UC perivascular tissue by enzymatic digestion are multipotent MSC and the protocol developed ensures the perivascular origin of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabiana Rocha Araújo
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fazaeli S, Ghazanfari S, Mirahmadi F, Everts V, Smit TH, Koolstra JH. The dynamic mechanical viscoelastic properties of the temporomandibular joint disc: The role of collagen and elastin fibers from a perspective of polymer dynamics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 100:103406. [PMID: 31473438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint disc is a structure, characterized as heterogeneous fibrocartilage, and is composed of macromolecular biopolymers. Despite a large body of characterization studies, the contribution of matrix biopolymers on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the disc is poorly understood. Given the high permeability and low concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the disc, it has been suggested that poro-elastic behavior can be neglected and that the intrinsic viscoelastic nature of solid matrix plays a dominant role in governing its time-dependent behavior. This study attempts to quantify the contribution of collagen and elastin fibers to the viscoelastic properties of the disc. Using collagenase and elastase, we perturbed the collagen and elastin fibrillar network in porcine temporomandibular joint discs and investigated the changes of dynamic viscoelastic properties in five different regions of the disc. Following both treatments, the storage and loss moduli of these regions were reduced dramatically up to the point that the tissue was no longer mechanically heterogeneous. However, the proportion of changes in storage and loss moduli were different for each treatment, reflected in the decrease and increase of the loss tangent for collagenase and elastase treated discs, respectively. The reduction of storage and loss moduli of the disc correlated with a decrease of biopolymer length. The present study indicates that the compositional and structural changes of collagen and elastin fibers alter the viscoelastic properties of the disc consistent with polymer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Fazaeli
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (Biotex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fereshteh Mirahmadi
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Theodoor Henri Smit
- Department of Medical Biology - Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan Harm Koolstra
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Pastrama MI, Ortiz AC, Zevenbergen L, Famaey N, Gsell W, Neu CP, Himmelreich U, Jonkers I. Combined enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans and collagen significantly alters intratissue strains in articular cartilage during cyclic compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:383-394. [PMID: 31349141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) progress, the matrix constituents, particularly collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, become damaged, therefore deteriorating the tissue's mechanical properties. This study aims to further the understanding of the effect of degradation of the different cartilage constituents on the mechanical loading environment in early stage OA. To this end, intact, collagen- and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage plugs were cyclically loaded in axial compression using an experimental model simulating in vivo cartilage-on-cartilage contact conditions in a micro-MRI scanner. Depletion of collagen and proteoglycans was achieved through enzymatic degradation with collagenase and chondroitinase ABC, respectively. Using a displacement-encoded imaging sequence (DENSE), strains were computed and compared in intact and degraded samples. The results revealed that, while degradation with one or the other enzyme had little effect on the contact strains, degradation with a combination of both enzymes caused an increase in the means and variance of the transverse, axial and shear strains, particularly in the superficial zone of the cartilage. This effect indicates that the balance between cartilage matrix constituents plays an essential role in maintaining the mechanical properties of the tissue, and a disturbance in this balance leads to a decrease of the load bearing capacity associated with degenerative joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioana Pastrama
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Caxaido Ortiz
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lianne Zevenbergen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Tissue Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Maier F, Lewis CG, Pierce DM. The evolving large-strain shear responses of progressively osteoarthritic human cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:810-822. [PMID: 30660720 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The composition and structure of articular cartilage evolves during the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) resulting in changing mechanical responses. We aimed to assess the evolution of the intrinsic, large-strain mechanics of human articular cartilage-governed by collagen and proteoglycan and their interactions-during the progression of OA. DESIGN We completed quasi-static, large-strain shear tests on 64 specimens from ten donors undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and quantified the corresponding state of OA (OARSI grade), structural integrity (PLM score), and composition (glycosaminoglycan and collagen content). RESULTS We observed nonlinear stress-strain relationships with distinct hystereses for all magnitudes of applied strain where stiffnesses, nonlinearities, and hystereses all reduced as OA advanced. We found a reduction in energy dissipation density up to 80% in severely degenerated (OARSI grade 4, OA-4) vs normal (OA-1) cartilage, and more importantly, we found that even cartilage with a normal appearance in structure and composition (OA-1) dissipated 50% less energy than healthy (control) load-bearing cartilage (HL0). Changes in stresses and stiffnesses were in general less pronounced and did not allow us to distinguish between healthy load-bearing controls and very early-stage OA (OA-1), or to distinguish consistently among different levels of degeneration, i.e., OARSI grades. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reductions in energy dissipation density can be detected by bulk-tissue testing, and that these reductions precede visible signs of degeneration. We highlight the potential of energy dissipation, as opposed to stress- or stiffness-based measures, as a marker to diagnose early-stage OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maier
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - C G Lewis
- Hartford Healthcare, Bone & Joint Institute, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D M Pierce
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
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9
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Comparison of Compressive Stress-Relaxation Behavior in Osteoarthritic (ICRS Graded) Human Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020413. [PMID: 29385029 PMCID: PMC5855635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder found mostly in elderly people. The role of mechanical behavior in the progression of OA is complex and remains unclear. The stress-relaxation behavior of human articular cartilage in clinically defined osteoarthritic stages may have importance in diagnosis and prognosis of OA. In this study we investigated differences in the biomechanical responses among human cartilage of ICRS grades I, II and III using polymer dynamics theory. We collected 24 explants of human articular cartilage (eight each of ICRS grade I, II and III) and acquired stress-relaxation data applying a continuous load on the articular surface of each cartilage explant for 1180 s. We observed a significant decrease in Young’s modulus, stress-relaxation time, and stretching exponent in advanced stages of OA (ICRS grade III). The stretch exponential model speculated that significant loss in hyaluronic acid polymer might be the reason for the loss of proteoglycan in advanced OA. This work encourages further biomechanical modelling of osteoarthritic cartilage utilizing these data as input parameters to enhance the fidelity of computational models aimed at revealing how mechanical behaviors play a role in pathogenesis of OA.
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10
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Gkousioudi A, Tzeranis DS, Kanakaris GP, Saloufas M, Alexopoulos LG. Quantifying Cartilage Biomechanical Properties Using a Linearized Frequency-Domain Method. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2061-2074. [PMID: 28573419 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage function relies on its unique mechanical behavior. Cartilage mechanics have been described by several analytic models, whose parameters are usually estimated by fitting their constitutive equations to stress-relaxation data. This procedure can be long and is prone to experimental and fitting errors. Τhis study describes a novel methodology for estimating the biomechanical properties of cartilage samples based on their linearized frequency response, derived by applying a series of small-amplitude harmonic displacements superimposed to a bias strain. The proposed methodology, denoted as linearized frequency-domain method (LFM), was demonstrated by quantifying the effects of collagenase and hyaluronidase on cartilage, where it provided robust cartilage parameter estimates that overall agreed well with estimates obtained by stress-relaxation analysis. LFM was also applied to unveil the strain-dependent nature of porcine cartilage biomechanical parameters. Results showed that increasing the bias strain from 5% to 15% caused a significant decrease in cartilage permeability but did not have significant effect on the compression modulus and the Poisson's ratio. Apart from cartilage, LFM can potentially quantify the strain-dependent nature of tissues and biomaterials, thereby enhance tissue-level understanding on organ physiology and pathology, lead to better computational tissue models, and guide tissue engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gkousioudi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80, Zografou, Greece.,School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 04, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - D S Tzeranis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80, Zografou, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - G P Kanakaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80, Zografou, Greece
| | - M Saloufas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80, Zografou, Greece
| | - L G Alexopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80, Zografou, Greece.
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11
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Xu X, Li Z, Cai L, Calve S, Neu CP. Mapping the Nonreciprocal Micromechanics of Individual Cells and the Surrounding Matrix Within Living Tissues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24272. [PMID: 27067516 PMCID: PMC4828668 DOI: 10.1038/srep24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in cell migration, gene expression, and differentiation. Biomechanics measurements of ECM are usually performed on cryotomed tissue sections. However, studies on cell/matrix interplay are impossible to perform due to disruptions in cell viability and tissue architecture from freeze-thaw cycling. We developed a technique to map the stiffness of living cells and surrounding matrix by atomic force microscopy and use fluorescence microscopy to relate those properties to changes in matrix and cell structure in embryonic and adult tissues in situ. Stiffness mapping revealed significant differences between vibratomed (living) and cryotomed tissues. Isolated cells are softer than those in native matrix, suggesting that cell mechanics are profoundly influenced by their three-dimensional environment and processing state. Viable tissues treated by hyaluronidase and cytochalasin D displayed targeted disruption of matrix and cytoskeletal networks, respectively. While matrix stiffness affected cellular stiffness, changes in cell mechanics did not reciprocally influence matrix stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luyao Cai
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah Calve
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering 206 South Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
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Griffin DJ, Vicari J, Buckley MR, Silverberg JL, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Effects of enzymatic treatments on the depth-dependent viscoelastic shear properties of articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1652-7. [PMID: 25196502 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that involves the erosion and structural weakening of articular cartilage. OA is characterized by the degradation of collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly at the articular surface by proteinases including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs).(1) Degradation of collagen and proteoglycans is known to alter shear mechanical properties of cartilage, but study of this phenomenon has been focused on bulk tissue properties. The purpose of this study was to assess microscale cartilage damage induced by trypsin or collagenase using a technique to measure the local shear viscoelastic properties. Safranin-O histology revealed a decrease in proteoglycans near the articular surface after collagenase and trypsin digestions, with proteoglycan depletion increasing in time. Similarly, confocal reflectance micrographs showed increasing collagen degradation in collagenase treated samples, although the collagen network remained intact after trypsin treatment. Both treatments induced changes in shear modulus that were confined to a narrow range (∼400µm) near tissue surface. In addition, collagenase altered the total energy dissipation distribution by up to a factor of 100, with longer digestion times corresponding to higher energy dissipation. The ability to detect local mechanical signatures in tissue composition and mechanics is an important tool for understanding the spatially non-uniform changes that occur in articular cartilage diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darvin J Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Encapsulation of Chondrocytes in High-Stiffness Agarose Microenvironments for In Vitro Modeling of Osteoarthritis Mechanotransduction. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1132-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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