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Samadd MA, Hossain MJ, Zahan MS, Islam MM, Rashid MA. A comprehensive account on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological insights of genus Celtis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29707. [PMID: 38726115 PMCID: PMC11078770 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The plants of Celtis L. genus have been traditionally used to cure aches, sore throats, fevers, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual weakness, diarrhea, stomach problems, amenorrhea, menstrual disorders, kidney stones, and pain. The review aims to give a comprehensive account of the current state of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of the Celtis genus, as well as to describe the potential area of future avenues. Information on the Celtis genus was obtained from internet sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and so on by using appropriate keywords, including ethnobotanical, pharmacological, pharmaceutical, bioactivity, phytochemistry, and botanical features of the Celtis genus. This review identified 14 species in the genus Celtis that have a phytopharmacological investigation, including C.africana Burm. f., C. australis L., C. occidentalis L., C. sinensis Pers., C. philippensis Blanco., C. tetrandra Roxb., C. tessmannii Rendle., C. jessoensis Koidz., C. adolfi-friderici Engl., C. iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg., C. laevigata Wild., C. pallida Torr., C. zenkeri Engl., and C. tournefortii Lam. This genus contains many classified phytoconstituents, such as terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, and volatile compounds. Their extracts and pure substances have been shown to have the same anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, urease-inhibiting, and antidiarrheal properties as their traditional uses. In terms of current information on ethnopharmacology, phytochemicals, and pharmacological uses, the data acquired in this review could be beneficial and needed for future research. Some phytoconstituents (for instance, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and eugenol) and extracts (for example, leaves, seeds, and ripe fruits extracts of C. australis) showed tremendous results in preliminary testing with promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and urease inhibitory effects. Further research and clinical investigations are needed to develop them as lead compounds and neutraceuticals, which may provide an advance over traditional medicinal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Samadd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Bangladesh, South Purbachal, Dhaka, 1461, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Bangladesh, South Purbachal, Dhaka, 1461, Bangladesh
| | - Miss Sharmin Zahan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Bangladesh, South Purbachal, Dhaka, 1461, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Bangladesh, South Purbachal, Dhaka, 1461, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Amanpour S, Akbari Javar M, Sarhadinejad Z, Doustmohammadi M, Moghadari M, Sarhadynejad Z. A systematic review of medicinal plants and herbal products' effectiveness in oral health and dental cure with health promotion approach. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:306. [PMID: 38023092 PMCID: PMC10670971 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1297_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants and herbal drugs are being used increasingly as part of primary health care in most parts of the world. As important adjunctive and alternative treatments for oral health care, herbal products' use may continue to increase and become more widespread. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive systematic review of the current published literature on the effectiveness of medicinal plants and herbal products employed to improve oral health in adolescents with a health promotion approach. The systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The keywords "herbal medicine," "herbal extract," "herbal supplements," "plant extract," "natural drug," "pulpitis," "dental caries," "oral viral diseases," and "abscess" were used in combination with the Boolean operators OR and AND. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The search yielded 49 original research studies. A total of 22 studies had low or unclear risk bias. The geographical distribution of included studies was primarily concentrated on western countries. Overall, studies reported herbal product users' age, ranging from young adults aged 18 years to elderly people aged 75 years or older. Most studies reported multiple compounds, including herbal drugs and herbal extracts. Chamomile and Aloe vera were the most frequently reported herbal compounds. The most commonly described herbal products to treat oral diseases were gels, mouth rinses, and pastes. The studies included a range of people with oral diseases, including periodontal and gingival diseases, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral lichen planus, and oral candidiasis. Herbal product interventions were found to be effective and safe alternatives for oral health care. One of the most important goals of the World Health Organization (until 2015) is the oral health index, so it is important that dental services be followed up more seriously. Considering the problems in reaching this goal of the World Health Organization in our country, herbal products have the ability to improve clinical oral health outcomes in adolescents. Limited adverse side effects indicate the overall safety of these treatments for a wide range of oral diseases. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants as well as alternative medicine is one of the useful methods in achieving this important goal of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amanpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbari Javar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sarhadinejad
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mohammadmahdi Doustmohammadi
- Health in Disasters and Emergencies Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Moghadari
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zarrin Sarhadynejad
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Persian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Faghih Z, Emami L, Zomoridian K, Sabet R, Bargebid R, Mansourian A, Zeinali B, Rostami Z, Khabnadideh S. Aryloxy Alkyl Theophylline Derivatives as Antifungal Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Computational Studies. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Faghih
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
| | - Leila Emami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomoridian
- Center of Basic Researches in Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Razieh Sabet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Rahele Bargebid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
| | - Ali Mansourian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Behnam Zeinali
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
| | - Zohre Rostami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
| | - Soghra Khabnadideh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1798 Shiraz Iran
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Lytic transglycosylase contributes to the survival of lipooligosaccharide-deficient, colistin-dependent Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:1156.e1-1156.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tachallait H, Bouyahya A, Talha A, Bakri Y, Dakka N, Demange L, Benhida R, Bougrin K. Concise synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 3-(1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazolyl)uridine nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800204. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Tachallait
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Aicha Talha
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Science; Mohamed V University; Rabat Morocco
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice; Nice France
- Département de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères; Paris France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice; Nice France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University; Benguerir Morocco
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Equipe de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, Faculty of Science, Geophysics, Natural Patrimony and Green Chemistry (GEOPAC) Research Center; Mohammed V University in Rabat; Rabat Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University; Benguerir Morocco
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Synthesis, anticancer and antibacterial evaluation of novel (isopropylidene) uridine-[1,2,3]triazole hybrids. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ruddarraju RR, Murugulla AC, Kotla R, Chandra Babu Tirumalasetty M, Wudayagiri R, Donthabakthuni S, Maroju R, Baburao K, Parasa LS. Design, synthesis, anticancer, antimicrobial activities and molecular docking studies of theophylline containing acetylenes and theophylline containing 1,2,3-triazoles with variant nucleoside derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:379-396. [PMID: 27487568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of theophylline containing acetylene derivatives (6a-6b and 7-13) and theophylline containing 1,2,3-triazoles with variant nucleoside derivatives (20-32) have been designed and synthesized. These compounds were screened for anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Further the computational docking and 2D QSAR were performed using MOE software to identify novel scaffolds. The results showed that compound 29 and 30 exhibit significant cytotoxic effect on all four cancer cells such as lung (A549), colon (HT-29), breast (MCF-7) and melanoma (A375) with IC50 values of 2.56, 2.19, 1.89, 4.89 μM and 3.57, 2.90, 2.10, 5.81 μM respectively. Whereas quite different results were observed for these compounds in antimicrobial studies. Compounds 11, 21 and 26 have exhibited significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The docking studies demonstrate that compound 27, 28, 29 and 30 have good dock score and binding affinities with various therapeutic targets in cancer cell proliferation. In addition these compounds have shown acceptable correlation with bioassay results in the regression plots generated in 2D QSAR models. This is the first report to demonstrate the theophylline containing acetylene derivatives and theophylline containing 1,2,3-triazole nucleoside hybrids as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents with comprehensive in silico analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adharvana Chari Murugulla
- Dr.MACS Bio-PharmaPvt.Ltd, Factory, Plot-79/B&C, Pasamylaram, Patancheru, Medak (Dist), 502307, Telangana, India.
| | - Ravindar Kotla
- Dr.MACS Bio-PharmaPvt.Ltd, Factory, Plot-79/B&C, Pasamylaram, Patancheru, Medak (Dist), 502307, Telangana, India
| | - Muni Chandra Babu Tirumalasetty
- Bioinformatics Center, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Wudayagiri
- Bioinformatics Center, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shobha Donthabakthuni
- Dr.MACS Bio-PharmaPvt.Ltd, Factory, Plot-79/B&C, Pasamylaram, Patancheru, Medak (Dist), 502307, Telangana, India
| | - Ravichandar Maroju
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, 500 075, Telangana, India
| | - K Baburao
- Department of Biotechnolgy, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Wong JP, DiTullio P, Parkinson S. Bisphosphocins: novel antimicrobials for enhanced killing of drug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1751-8. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the threat posed by drug-resistant superbugs are a leading challenge confronting modern medicine in the 21st century. However, the progress on the development of novel antibiotics to combat this problem is severely lagging. A more concerted effort to develop novel therapeutic agents with robust activity and unique mechanisms of action will be needed to overcome the problem of drug resistance. Furthermore, biofilm forming bacteria are known to be increasingly resistant to the actions of antibiotics and are a leading cause of mortality or morbidity in nosocomial infections. Bisphosphocins (also scientifically known as nubiotics) are novel small protonated deoxynucleotide molecules, and exert their antibacterial activity by depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane, causing bacterial cell death. Bisphosphocins may represent an effective weapon against antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. Preclinical efficacy studies in animals have shown that the compounds are safe and, efficacious against various bacterial infections, including drug-resistant pathogens. In vitro biochemical analysis confirmed that the bactericidal activity of bisphosphocins is mediated by depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane, and these compounds are better able to penetrate through bacterial biofilm and kill the biofilm encased bacteria. This article will cover the structure, mode of action, safety, efficacy and the current state of development of bisphosphocins. Together, the information presented here will present a strong case for bisphosphocins to be considered for use as new weapons to complement the existing arsenal of antimicrobial drugs and as a first line defence against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wong
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul DiTullio
- Lakewood-Amedex Inc., 3030 University Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
| | - Steve Parkinson
- Lakewood-Amedex Inc., 3030 University Pkwy, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
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Synergistic activity of phenazines isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in combination with azoles against Candida species. Med Mycol 2014; 52:482-90. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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El Shazely B, Veverka V, Fucík V, Voburka Z, Zdárek J, Cerovský V. Lucifensin II, a defensin of medicinal maggots of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:571-578. [PMID: 23802451 DOI: 10.1603/me12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel homolog of insect defensin, designated lucifensin II (Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann [Diptera: Calliphoridae] defensin), was purified from hemolymph extract from larvae of the blowfly L. cuprina. The full-length primary sequence of this peptide of 40 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bridges was determined by electrospray ionization-orbitrap mass spectrometry and Edman degradation and is almost identical to the previously identified sequence of lucifensin (Lucilia sericata Meigen defensin). Lucifensin II sequence differs from that of lucifensin by only one amino acid residue, that is, by isoleucine instead of valine at position 11. The presence of lucifensin II also was detected in the extracts of other larval tissues, such as gut, salivary glands, fat body, and whole body extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baydaa El Shazely
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W. Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in north west ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2012; 22:121-8. [PMID: 22876076 PMCID: PMC3407835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection in pregnancy is associated with significant morbidity for both the mother and the baby. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance pattern of the urinary pathogens isolated from pregnant women at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital Bahirdar, Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 367 pregnant women with and without symptoms of urinary tract infection were enrolled as a study subject from October 2010 to January 2011. Organisms were identified from mid-stream clean catch urine samples and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using bacteriological standard tests. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were processed and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 16. RESULTS Out of 367 pregnant women, 37 were symptomatic and the rest 330 asymptomatic. Bacteriological screening of urine samples revealed growth of bacteria in 8.5% (7/37) and 18.9% (28/330) for symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women respectively with overall prevalence of 9.5%. The most common isolates detected were E.coli (45.7%) followed by coagulase negative Staphylococcus (17.1%) and S.aureus (8.6%). Gram-negative bacteria showed resistance rates in the range of 56.5% -82.6 % against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin & ampicillin. Gram positive isolates showed resistant rate ranging from 50-100% against tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicillin and penicillin-G. Both Gram positive and gram negative bacteria showed high sensitivity against Nitrofurantoin with a rate of 82.3% and 87%, respectively. All isolated Gram positive bacterial uropathogens were sensitive for Amoxicillin-clauvlanic acid. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of bacterial pathogens both from symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women that are resistance to the commonly prescribed drug calls for an early screening of all pregnant women to urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazebew Demilie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79. Bair Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Getenet Beyene
- Department of medical Laboratory and pathology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, P.O Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Selabat Melaku
- Bahir Dar Regional Laboratory P.O.BOX 641, Bair Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondewosen Tsegaye
- Department of medical Laboratory and pathology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, P.O Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ross AG, McManus DP, Farrar J, Hunstman RJ, Gray DJ, Li YS. Neuroschistosomiasis. J Neurol 2011; 259:22-32. [PMID: 21674195 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by digenetic trematode platyhelminths of the genus Schistosoma. Neuroschistosomiasis is one of the most severe clinical outcomes associated with schistosome infection. Neurological complications early during the course of infection are thought to occur through in situ egg deposition following aberrant migration of adult worms to the brain or spinal cord. The presence of eggs in the CNS induces a cell-mediated Th2-driven periovular granulomatous reaction. The mass effect of thousands of eggs and the large granulomas concentrated within the brain or spinal cord explain the signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, myelopathy, radiculopathy and subsequent clinical sequelae. Myelopathy (acute transverse myelitis and subacute myeloradiculopathy) of the lumbosacral region is the most common neurological manifestation of S. mansoni or S. haematobium infection, whereas acute encephalitis of the cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia or internal capsule is typical of S. japonicum infection. Cerebral complications include encephalopathy with headache, visual impairment, delirium, seizures, motor deficits and ataxia, whereas spinal symptoms include lumbar pain, lower limb radicular pain, muscle weakness, sensory loss and bladder dysfunction. The finding of eggs in the stool or a positive serology, provides supportive but not direct evidence of neuroschistosomiasis. A definitive diagnosis can only be made with histopathological study showing Schistosoma eggs and granulomas. Schistosomicidal drugs (notably praziquantel), steroids and surgery are currently used for the treatment of neuroschistosomiasis. During the 'acute phase' of the disease, neuroschistosomiasis is treated with corticosteroids which are augmented with a course of praziquantel once female worm ovipositioning commences. Surgery should be reserved for special cases such as in those with evidence of medullary compression and in those who deteriorate despite clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Ross
- School of Public Health, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia.
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