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Abstract
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases. We summarize current knowledge of human proprotein convertase insufficiency syndromes, including genome-wide analyses of convertase polymorphisms, and compare these to convertase null and mutant mouse models. These mouse models have illuminated our understanding of the roles specific convertases play in human disease and have led to the identification of convertase-specific substrates; for example, the identification of procorin as a specific PACE4 substrate in the heart. We also discuss the limitations of mouse null models in interpreting human disease, such as differential precursor cleavage due to species-specific sequence differences, and the challenges presented by functional redundancy among convertases in attempting to assign specific cleavages and/or physiological roles. However, in most cases, knockout mouse models have added substantively both to our knowledge of diseases caused by human proprotein convertase insufficiency and to our appreciation of their normal physiological roles, as clearly seen in the case of the furin, proprotein convertase 1/3, and proprotein convertase 5/6 mouse models. The creation of more sophisticated mouse models with tissue- or temporally-restricted expression of specific convertases will improve our understanding of human proprotein convertase insufficiency and potentially provide support for the emerging concept of therapeutic inhibition of convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Chen P, Wang H, Wu H, Zou P, Wang C, Liu X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Liang G. Intracellular Synthesis of Hybrid Gallium-68 Nanoparticle Enhances MicroPET Tumor Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6329-6334. [PMID: 33848118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging enables cancer diagnosis at an early stage and to determine its pathological degree. However, tumor uptake efficiency of traditional PET radiotracers is usually low. Herein, we rationally designed a precursor CBT-NODA, the cold analogue CBT-NODA-Ga, and its corresponding radiotracer CBT-NODA-68Ga. Using these three compounds, we verified that coinjection of CBT-NODA-68Ga with CBT-NODA or CBT-NODA-Ga could lead to the synthesis of hybrid gallium-68 nanoparticles in furin-overexpressing cancer cells and enhance microPET tumor imaging in mice. In vivo experiments showed that coinjection of CBT-NODA-68Ga with CBT-NODA-Ga had the most prolonged retention of the radiotracer in blood, the highest radioactivity in tumor regions, and the most enhanced microPET tumor imaging in mice. We anticipate that, by combining the coinjection strategy with our CBT-Cys click condensation reaction, more radiotracers are developed for microPET imaging of more tumors in clinical settings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Hao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Pei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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3
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Simoni-Nieves A, Gerardo-Ramírez M, Pedraza-Vázquez G, Chávez-Rodríguez L, Bucio L, Souza V, Miranda-Labra RU, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC. GDF11 Implications in Cancer Biology and Metabolism. Facts and Controversies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1039. [PMID: 31681577 PMCID: PMC6803553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the super family of the Transforming Growth Factor β, has gained more attention in the last few years due to numerous reports regarding its functions in other systems, which are different to those related to differentiation and embryonic development, such as age-related muscle dysfunction, skin biology, metabolism, and cancer. GDF11 is expressed in many tissues, including skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, nervous system, and retina, among others. GDF11 circulating levels and protein content in tissues are quite variable and are affected by pathological conditions or age. Although, GDF11 biology had a lot of controversies, must of them are only misunderstandings regarding the variability of its responses, which are independent of the tissue, grade of cellular differentiation or pathologies. A blunt fact regarding GDF11 biology is that its target cells have stemness feature, a property that could be found in certain adult cells in health and in disease, such as cancer cells. This review is focused to present and analyze the recent findings in the emerging research field of GDF11 function in cancer and metabolism, and discusses the controversies surrounding the biology of this atypical growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Simoni-Nieves
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Gerardo-Ramírez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gibrán Pedraza-Vázquez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lisette Chávez-Rodríguez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Bucio
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Translacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Souza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Translacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roxana U Miranda-Labra
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Translacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Gomez-Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Translacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Unidad de Medicina Translacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ginefra P, Filippi BGH, Donovan P, Bessonnard S, Constam DB. Compartment-Specific Biosensors Reveal a Complementary Subcellular Distribution of Bioactive Furin and PC7. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2176-2189. [PMID: 29466742 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Furin trafficking, and that of related proprotein convertases (PCs), may regulate which substrates are accessible for endoproteolysis, but tools to directly test this hypothesis have been lacking. Here, we develop targeted biosensors that indicate Furin activity in endosomes is 10-fold less inhibited by decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone and enriched >3-fold in endosomes compared to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Endogenous PC7, which resists this inhibitor, was active in distinct vesicles. Only overexpressed PC7 activity reached the cell surface, endosomes, and the TGN. A PLC motif in the cytosolic tail of PC7 was dispensable for endosomal activity, but it was specifically required for TGN recycling and to rescue proActivin-A cleavage in Furin-depleted B16F1 melanoma cells. In sharp contrast, PC7 complemented Furin in cleaving Notch1 independently of PLC-mediated TGN access. Our study provides a proof in principle that compartment-specific biosensors can be used to gain insight into the regulation of PC trafficking and to map the tropism of PC-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Ginefra
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno G H Filippi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prudence Donovan
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bessonnard
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) SV ISREC, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Personalized prediction of genes with tumor-causing somatic mutations based on multi-modal deep Boltzmann machine. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bajikar SS, Wang CC, Borten MA, Pereira EJ, Atkins KA, Janes KA. Tumor-Suppressor Inactivation of GDF11 Occurs by Precursor Sequestration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Dev Cell 2017; 43:418-435.e13. [PMID: 29161592 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous carcinoma in which various tumor-suppressor genes are lost by mutation, deletion, or silencing. Here we report a tumor-suppressive mode of action for growth-differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and an unusual mechanism of its inactivation in TNBC. GDF11 promotes an epithelial, anti-invasive phenotype in 3D triple-negative cultures and intraductal xenografts by sustaining expression of E-cadherin and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2). Surprisingly, clinical TNBCs retain the GDF11 locus and expression of the protein itself. GDF11 bioactivity is instead lost because of deficiencies in its convertase, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5), causing inactive GDF11 precursor to accumulate intracellularly. PCSK5 reconstitution mobilizes the latent TNBC reservoir of GDF11 in vitro and suppresses triple-negative mammary cancer metastasis to the lung of syngeneic hosts. Intracellular GDF11 retention adds to the concept of tumor-suppressor inactivation and reveals a cell-biological vulnerability for TNBCs lacking therapeutically actionable mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Bajikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael A Borten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhou M, Wei H, Zhou H, He J, Lu Y, Wang D, Chen B, Zeng J, Peng W, Du F, Gong A, Xu M. Furin promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells via Hippo-YAP pathway. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1352-1362. [PMID: 28259973 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Furin, a well-characterized proprotein convertase, plays an important role in many diseases and links to tumor metastasis. However, the role of furin in pancreatic cancer progression remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that furin promotes the growth and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells. First, we found that furin knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration in BxPC3 and SW1990 cells, while furin overexpression promoted the above behavior in PANC1 and PaTu8988 cells. Further evidence revealed that furin knockdown resulted in the upregulation of E-cadherin (epithelial marker), and the downregulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin (mesenchymal markers) in BxPC3 and SW1990 cells, whereas furin overexpression remarkably led to the opposite effects in PANC1 and PaTu8988 cells. Furthermore, our data showed that Furin knockdown, furin inhibitor D6R or overexpression significantly affected YAP phosphoration level and total YAP protein level, indicating that furin was involved in Hippo-YAP pathway. It is suggested that furin promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells probably via Hippo-YAP pathway and may be a potential target for anti-pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hailang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junbo He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Baoding Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wanxin Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Heo SG, Koh Y, Kim JK, Jung J, Kim HL, Yoon SS, Park JW. Identification of somatic mutations using whole-exome sequencing in Korean patients with acute myeloid leukemia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28249600 PMCID: PMC5333433 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous cancer of the bone marrow that is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal myeloid cells. METHODS We performed a mutational analysis to identify AML somatic mutations using the whole-exome sequencing data of 36 tumor-normal sample pairs from Korean patients with de novo AML. We explored the functional impact of the genes identified in the mutational analyses through an integrated Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis. RESULTS A total of 11 genes, including NEFH (p = 6.27 × 10-13 and q = 1.18 × 10-8) and TMPRSS13 (p = 1.40 × 10-10 and q = 1.32 × 10-6), also demonstrated q values less than 0.1 in 36 Korean AML patients. Five out of the 11 novel genes have previously been reported to be associated with other cancers. Two gene mutations, CEBPA (p = 5.22 × 10-5) and ATXN3 (p = 9.75 × 10-4), showed statistical significance exclusively in the M2 and M3 subtypes of the French-American-British classifications, respectively. A total of 501 genes harbored 478 missense, 22 nonsense, 93 frameshift indels, and/or three stop codon deletions and these gene mutations significantly enriched GO terms for signal transduction (GO:0007165, p = 1.77 × 10-3), plasma membrane (GO:0005886, p = 3.07 × 10-4), and scaffold protein binding (GO:0097110, p = 8.65 × 10-4). The mitogen-activated protein kinase (hsa04010, 7.67 × 10-4) was the most enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway. CONCLUSIONS Morphological AML subtypes may in part reflect subtype specific patterns of genomic alterations. Following validation, future studies to evaluate the usefulness of these genes in genetic testing for the early diagnosis and prognostic prediction of AML patients would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gu Heo
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwang Kim
- Omics Core Lab., National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,The Catholic University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wan Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Liver-Specific Inactivation of the Proprotein Convertase FURIN Leads to Increased Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:148651. [PMID: 26167473 PMCID: PMC4475760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/148651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases are subtilisin-like serine endoproteases that cleave and hence activate a variety of proproteins, including growth factors, receptors, metalloproteases, and extracellular matrix proteins. Therefore, it has been suggested that inhibition of the ubiquitously expressed proprotein convertase FURIN might be a good therapeutic strategy for several tumor types. Whether this is also the case for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently not clear. In a mouse model for HCC expression of Furin was not altered in the tumors, while those of PC7, PC5/6, and PACE4 significantly decreased, at least at some time points. To investigate the impact of Furin inhibition on the development and progression of HCC in this model, Furin was genetically ablated in the liver. Furin inactivation resulted in an increased tumor mass after 5 weeks. This was not caused by decreased apoptosis, since no differences in the apoptosis index could be observed. However, it could at least partially be explained by increased hepatocyte proliferation at 5 weeks. The tumors of the Furin knockout mice were histologically similar to those in wild type mice. In conclusion, liver-specific Furin inhibition in HCC enhances the tumor formation and will not be a good therapeutic strategy for this tumor type.
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Sathyamurthy M, Kim CL, Bang YL, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee GM. Characterization and expression of proprotein convertases in CHO cells: Efficient proteolytic maturation of human bone morphogenetic protein-7. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:560-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Sathyamurthy
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST; 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Che Lin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST; 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - You Lim Bang
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering; Cellumed; 402 Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-gu Seoul 153-782 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering; Cellumed; 402 Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-gu Seoul 153-782 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Woong Jang
- Institute of Biomaterial and Medical Engineering; Cellumed; 402 Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-gu Seoul 153-782 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST; 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 deficiency reduces melanoma metastasis in liver. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1122-31. [PMID: 23308045 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High circulating cholesterol is associated with hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and stroke. However, the relation between cholesterol and tumorigenesis/metastasis is controversial. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol homeostasis by targeting the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) for degradation. PCSK9 is mostly expressed in liver, which is one of the most common sites for metastatic disease. To reveal the function of PCSK9 and also evaluate the impact of cholesterol in liver metastasis development, B16F1 melanoma cells were injected into wild-type (WT) and Pcsk9(-/-) mice to induce liver metastasis. On chow diet, Pcsk9(-/-) mice harbored two-fold less liver metastases than WT mice. This decrease is related to low cholesterol levels in Pcsk9(-/-) mice, as the protection was lost after normalizing Pcsk9(-/-) cholesterol levels by a 2-week high cholesterol diet. Furthermore, a prolongation of this diet strongly increased metastasis in both genotypes, suggesting that high cholesterol levels promote metastatic progression. The protective effect of the PCSK9 deficiency is also associated with increased apoptosis in liver stroma and metastases. Tumor necrosis factor.α (TNFα) mRNA and protein were, respectively, higher in liver stroma and plasma of injected mice, likely increasing the apoptotic TNFα signaling. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 was downregulated. TNFα regulation is LDLR-independent, as its mRNA level was similarly upregulated in mice lacking both PCSK9 and LDLR. Our findings show that PCSK9 deficiency reduces liver metastasis by its ability to lower cholesterol levels and by possibly enhancing TNFα-mediated apoptosis.
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12
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Opposite roles of furin and PC5A in N-cadherin processing. Neoplasia 2013; 14:880-92. [PMID: 23097623 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that lack of Furin-processing of the N-cadherin precursor (proNCAD) in highly invasive melanoma and brain tumor cells results in the cell-surface expression of a nonadhesive protein favoring cell migration and invasion in vitro. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of malignant human brain tumor cells revealed that of all proprotein convertases (PCs) only the levels of Furin and PC5A are modulated, being inversely (Furin) or directly (PC5A) correlated with brain tumor invasive capacity. Intriguingly, the N-terminal sequence following the Furin-activated NCAD site (RQKR↓DW(161), mouse nomenclature) reveals a second putative PC-processing site (RIRSDR↓DK(189)) located in the first extracellular domain. Cleavage at this site would abolish the adhesive functions of NCAD because of the loss of the critical Trp(161). This was confirmed upon analysis of the fate of the endogenous prosegment of proNCAD in human malignant glioma cells expressing high levels of Furin and low levels of PC5A (U343) or high levels of PC5A and negligible Furin levels (U251). Cellular analyses revealed that Furin is the best activating convertase releasing an ~17-kDa prosegment, whereas PC5A is the major inactivating enzyme resulting in the secretion of an ~20-kDa product. Like expression of proNCAD at the cell surface, cleavage of the NCAD molecule at RIRSDR↓DK(189) renders the U251 cancer cells less adhesive to one another and more migratory. Our work modifies the present view on posttranslational processing and surface expression of classic cadherins and clarifies how NCAD possesses a range of adhesive potentials and plays a critical role in tumor progression.
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Brant KA, Leikauf GD. Dysregulation of FURIN by prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in lung epithelial NCI-H292 cells. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53:192-200. [PMID: 23065687 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Because proprotein convertases (PCSKs) activate growth factors and matrix metalloproteinase, these enzymes have been implicated in non-small cell lung cancer tumor progression and aggressiveness. Previous studies indicate that one PCSK member, FURIN is overexpressed in NSCLC, but little is known regarding the mechanisms driving PCSKs expression during malignant change. We sought to determine whether prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) (PTGS2) (aka COX2), whose expression is also frequently increased in NSCLC, differentially regulates PCSK expression and activity between normal (NHBE) and NSCLC epithelial cells (NCI-H292, NCI-H441, A549). NSCLC cells exhibit significantly greater cell-associated and secreted PCSK activity as compared with NHBE. The heightened activity is consistent with increased FURIN, PCSK4, and PCSK6 protein in the NCSLC cells. Inhibition of PTGS2 activity using NS-398 and siRNA decreased FURIN mRNA, protein, activity along with cell proliferation in NCI-H292 cells but not NHBE cells. NSCLC also expressed elevated levels of the transcription factor E2F1. When NCI-H292 cells were transfected with E2F1 siRNA, both PTGS2 expression and PCSK activity were attenuated, arguing a pivotal role for E2F1 in the differential regulation of PCSKs by PTGS2. Our results highlight a novel role for PTGS2 in NSCLC and may provide a mechanism, whereby PTGS2 inhibitors suppress lung cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Brant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-3130
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14
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Huang YH, Lin KH, Liao CH, Lai MW, Tseng YH, Yeh CT. Furin overexpression suppresses tumor growth and predicts a better postoperative disease-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40738. [PMID: 22808247 PMCID: PMC3393699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Furin is a member of the pro-protein convertase family. It processes several growth regulatory proteins into their active forms, which are critical to tumor progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Furin over-expression could occur in liver cancer and a previous study showed that over-expression of furin promoted HepG2 cell invasion in tail vein xenograft models. However, the clinical relevance of furin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained unknown. Surprisingly, in a postoperative survival analysis for HCC patients, it was found that the tumor/non-tumor (T/N) ratio of furin expression ≥ 3.5 in HCC tissues predicted a better postoperative disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.010; log-rank test). Furthermore, subcutaneous xenograft experiments demonstrated a significant suppression effect of tumor growth in the furin-overexpressed xenografts (Huh7-Furin) compared to the mock control. Administration of a synthetic furin inhibitor for inhibition of the pro-protein convertase activity, decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethylketone (decRVKR-CMK), to the Huh7-Furin xenograft bearing mice restored the repression effect of tumor growth. In contrast, administration of decRVKR-CMK to the mock Huh7 xenograft bearing mice showed no change in growth rate. In conclusion, furin overexpression inhibited HCC tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft model and predicted a better postoperative DFS in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Children Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Seidah NG, Prat A. The biology and therapeutic targeting of the proprotein convertases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:367-83. [PMID: 22679642 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian proprotein convertases constitute a family of nine secretory serine proteases that are related to bacterial subtilisin and yeast kexin. Seven of these (proprotein convertase 1 (PC1), PC2, furin, PC4, PC5, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4) and PC7) activate cellular and pathogenic precursor proteins by cleavage at single or paired basic residues, whereas subtilisin kexin isozyme 1 (SKI-1) and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) regulate cholesterol and/or lipid homeostasis via cleavage at non-basic residues or through induced degradation of receptors. Proprotein convertases are now considered to be attractive targets for the development of powerful novel therapeutics. In this Review, we summarize the physiological functions and pathological implications of the proprotein convertases, and discuss proposed strategies to control some of their activities, including their therapeutic application and validation in selected disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (affiliated to University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.
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Olatubosun A, Väliaho J, Härkönen J, Thusberg J, Vihinen M. PON-P: integrated predictor for pathogenicity of missense variants. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1166-74. [PMID: 22505138 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing data generation demands the development of methods for interpreting the effects of genomic variants. Numerous computational methods have been developed to assess the impact of variations because experimental methods are unable to cope with both the speed and volume of data generation. To harness the strength of currently available predictors, the Pathogenic-or-Not-Pipeline (PON-P) integrates five predictors to predict the probability that nonsynonymous variations affect protein function and may consequently be disease related. Random forest methodology-based PON-P shows consistently improved performance in cross-validation tests and on independent test sets, providing ternary classification and statistical reliability estimate of results. Applied to missense variants in a melanoma cancer cell line, PON-P predicts variants in 17 genes to affect protein function. Previous studies implicate nine of these genes in the pathogenesis of various forms of cancer. PON-P may thus be used as a first step in screening and prioritizing variants to determine deleterious ones for further experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Olatubosun
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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17
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Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) are secretory mammalian serine proteinases related to bacterial subtilisin-like enzymes. The family of PCs comprises nine members, PC1/3, PC2, furin, PC4, PC5/6, PACE4, PC7, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9 (Fig. 3.1). While the first seven PCs cleave after single or paired basic residues, the last two cleave at non-basic residues and the last one PCSK9 only cleaves one substrate, itself, for its activation. The targets and substrates of these convertases are very varied covering many aspects of cellular biology and communication. While it took more than 22 years to begin to identify the first member in 1989-1990, in less than 14 years they were all characterized. So where are we 20 years later in 2011? We have now reached a level of maturity needed to begin to unravel the mechanisms behind the complex physiological functions of these PCs both in health and disease states. We are still far away from comprehensively understanding the various ramifications of their roles and to identify their physiological substrates unequivocally. How do these enzymes function in vivo? Are there other partners to be identified that would modulate their activity and/or cellular localization? Would non-toxic inhibitors/silencers of some PCs provide alternative therapies to control some pathologies and improve human health? Are there human SNPs or mutations in these PCs that correlate with disease, and can these help define the finesses of their functions and/or cellular sorting? The more we know about a given field, the more questions will arise, until we are convinced that we have cornered the important angles. And yet the future may well reserve for us many surprises that may allow new leaps in our understanding of the fascinating biology of these phylogenetically ancient eukaryotic proteases (Fig. 3.2) implicated in health and disease, which traffic through the cells via multiple sorting pathways (Fig. 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7.
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Singh H, Heng S, Nicholls PK, Li Y, Tai LT, Jobling T, Salamonsen LA, Nie G. Proprotein convertases in post-menopausal endometrial cancer: distinctive regulation and non-invasive diagnosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:809-14. [PMID: 22390935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) play critical roles in cleaving precursor proteins (growth factors, hormones, receptors and adhesion molecules) for activation. PCs are implicated in a number of cellular functions, including oncogenesis. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in the developed world, but the involvement of PCs is unclear. To characterize the role of PCs in endometrial cancer, we assessed expression of seven PCs (PC1/3, PC2, PACE4, PC4, furin, PC5/6 and PC7) by RT-PCR in six well characterized endometrial cancer cell lines. Expression was variable in all lines, with furin being most consistently expressed in all cell lines tested. We next determined the cellular localization and expression levels of four ubiquitously expressed PCs (furin, PACE4, PC5/6 and PC7) in post-menopausal endometrial biopsies from control (n=7) and endometrial cancer patients (n=30) by immunohistochemistry. Furin increased in tumors, whereas PC5/6, PACE4 and PC7 expression was reduced with increasing cancer grades. Uterine lavage is a non-invasive source material for evaluating the endometrium. We thus assessed whether total PC activity was altered in uterine lavage of endometrial cancer patients (n=36) compared to controls (n=10). PC activity was detected in all uterine lavage samples, and significantly elevated in all grades of endometrial cancer. This study demonstrates a complex association between individual PCs and endometrial cancer. Importantly, we show that monitoring the total PC activity in uterine lavage may provide a rapid and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Singh
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Artenstein
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA.
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Couture F, D'Anjou F, Day R. On the cutting edge of proprotein convertase pharmacology: from molecular concepts to clinical applications. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:421-438. [PMID: 22308173 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the therapeutic targeting of proteases for the treatment of important diseases. Additionally new protein-based therapeutic strategies have the potential to widen the available treatments against these pathologies. In the last decade, accumulated evidence has confirmed that the family of proteases known as proprotein convertases (PCs) are potential targets for viral infections, osteoarthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease, among others. Nevertheless, there are still many unanswered questions about the relevance of targeting PCs in a therapeutic context, especially regarding the anticipated secondary effects of treatment, considering the observed embryonic lethality of some PC knockout mice. In this review, the benefits of PCs as pharmacological targets will be discussed, with focus on concepts and strategies, as well as on the state of advancement of actual and future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
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Furin targeted drug delivery for treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in a mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10445. [PMID: 20454619 PMCID: PMC2862740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Improvement of treatment efficacy and decreased side effects through tumor-targeted drug delivery would be desirable. By panning with a phage-displayed cyclic random peptide library we selected a peptide with strong affinity for RMS in vitro and in vivo. The peptide minimal binding motif Arg-X-(Arg/Lys)(Arg/Lys) identified by alanine-scan, suggested the target receptor to be a proprotein convertase (PC). Expression profiling of all PCs in RMS biopsies and cell lines revealed consistent high expression levels for the membrane-bound furin and PC7. Direct binding of RMS-P3 peptide to furin was demonstrated by affinity chromatography and supported by activity and colocalization studies. Treatment of RMS in mice with doxorubicin coupled to the targeting peptide resulted in a two-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy compared to doxorubicin treatment alone. Our findings indicate surface-furin binding as novel mechanism for therapeutic cell penetration which needs to be further investigated. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that specific targeting of membrane-bound furin in tumors is possible for and suggests that RMS and other tumors might benefit from proprotein convertases targeted drug delivery.
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