Non random distribution of genomic features in breakpoint regions involved in chronic myeloid leukemia cases with variant t(9;22) or additional chromosomal rearrangements

Identification of a novel cryptic variant chromosomal rearrangement involving 9q34, 22q11.2, and 5q22 resulting in ins(9;22) and t(5;22) in chronic myeloid leukemia: a case report

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant clonal disorder of the hematopoietic stem cells characterized by the aberrant production and uncontrolled proliferation of mature granulocytes with normal cell differentiation. The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome resulting from reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 is the main genetic molecular hallmark of CML seen in more than 90% of the patients. However, about 5-10% of CML patients show a variant genetic rearrangement, involving one or more chromosomes in addition to 9 and 22. Herein, we describe the results of hematological, cytogenetic, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and high-end molecular analysis in a 77-year-old man diagnosed with CML. The combination of conventional cytogenetic analysis along with metaphase FISH and whole chromosomal paint revealed a novel cryptic variant chromosomal rearrangement involving 9q34, 22q11.2, and 5q22, resulting in ins(9;22) and t(5;22). At the molecular level, using PCR, myeloid NGS panels, and whole transcriptome analyses, we showed that this complex rearrangement indeed resulted in the formation of the BCR::ABL1 e13a2 major fusion transcript. No additional somatic mutations or kinase domain mutations were identified, thereby suggesting that the current case is indeed genetically homogeneous. This study provided strong evidence to support the idea that insertion-derived BCR::ABL1 fusions often involve complex chromosomal abnormalities that are overlooked by conventional cytogenetics but can be identified by a combination of conventional, molecular cytogenetics, and high-end NGS studies.

Optical Genome Mapping as a Tool to Unveil New Molecular Findings in Hematological Patients with Complex Chromosomal Rearrangements

Standard cytogenetic techniques (chromosomal banding analysis-CBA, and fluorescence in situ hybridization-FISH) show limits in characterizing complex chromosomal rearrangements and structural variants arising from two or more chromosomal breaks. In this study, we applied optical genome mapping (OGM) to fully characterize two cases of complex chromosomal rearrangements at high resolution. In case 1, an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient showing chromothripsis, OGM analysis was fully concordant with classic cytogenetic techniques and helped to better refine chromosomal breakpoints. The OGM results of case 2, a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were only partially in agreement with previous cytogenetic analyses and helped to better define clonal heterogeneity, overcoming the bias related to clonal selection due to cell culture of cytogenetic techniques. In both cases, OGM analysis led to the identification of molecular markers, helping to define the pathogenesis, classification, and prognosis of the analyzed patients. Despite extensive efforts to study hematologic diseases, standard cytogenetic methods display unsurmountable limits, while OGM is a tool that has the power to overcome these limitations and provide a cytogenetic analysis at higher resolution. As OGM also shows limits in defining regions of a repetitive nature, combining OGM with CBA to obtain a complete cytogenetic characterization would be desirable.

Feasibility of Optical Genome Mapping in Cytogenetic Diagnostics of Hematological Neoplasms: A New Way to Look at DNA

Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a new genome-wide technology that can reveal both structural genomic variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in a single assay. OGM was initially employed to perform genome assembly and genome research, but it is now more widely used to study chromosome aberrations in genetic disorders and in human cancer. One of the most useful OGM applications is in hematological malignancies, where chromosomal rearrangements are frequent and conventional cytogenetic analysis alone is insufficient, necessitating further confirmation using ancillary techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromosomal microarrays, or multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. The first studies tested OGM efficiency and sensitivity for SV and CNV detection, comparing heterogeneous groups of lymphoid and myeloid hematological sample data with those obtained using standard cytogenetic diagnostic tests. Most of the work based on this innovative technology was focused on myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), whereas little attention was paid to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or multiple myeloma (MM), and none was paid to lymphomas. The studies showed that OGM can now be considered as a highly reliable method, concordant with standard cytogenetic techniques but able to detect novel clinically significant SVs, thus allowing better patient classification, prognostic stratification, and therapeutic choices in hematological malignancies.

The Role of NLRP3, a Star of Excellence in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is the most widely investigated inflammasome member whose overactivation can be a driver of several carcinomas. It is activated in response to different signals and plays an important role in metabolic disorders and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. NLRP3 belongs to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family, expressed in numerous immune cells, and it plays its primary function in myeloid cells. NLRP3 has a crucial role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), considered to be the diseases best studied in the inflammasome context. The investigation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex is a new horizon to explore, and inhibiting IL-1β or NLRP3 could be a helpful cancer-related therapeutic strategy to improve the existing protocols.

Distinct sequence features underlie microdeletions and gross deletions in the human genome

Microdeletions and gross deletions are important causes (~20%) of human inherited disease and their genomic locations are strongly influenced by the local DNA sequence environment. This notwithstanding, no study has systematically examined their underlying generative mechanisms. Here, we obtained 42,098 pathogenic microdeletions and gross deletions from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) that together form a continuum of germline deletions ranging in size from 1 to 28,394,429 bp. We analyzed the DNA sequence within 1 kb of the breakpoint junctions and found that the frequencies of non‐B DNA‐forming repeats, GC‐content, and the presence of seven of 78 specific sequence motifs in the vicinity of pathogenic deletions correlated with deletion length for deletions of length ≤30 bp. Further, we found that the presence of DR, GQ, and STR repeats is important for the formation of longer deletions (>30 bp) but not for the formation of shorter deletions (≤30 bp) while significantly (χ², p < 2E−16) more microhomologies were identified flanking short deletions than long deletions (length >30 bp). We provide evidence to support a functional distinction between microdeletions and gross deletions. Finally, we propose that a deletion length cut‐off of 25–30 bp may serve as an objective means to functionally distinguish microdeletions from gross deletions.

Variant Philadelphia t(X;9;22)(q22?;q34;q11.2) can be successfully treated with second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors: A case report and literature review

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22: t(9;22)(q34;q11). However, 5-10% of patients with CML have complex variant translocations involving at least a third chromosome; only a few cases affect the X chromosome. Therefore, the data available regarding their features and the response to treatment is limited. In the present report, a case of a variant Philadelphia translocation t(X;9;22)(q22?;q34;q11.2) identified in a 51-year-old female with a newly diagnosed CML is described. The patient was treated with nilotinib. A major molecular response was observed after 12 months of starting treatment. Deep molecular response was obtained 20 months later and maintained after the 110-month follow-up. Additionally, a literature review was performed, with the aim of comprehending the complex clinical and biological characteristics of CML cytogenetic variants involving the X chromosome.

Dysregulation of miRNA in Leukemia: Exploiting miRNA Expression Profiles as Biomarkers

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have a crucial role in cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. miRNAs may act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors; therefore, they prevent or promote tumorigenesis, and abnormal expression has been reported in many malignancies. The role of miRNA in leukemia pathogenesis is still emerging, but several studies have suggested using miRNA expression profiles as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy in leukemia. In this review, the role of miRNAs most frequently involved in leukemia pathogenesis is discussed, focusing on the class of circulating miRNAs, consisting of cell-free RNA molecules detected in several body fluids. Circulating miRNAs could represent new potential non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of leukemia that are easy to isolate and characterize. The dysregulation of some miRNAs involved in both myeloid and lymphoid leukemia, such as miR-155, miR-29, let-7, and miR-15a/miR-16-1 clusters is discussed, showing their possible employment as therapeutic targets.

Chronic myeloid leukemia with insertion-derived BCR-ABL1 fusion: redefining complex chromosomal abnormalities by correlation of FISH and karyotype predicts prognosis

Chromosomal insertion-derived BCR-ABL1 fusion is rare and mostly cryptic in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Most of these cases present a normal karyotype, and their risk and/or prognostic category are uncertain. We searched our database and identified 41 CML patients (20 M/21 F, median age: 47 years, range 12-78 years) with insertion-derived BCR-ABL1 confirmed by various FISH techniques: 31 in chronic phase, 1 in accelerated phase, and 9 in blast phase at time of diagnosis. Conventional cytogenetics analysis showed a normal karyotype (n = 19); abnormal karyotype with morphologically normal chromosomes 9 and 22 (n = 5); apparent ins(9;22) (n = 2) and abnormal karyotype with apparent abnormal chromosomes 9, der(9) and/or 22, der(22) (n = 15). The locations of insertion-derived BCR-ABL1 were identified on chromosome 22 (68.3%), 9 (29.3%), and 19 (2.4%). Complex chromosomal abnormalities were often overlooked by conventional cytogenetics but identified by FISH tests in many cases. After a median follow-up of 58 months (range 1-242 months), 11 patients died, and 3 lost contact, while the others achieved different cytogenetic/molecular responses. The locations of BCR-ABL1 (der(22) vs. non-der(22)) and the karyotype results (complex karyotype vs. noncomplex karyotype) by conventional cytogenetics were not associated with overall survival in this cohort. However, redefining the complexity of chromosomal abnormality by correlating karyotype and FISH findings, CML cases with simple chromosomal abnormalities had a more favorable overall survival than that with complex chromosomal abnormalities. We conclude that insertion-derived BCR-ABL1 fusions often involve complex chromosomal abnormalities which are overlooked by conventional cytogenetics, but can be identified by one or more FISH tests. We also suggest that the traditional cytogenetic response criteria may not apply in these patients, and the complexity of chromosomal abnormalities redefined by correlating karyotype and FISH findings can plays a role in stratifying patients into more suitable risk groups for predicting prognosis. (Word count: 292).

A complex and cryptic intrachromosomal rearrangement generating the FIP1L1_PDGFRA in adult acute myeloid leukemia

Myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of the PDGFRA gene can benefit from therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, therefore revealing the PDGFRA rearrangement is essential to ensure the best choice of treatment. The most common PDGFRA partner is the FIP1L1 gene, generating the oncoprotein FIP1L1/PDGFRA (F/P). In the majority of cases the F/P fusion gene originates from intrachromosomal rearrangement at band 4q12, and occasionally from chromosomal translocations. In both cases, the interstitial chromosomal deletion of a region involving the CHIC2 gene has been reported, which is cryptic by conventional karyotyping but detectable by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analyses. Herein, we report an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) case presenting with eosinophilia; the F/P fusion gene originated from a new, cryptic and complex intrachromosomal rearrangement of 4q12. Classical FISH assay revealed abnormal hybridization signals, but the presence of the F/P chimaeric gene was demonstrated by molecular analysis. We performed molecular characterization of the chromosomal rearrangement and targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis with a myeloid gene panel, revealing the presence of pathogenic genomic variants affecting the TET2 and ETV6 genes. These mutations were present as subclones at the disease onset and their clone size increased at relapse.

Skin lesions in chronic myeloid leukemia patients during dasatinib treatment

Purpose

In our work we sought to define the prevalence rates of cutaneous events during dasatinib therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and to investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of these reactions.

Patients and methods

In our institution, 67 CML patients were treated with dasatinib. it was given as first line treatment in 26 (39%) and subsequent treatment in 41 (61%) CML patients. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood and cutaneous biopsy was done on all CML patients with dermatological lesions appearing during dasatinib treatment.

Results

Among 67 CML patients, 4 (5.9%) showed skin lesions during dasatinib treatment. The cutaneous manifestations were not generalized but mainly located on the back, abdomen, thorax or leg regions. The patients did not show peripheral lymphocytosis at the time when skin lesions appeared. Overall, histological analysis showed that the skin lesions were characterized by a mild perivascular small CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltrate with minimal epidermotropism.

Conclusion

The unusual T cytotoxic cutaneous infiltrate demonstrated in our CML cases could be the expression of a dasatinib-promoted lymphocyte expansion. However, the heterogeneity of the dermatologic manifestations reported in our CML patients could also be related to unknown factors specific to each CML patient. Our work highlights the finding that skin lesions may be associated with dasatinib treatment and that they should not be confused with viral or bacterial infections but rather interpreted as the clinical expression of lymphocytosis promoted by this TKI.

Significant Role of Segmental Duplications and SIDD Sites in Chromosomal Translocations of Hematological Malignancies: A Multi-parametric Bioinformatic Analysis

Recurrent non-random chromosomal translocations are hallmark characteristics of leukemogenesis, and however, molecular mechanisms underlying these rearrangements are less explored. The fundamental question is, why and how chromosomes break and reunite so precisely in the genome. Meticulous understanding of mechanism leading to chromosomal rearrangement can be achieved by characterizing breakpoints. To address this hypothesis, a novel multi-parametric computational approach for characterization of major leukemic translocations within and around breakpoint region was performed. To best of our knowledge, this bioinformatic analysis is unique in finding the presence of segmental duplications (SDs) flanking breakpoints of all major leukemic translocation. Breakpoint islands (BpIs) were analyzed for stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) sites along with other complex genomic architecture and physicochemical properties. Our study distinctly emphasizes on the probable correlative role of SDs, SIDD sites and various genomic features in the occurrence of breakpoints. Further, it also highlights potential features which may be playing a crucial role in causing double-strand breaks, leading to translocation.

Predictive and Prognostic Implications of Variant Philadelphia Translocations in CML: Experience From a Tertiary Oncology Center in Southern India

INTRODUCTION

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome with classical t(9;22)(q34;q11) seen in up to 90% of cases. However 5% to 10% of patients who present with variant Ph translocations (vPh) have been an area of research for their significance in predicting response to various therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as prognosticating survival outcomes for many years involving varied patient populations, with conflicting results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed our data from January 2002 to December 2014. Patients with vPh in chronic phase of CML (CML-CP) were analyzed with respect to their demographic parameters, response to imatinib therapy, and survival and their data were compared with data of patients with classical Ph translocation (cPh).

RESULTS

Of 615 patients diagnosed with CML-CP, 72 patients (11.7%) showed vPh. Most common chromosomes involved in these translocations were 14 (13.9%), 11 (12.5%), 19 (9.7%), and 7 (8.3%). Rates of complete hematological response, complete cytogenetic response, and major molecular response were not statistically different between the groups. At 5 years, event-free survival, failure-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 60% versus 67.9%, 62.7% versus 69.7%, 84.7% versus 92.1%, and 87.5% versus 92.4%, respectively, in vPh and cPh. The differences in survival were statistically not significant.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is the largest series of variant translocations in CML-CP, pertaining to the Indian population. Our data suggest that the presence of vPh in CML has no significant effect in predicting response to imatinib as well as in prognosticating survival.

Translocation and deletion breakpoints in cancer genomes are associated with potential non-B DNA-forming sequences

Gross chromosomal rearrangements (including translocations, deletions, insertions and duplications) are a hallmark of cancer genomes and often create oncogenic fusion genes. An obligate step in the generation of such gross rearrangements is the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Since the genomic distribution of rearrangement breakpoints is non-random, intrinsic cellular factors may predispose certain genomic regions to breakage. Notably, certain DNA sequences with the potential to fold into secondary structures [potential non-B DNA structures (PONDS); e.g. triplexes, quadruplexes, hairpin/cruciforms, Z-DNA and single-stranded looped-out structures with implications in DNA replication and transcription] can stimulate the formation of DNA DSBs. Here, we tested the postulate that these DNA sequences might be found at, or in close proximity to, rearrangement breakpoints. By analyzing the distribution of PONDS-forming sequences within ±500 bases of 19 947 translocation and 46 365 sequence-characterized deletion breakpoints in cancer genomes, we find significant association between PONDS-forming repeats and cancer breakpoints. Specifically, (AT)_n, (GAA)_n and (GAAA)_n constitute the most frequent repeats at translocation breakpoints, whereas A-tracts occur preferentially at deletion breakpoints. Translocation breakpoints near PONDS-forming repeats also recur in different individuals and patient tumor samples. Hence, PONDS-forming sequences represent an intrinsic risk factor for genomic rearrangements in cancer genomes.

Characterization of chromosomal translocation breakpoint sequences in solid tumours: "an in silico analysis"

Chromosomal translocations that results in formation and activation of fusion oncogenes are observed in numerous solid malignancies since years back. Expression of fusion kinases in these cancers drives the initiation & progression that ultimately leads to tumour development and thus comes out to be clinically imperative in terms of diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nonetheless, molecular mechanisms beneath these translocations remained unexplored consequently limiting our knowledge of carcinogenesis and hence is the current field where further research is required. The issue of prime focus is the precision with which the chromosomes breaks and reunites within genome. Characterization of Genomic sequences located at Breakpoint region may direct us towards the thorough understanding of mechanism leading to chromosomal rearrangement. A unique computational multi-parametric analysis was performed for characterization of genomic sequence within and around breakpoint region. This study turns out to be novel as it reveals the occurrence of Segmental Duplications flanking the breakpoints of all translocation. Breakpoint Islands were also investigated for the presence of other intricate genomic architecture and various physico-chemical parameters. Our study particularly highlights the probable role of SDs and specific genomic features in precise chromosomal breakage. Additionally, it pinpoints the potential features that may be significant for double-strand breaks leading to chromosomal rearrangements.

Complex variant of Philadelphia translocation involving chromosomes 9, 12, and 22 in a case with chronic myeloid leukaemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder included in the broader diagnostic category of myeloproliferative neoplasms, associated with fusion by BCR gene at chromosome 22q11 to ABL1 gene at chromosome 9q34 with the formation of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. In 2-10% of CML cases, the fusion gene arises in connection with a variant translocation, involving chromosomes 9, 22, and one or more different chromosomes; consequently, the Ph chromosome could be masked within a complex chromosome rearrangement. In cases with variant Ph translocation a deletion on der(9) may be more frequently observed than in cases with the classical one. Herein we describe a novel case of CML with complex variant Ph translocation involving chromosomes 9, 12, and 22. We present the hematologic response and cytogenetic response after Imatinib treatment. We also speculated the mechanism which had originated the chromosome rearrangement.

Androgen receptor and gene network: Micromechanics reassemble the signaling machinery of TMPRSS2-ERG positive prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer is a gland tumor in the male reproductive system. It is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Transmembrane protease, serine 2 and v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 homolog (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusions are the common molecular signature of prostate cancer. Although tremendous advances have been made in unraveling various facets of TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer, many research findings must be sequentially collected and re-interpreted. It is important to understand the activation or repression of target genes and proteins in response to various stimuli and the assembly in signal transduction in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells. Accordingly, we divide this multi-component review ofprostate cancer cells into several segments: 1) The role of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in genomic instability and methylated regulation in prostate cancer and normal cells; 2) Signal transduction cascades in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer; 3) Overexpressed genes in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells; 4) miRNA mediated regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) and its associated protein network; 5) Quantitative control of ERG in prostate cancer cells; 6) TMPRSS2-ERG encoded protein targeting; In conclusion, we provide a detailed understanding of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion related information in prostate cancer development to provide a rationale for exploring TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-mediated molecular network machinery.

[Current diagnostic requirements in chronic myeloid leukemia]

In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, high-quality diagnostics is of paramount importance for the surveillance of treatment efficacy. The availability of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors providing more rapid and deeper responses requires the employment of standardized and highly sensitive diagnostic methods to ensure optimal monitoring of the patients. This review presents the current international diagnostic standards and the certified laboratories in Austria.

Biomarkers for determining the prognosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia

The introduction of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) has revolutionized therapy, altering the outcome from one of shortened life expectancy to long-term survival. With over 10 years of long-term treatment with imatinib and several years of experience with the next generation of TKIs, including nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, it is becoming clear that many clinical parameters have great impact on the prognosis of patients with CML. Emerging novel gene expression profiling and molecular techniques also provide new insights into CML pathogenesis and have identified potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. This review presents the supporting data and discusses how certain clinical characteristics at diagnosis, the depth of early response, the presence of certain kinase domain mutations, and additional molecular changes serve as prognostic factors that may guide individualized treatment decisions for patients with CML-CP.

Serum markers in small cell lung cancer: opportunities for improvement

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death from malignancy worldwide. In particular small cell lung cancers, which comprise about 15-20% of all lung cancers, are extremely aggressive and cure rates are extremely low. Therefore, new treatment modalities are needed and detection at an early stage of disease, as well as adequate monitoring of treatment response is essential in order to improve outcome. In this respect, the use of non-invasive tools for screening and monitoring has gained increasing interest and the clinical applicability of reliable, tumor-related substances that can be detected as tumor markers in easily accessible body fluids is subject of intense investigation. Some of these indicators, such as high LDH levels in serum as a reflection of the disease, have been in use for a long time as a general tumor marker. To allow for improved monitoring of the efficacy of new therapeutic modalities and for accurate subtyping, there is a strong need for specific and sensitive markers that are more directly related to the biology and behavior of small cell lung cancer. In this review the current status of these potential markers, like CEA, NSE, ProGRP, CK-BB, SCC, CgA, NCAM and several cytokeratins will be critically analyzed with respect to their performance in blood based assays. Based on known cleavage sites for cytoplasmic and extracellular proteases, a prediction of stable fragments can be obtained and used for optimal test design. Furthermore, insight into the synthesis of specific splice variants and neo-epitopes resulting from protein modification and cleavage, offers further opportunities for improvement of tumor assays. Finally, we discuss the possibility that detection of SCLC related autoantibodies in paraneoplastic disease can be used as a very early indicator of SCLC.

Gene expression profiling of chronic myeloid leukemia with variant t(9;22) reveals a different signature from cases with classic translocation

Background

The t(9;22)(q34;q11) generating the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene represents the cytogenetic hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). About 5–10% of CML cases show variant translocations with the involvement of other chromosomes in addition to chromosomes 9 and 22. The molecular bases of biological differences between CML patients with classic and variant t(9;22) have never been clarified.

Findings

In this study, we performed gene expression microarray analysis to compare CML patients bearing variant rearrangements and those with classic t(9;22)(q34;q11). We identified 59 differentially expressed genes significantly associated with the two analyzed groups. The role of specific candidate genes such as TRIB1 (tribbles homolog 1), PTK2B (protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta), and C5AR1 (complement component 5a receptor 1) is discussed.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that in CML cases with variant t(9;22) there is an enhancement of the MAPK pathway deregulation and show that kinases are a common target of molecular alterations in hematological disorders.

MicroRNAs and intellectual disability (ID) in Down syndrome, X-linked ID, and Fragile X syndrome

Intellectual disability (ID) is one of the many features manifested in various genetic syndromes leading to deficits in cognitive function among affected individuals. ID is a feature affected by polygenes and multiple environmental factors. It leads to a broad spectrum of affected clinical and behavioral characteristics among patients. Until now, the causative mechanism of ID is unknown and the progression of the condition is poorly understood. Advancement in technology and research had identified various genetic abnormalities and defects as the potential cause of ID. However, the link between these abnormalities with ID is remained inconclusive and the roles of many newly discovered genetic components such as non-coding RNAs have not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we aim to consolidate and assimilate the latest development and findings on a class of small non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) involvement in ID development and progression with special focus on Down syndrome (DS) and X-linked ID (XLID) [including Fragile X syndrome (FXS)].

Two mechanisms produce mutation hotspots at DNA breaks in Escherichia coli

Mutation hotspots and showers occur across phylogeny and profoundly influence genome evolution, yet the mechanisms that produce hotspots remain obscure. We report that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) provoke mutation hotspots via stress-induced mutation in Escherichia coli. With tet reporters placed 2 kb to 2 Mb (half the genome) away from an I-SceI site, RpoS/DinB-dependent mutations occur maximally within the first 2 kb and decrease logarithmically to ∼60 kb. A weak mutation tail extends to 1 Mb. Hotspotting occurs independently of I-site/tet-reporter-pair position in the genome, upstream and downstream in the replication path. RecD, which allows RecBCD DSB-exonuclease activity, is required for strong local but not long-distance hotspotting, indicating that double-strand resection and gap-filling synthesis underlie local hotspotting, and newly illuminating DSB resection in vivo. Hotspotting near DSBs opens the possibility that specific genomic regions could be targeted for mutagenesis, and could also promote concerted evolution (coincident mutations) within genes/gene clusters, an important issue in the evolution of protein functions.

Copy-number gains of HUWE1 due to replication- and recombination-based rearrangements

We previously reported on nonrecurrent overlapping duplications at Xp11.22 in individuals with nonsyndromic intellectual disability (ID) harboring HSD17B10, HUWE1, and the microRNAs miR-98 and let-7f-2 in the smallest region of overlap. Here, we describe six additional individuals with nonsyndromic ID and overlapping microduplications that segregate in the families. High-resolution mapping of the 12 copy-number gains reduced the minimal duplicated region to the HUWE1 locus only. Consequently, increased mRNA levels were detected for HUWE1, but not HSD17B10. Marker and SNP analysis, together with identification of two de novo events, suggested a paternally derived intrachromosomal duplication event. In four independent families, we report on a polymorphic 70 kb recurrent copy-number gain, which harbors part of HUWE1 (exon 28 to 3' untranslated region), including miR-98 and let-7f-2. Our findings thus demonstrate that HUWE1 is the only remaining dosage-sensitive gene associated with the ID phenotype. Junction and in silico analysis of breakpoint regions demonstrated simple microhomology-mediated rearrangements suggestive of replication-based duplication events. Intriguingly, in a single family, the duplication was generated through nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) with the use of HUWE1-flanking imperfect low-copy repeats, which drive this infrequent NAHR event. The recurrent partial HUWE1 copy-number gain was also generated through NAHR, but here, the homologous sequences used were identified as TcMAR-Tigger DNA elements, a template that has not yet been reported for NAHR. In summary, we showed that an increased dosage of HUWE1 causes nonsyndromic ID and demonstrated that the Xp11.22 region is prone to recombination- and replication-based rearrangements.

Targeting RAD51 phosphotyrosine-315 to prevent unfaithful recombination repair in BCR-ABL1 leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia chronic phase (CML-CP) CD34(+) cells contain numerous DNA double-strand breaks whose unfaithful repair may contribute to chromosomal instability and disease progression to blast phase (CML-BP). These phenomena are often associated with the appearance of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL1 kinase mutants (eg, T315I) and overexpression of BCR-ABL1. Here we show that BCR-ABL1 (nonmutated and T315I mutant) promoted RAD51 recombinase-mediated unfaithful homeologous recombination repair (HomeoRR) in a dosage-dependent manner. BCR-ABL1 SH3 domain interacts with RAD51 proline-rich regions, resulting in direct phosphorylation of RAD51 on Y315 (pY315). RAD51(pY315) facilitates dissociation from the complex with BCR-ABL1 kinase, migrates to the nucleus, and enhances formation of the nuclear foci indicative of recombination sites. HomeoRR and RAD51 nuclear foci were strongly reduced by RAD51(Y315F) phosphorylation-less mutant. In addition, peptide aptamer mimicking RAD51(pY315) fragment, but not that with Y315F phosphorylation-less substitution, diminished RAD51 foci formation and inhibited HomeoRR in leukemia cells. In conclusion, we postulate that BCR-ABL1 kinase-mediated RAD51(pY315) promotes unfaithful HomeoRR in leukemia cells, which may contribute to accumulation of secondary chromosomal aberrations responsible for CML relapse and progression.