Docosahexaenoic acid has influence on action potentials and transient outward potassium currents of ventricular myocytes

Mechanisms Underlying Antiarrhythmic Properties of Cardioprotective Agents Impacting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

The prevention of cardiac life-threatening ventricular fibrillation and stroke-provoking atrial fibrillation remains a serious global clinical issue, with ongoing need for novel approaches. Numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation are deleterious to cardiovascular health, and can increase heart susceptibility to arrhythmias. It is quite interesting, however, that various cardio-protective compounds with antiarrhythmic properties are potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agents. These most likely target the pro-arrhythmia primary mechanisms. This review and literature-based analysis presents a realistic view of antiarrhythmic efficacy and the molecular mechanisms of current pharmaceuticals in clinical use. These include the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors used in diabetes treatment, statins in dyslipidemia and naturally protective omega-3 fatty acids. This approach supports the hypothesis that prevention or attenuation of oxidative and inflammatory stress can abolish pro-arrhythmic factors and the development of an arrhythmia substrate. This could prove a powerful tool of reducing cardiac arrhythmia burden.

Cell shortening and calcium dynamics in epicardial and endocardial myocytes from the left ventricle of Goto-Kakizaki type 2 diabetic rats

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? To investigate haemodynamic dysfunction in the type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, we measured shortening and Ca²⁺ transport in ventricular myocytes from epicardial (EPI) and endocardial (ENDO) regions. What is the main finding and its importance? EPI and ENDO GK myocytes displayed similar hypertrophy. Time to peak (TPK) and time to half (THALF) relaxation were prolonged in EPI GK myocytes. TPK Ca²⁺ transient was prolonged and THALF decay of the Ca²⁺ transient was shortened in EPI GK myocytes. Amplitude of shortening, Ca²⁺ transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ were unaltered in EPI and ENDO myocytes from Goto-Kakizaki compared with control rats. We demostrated regional differences in shortening and Ca²⁺ transport in Goto-Kakizaki rats.

ABSTRACT

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is considered to be one of the major diabetes-associated complications, and the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction is not well understood. The electromechanical properties of cardiac myocytes vary across the walls of the chambers. The aim of this study was to investigate shortening and Ca²⁺ transport in epicardial (EPI) and endocardial (ENDO) left ventricular myocytes in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) type 2 diabetic rat heart. Shortening and intracellular Ca²⁺ transients were measured by video edge detection and fluorescence photometry. Myocyte surface area was increased in EPI-GK and ENDO-GK compared with control EPI-CON and ENDO-CON myocytes. Time to peak shortening was prolonged in EPI-GK compared with EPI-CON and in ENDO-CON compared with EPI-CON myocytes. Time to half-relaxation of shortening and time to peak Ca²⁺ transient were prolonged in EPI-GK compared with EPI-CON myocytes. Time to half-decay of the Ca²⁺ transient was prolonged in EPI-CON compared with EPI-GK and in EPI-CON compared with ENDO-CON myocytes. The amplitude of shortening and the Ca²⁺ transient were unaltered in EPI-GK and ENDO-GK compared with their respective controls. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ and myofilament sensitivity to Ca²⁺ were unaltered in EPI-GK and ENDO-GK compared with their respective controls. Regional differences in Ca²⁺ signalling in healthy and diabetic myocytes might account for variation in the dynamics of myocyte shortening. Further studies will be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying regional differences in the time course of shortening and the Ca²⁺ transient in EPI and ENDO myocytes from diabetic and control hearts.

Regional effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on shortening and calcium transport in epicardial and endocardial myocytes from rat left ventricle

In the heart, the left ventricle pumps blood at higher pressure than the right ventricle. Within the left ventricle, the electromechanical properties of ventricular cardiac myocytes vary transmurally and this may be related to the gradients of stress and strain experienced in vivo across the ventricular wall. Diabetes is also associated with alterations in hemodynamic function. The aim of this study was to investigate shortening and Ca²⁺ transport in epicardial (EPI) and endocardial (ENDO) left ventricular myocytes in the streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rat. Shortening, intracellular Ca²⁺ and L‐type Ca²⁺ current (I_Ca,L) were measured by video detection, fura‐2 microfluorimetry, and whole‐cell patch clamp techniques, respectively. Time to peak (TPK) shortening was prolonged to similar extents in ENDO and EPI myocytes from STZ‐treated rats compared to ENDO and EPI myocytes from controls. Time to half (THALF) relaxation of shortening was prolonged in ENDO myocytes from STZ‐treated rats compared to ENDO controls. TPK Ca²⁺ transient was prolonged in ENDO myocytes from STZ‐treated rats compared to ENDO controls. THALF decay of the Ca²⁺ transient was prolonged in ENDO myocytes from STZ‐treated rats compared to ENDO controls. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractional release of Ca²⁺ was reduced in EPI myocytes from STZ‐treated rats compared to EPI controls. I_Ca,L activation, inactivation, and recovery from inactivation were not significantly altered in EPI and ENDO myocytes from STZ‐treated rats or controls. Regional differences in Ca²⁺ transport may partly underlie differences in ventricular myocyte shortening across the wall of the healthy and the STZ‐treated rat left ventricle.

The effects of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on cardiac rhythm: anti-arrhythmic, pro-arrhythmic, both or neither? It depends…

Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (Ω-3) has been associated with a decreased cardiovascular risk, thereby concentrating attention on a potentially preventive effect regarding tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, recent randomized controlled trials challenge the efficacy of the additional application of Ω-3 and its anti-arrhythmic effect under certain clinical conditions. The present paper reflects the results of earlier and recent clinical studies with respect to the individual background conditions that may determine the clinical outcome of Ω-3 supplementation and thereby explain apparently conflicting clinical results. It is concluded that the efficacy of Ω-3 supplementation to prevent cardiac arrhythmias strongly depends on the underlying clinical and pharmacological conditions, a hypothesis that also is supported by data from experimental animal studies and by molecular interactions of Ω-3 at the cellular level.