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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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2
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Pilecky M, Závorka L, Arts MT, Kainz MJ. Omega-3 PUFA profoundly affect neural, physiological, and behavioural competences - implications for systemic changes in trophic interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2127-2145. [PMID: 34018324 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, much conceptual thinking in trophic ecology has been guided by theories of nutrient limitation and the flow of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, within and among ecosystems. More recently, ecologists have also turned their attention to examining the value of specific dietary nutrients, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), among which the omega-3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play a central role as essential components of neuronal cell membranes in many organisms. This review focuses on a new neuro-ecological approach stemming from the biochemical (mechanistic) and physiological (functional) role of DHA in neuronal cell membranes, in particular in conjunction with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We link the co-evolution of these neurological functions to metabolic dependency on dietary omega-3 PUFA. We outline ways in which deficiencies in dietary DHA supply may affect, cognition, vision, and behaviour, and ultimately, the biological fitness of consumers. We then review emerging evidence that changes in access to dietary omega-3 PUFA may ultimately have profound impacts on trophic interactions leading to potential changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning that, in turn, may affect the supply of DHA within and across ecosystems, including the supply for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria
| | - Michael T Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Inter-University Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Dr. Carl-Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See, 3293, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Research, Donau-Universität Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
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Daich Varela M, Jani P, Zein WM, D'Souza P, Wolfe L, Chisholm J, Zalewski C, Adams D, Warner BM, Huryn LA, Hufnagel RB. The peroxisomal disorder spectrum and Heimler syndrome: Deep phenotyping and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:618-630. [PMID: 32866347 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of peroxisomal disorders is wide and comprises individuals that die in the first year of life, as well as people with sensorineural hearing loss, retinal dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta. In this article, we describe three patients; two diagnosed with Heimler syndrome and a third one with a mild-intermediate phenotype. We arrived at these diagnoses by conducting complete ophthalmic (National Eye Institute), auditory (National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders), and dental (National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research) evaluations, as well as laboratory and genetic testing. Retinal degeneration with macular cystic changes, amelogenesis imperfecta, and sensorineural hearing loss were features shared by the three patients. Patients A and C had pathogenic variants in PEX1 and Patient B, in PEX6. Besides analyzing these cases, we review the literature regarding mild peroxisomal disorders, their pathophysiology, genetics, differential diagnosis, diagnostic methods, and management. We suggest that peroxisomal disorders are considered in every child with sensorineural hearing loss and retinal degeneration. These patients should have a dental evaluation to rule out amelogenesis imperfecta as well as audiologic examination and laboratory testing including peroxisomal biomarkers and genetic testing. Appropriate diagnosis can lead to better genetic counseling and management of the associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Daich Varela
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyam Jani
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Precilla D'Souza
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lynne Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Chisholm
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Zalewski
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Adams
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake M Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Calvete O, Martinez P, Garcia-Pavia P, Benitez-Buelga C, Paumard-Hernández B, Fernandez V, Dominguez F, Salas C, Romero-Laorden N, Garcia-Donas J, Carrillo J, Perona R, Triviño JC, Andrés R, Cano JM, Rivera B, Alonso-Pulpon L, Setien F, Esteller M, Rodriguez-Perales S, Bougeard G, Frebourg T, Urioste M, Blasco MA, Benítez J. A mutation in the POT1 gene is responsible for cardiac angiosarcoma in TP53-negative Li-Fraumeni-like families. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8383. [PMID: 26403419 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac angiosarcoma (CAS) is a rare malignant tumour whose genetic basis is unknown. Here we show, by whole-exome sequencing of a TP53-negative Li-Fraumeni-like (LFL) family including CAS cases, that a missense variant (p.R117C) in POT1 (protection of telomeres 1) gene is responsible for CAS. The same gene alteration is found in two other LFL families with CAS, supporting the causal effect of the identified mutation. We extend the analysis to TP53-negative LFL families with no CAS and find the same mutation in a breast AS family. The mutation is recently found once in 121,324 studied alleles in ExAC server but it is not described in any other database or found in 1,520 Spanish controls. In silico structural analysis suggests how the mutation disrupts POT1 structure. Functional and in vitro studies demonstrate that carriers of the mutation show reduced telomere-bound POT1 levels, abnormally long telomeres and increased telomere fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Calvete
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Paula Martinez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Department of Cardiology. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Mahadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carlos Benitez-Buelga
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paumard-Hernández
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernandez
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Fernando Dominguez
- Department of Cardiology. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Mahadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Clara Salas
- Department of Pathology. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Oncology Department, Clara Campal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sanchinarro, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Jesus Garcia-Donas
- Oncology Department, Clara Campal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sanchinarro, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Jaime Carrillo
- Department of Experimental Models of Human Disease. Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Department of Experimental Models of Human Disease. Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Andrés
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Juana María Cano
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Bárbara Rivera
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Luis Alonso-Pulpon
- Department of Cardiology. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Mahadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Fernando Setien
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona 08908, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | | | - Gaelle Bougeard
- Genetics Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Tierry Frebourg
- Genetics Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
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6
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Kim SH, Roh KH, Park JS, Kim KS, Kim HU, Lee KR, Kang HC, Kim JB. Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Arabidopsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:768478. [PMID: 26339641 PMCID: PMC4538586 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana was undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22 VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18 precursors by reactions catalyzed by Δ(6)-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, and Δ(5)-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, and PtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) in Arabidopsis seeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sug Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Seodun-dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Chul Kang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
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7
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GC-EI-MS Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Brain and Serum of Twitcher Mouse. Lipids 2014; 49:1115-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Abstract
A number of studies are investigating the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with metabolic inborn errors, while the effects on visual and brain development in premature infants and neonates are well known. However, their function incertain chronic neurological, inflammatory and metabolic disorders is still under study. Standards should be established to help identify the need of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in conditions requiring a restricted diet resulting in an altered metabolism system, and find scientific evidence on the effects of such supplementation. This study reviews relevant published literature to propose adequate n-3 intake or supplementation doses for different ages and pathologies. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in preventing cognitive impairment or in retarding its progress, and to identify nutritional deficiencies, in children with inborn errors of metabolism. Trials were identified from a search of the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases in 2011. These databases include all major completed and ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials, as well as all studies in which omega-3 supplementation was administered to children with inborn errors, and studies assessing omega-3 fatty acids status in plasma in these pathologies. Although few randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria of this review, some evidenced that most of children with inborn errors are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and demonstrated that supplementation might improve their neural function, or prevent the progression of neurological impairment. Nontheless, further investigations are needed on this issue.
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Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge and experimental research about the mechanisms by which fatty acids and their derivatives control specific gene expression involved during carcinogenesis. Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. Their regulation may be carried out either through direct binding to DNA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or via modulation in an indirect manner of signaling pathway molecules (e.g., protein kinase C) and other transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B and sterol regulatory element binding protein). Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fatty acids control specific gene expression may identify important risk factors for cancer and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for a better management of whole body lipid metabolism.
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10
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Santinha DR, Marques DR, Maciel EA, Simões CSO, Rosa S, Neves BM, Macedo B, Domingues P, Cruz MT, Domingues MRM. Profiling changes triggered during maturation of dendritic cells: a lipidomic approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:457-71. [PMID: 22402731 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are important in several biological processes because they act as signalling and regulating molecules, or, locally, as membrane components that modulate protein function. This paper reports the pattern of lipid composition of dendritic cells (DCs), a cell type of critical importance in inflammatory and immune responses. After activation by antigens, DCs undergo drastic phenotypical and functional transformations, in a process known as maturation. To better characterize this process, changes of lipid profile were evaluated by use of a lipidomic approach. As an experimental model of DCs, we used a foetal skin-derived dendritic cell line (FSDC) induced to mature by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that LPS treatment increased ceramide (Cer) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels and reduced sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) content. Mass spectrometric analysis of a total lipid extract and of each class of lipids revealed that maturation promoted clear changes in ceramide profile. Quantitative analysis enabled identification of an increase in the total ceramide content and enhanced Cer at m/z 646.6, identified as Cer(d18:1/24:1), and at m/z 648.6, identified as Cer(d18:1/24:0). The pattern of change of these lipids give an extremely rich source of data for evaluating modulation of specific lipid species triggered during DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deolinda R Santinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:573-89. [PMID: 21723266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of phospholipids carrying a vinyl ether bond in sn-1 and an ester bond in sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Although they are widespread in all tissues and represent up to 18% of the total phospholipid mass in humans, their physiological function is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to give an overview over the current knowledge in plasmalogen biology and pathology with an emphasis on neglected aspects of their involvement in neurological and metabolic diseases. Furthermore a better understanding of plasmalogen biology in health and disease could also lead to the development of better diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for vascular and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, inflammation, neuro-degeneration and cancer.
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12
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Magnusson CD, Haraldsson GG. Ether lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:315-40. [PMID: 21635876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerols and their methoxylated congeners, 1-O-(2'-methoxyalkyl)-sn-glycerols, are biologically active compounds, ubiquitously found in nature as diacyl glyceryl ether lipids and phosphoether lipids. The chief objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive and up to date review on such ether lipids. The occurrence and distribution of these compounds in nature are extensively reviewed, their chemical structure and molecular variety, their biosynthesis and chemical synthesis and, finally, their various biological effects are described and discussed. An unprecedented biosynthesis of the 2'-methoxylated alkylglycerols is proposed. The first synthesis of enantiopure (Z)-(2'R)-1-O-(2'-methoxyhexadec-4'-enyl)-sn-glycerol, the most prevalent 2'-methoxylated type alkylglycerol present in cartilaginous fish, is described. It was accomplished by a highly convergent five step process.
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13
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Mišurcová L, Ambrožová J, Samek D. Seaweed lipids as nutraceuticals. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 64:339-55. [PMID: 22054960 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds are known as low-energy food. Despite low lipid content, ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) introduce a significant part of seaweed lipids. PUFAs are the important components of all cell membranes and precursors of eicosanoids that are essential bioregulators of many cellular processes. PUFAs effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, ostheoporosis, and diabetes. Because of the frequent usage of seaweeds in Asia and their increasing utilization as food also in other parts of the world, seaweeds could contribute to the improvement of a low level of ω-3 PUFAs, especially in the Western diet. The major commercial sources of ω-3 PUFAs are fish, but their wide usage as food additives is limited for the typical fishy smell, unpleasant taste, and oxidative nonstability. Nevertheless, growing requirements of healthy functional foods have led to produce PUFAs as nutraceuticals in controlled batch culture of marine microalgae, especially Thraustochytrium and Schizochytrium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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