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Sagmeister T, Gubensäk N, Buhlheller C, Grininger C, Eder M, Ðordić A, Millán C, Medina A, Murcia PAS, Berni F, Hynönen U, Vejzović D, Damisch E, Kulminskaya N, Petrowitsch L, Oberer M, Palva A, Malanović N, Codée J, Keller W, Usón I, Pavkov-Keller T. The molecular architecture of Lactobacillus S-layer: Assembly and attachment to teichoic acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401686121. [PMID: 38838019 PMCID: PMC11181022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401686121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
S-layers are crystalline arrays found on bacterial and archaeal cells. Lactobacillus is a diverse family of bacteria known especially for potential gut health benefits. This study focuses on the S-layer proteins from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus amylovorus common in the mammalian gut. Atomic resolution structures of Lactobacillus S-layer proteins SlpA and SlpX exhibit domain swapping, and the obtained assembly model of the main S-layer protein SlpA aligns well with prior electron microscopy and mutagenesis data. The S-layer's pore size suggests a protective role, with charged areas aiding adhesion. A highly similar domain organization and interaction network are observed across the Lactobacillus genus. Interaction studies revealed conserved binding areas specific for attachment to teichoic acids. The structure of the SlpA S-layer and the suggested incorporation of SlpX as well as its interaction with teichoic acids lay the foundation for deciphering its role in immune responses and for developing effective treatments for a variety of infectious and bacteria-mediated inflammation processes, opening opportunities for targeted engineering of the S-layer or lactobacilli bacteria in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Sagmeister
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Nina Gubensäk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | | | | | - Markus Eder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Anđela Ðordić
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Claudia Millán
- Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona08028, Spain
| | - Ana Medina
- Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona08028, Spain
| | - Pedro Alejandro Sánchez Murcia
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Francesca Berni
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden2333, The Netherlands
| | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00100, Finland
| | - Djenana Vejzović
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Elisabeth Damisch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | | | - Lukas Petrowitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00100, Finland
| | - Nermina Malanović
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Jeroen Codée
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden2333, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Isabel Usón
- Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona08003, Spain
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria8010
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Graz8010, Austria
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2
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Hijová E. Postbiotics as Metabolites and Their Biotherapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5441. [PMID: 38791478 PMCID: PMC11121590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of postbiotics, which may provide an underappreciated avenue doe promising therapeutic alternatives. The discovery of natural compounds obtained from microorganisms needs to be investigated in the future in terms of their effects on various metabolic disorders and molecular pathways, as well as modulation of the immune system and intestinal microbiota in children and adults. However, further studies and efforts are needed to evaluate and describe new postbiotics. This review provides available knowledge that may assist future research in identifying new postbiotics and uncovering additional mechanisms to combat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Hijová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
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3
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Xie W, Zhong YS, Li XJ, Kang YK, Peng QY, Ying HZ. Postbiotics in colorectal cancer: intervention mechanisms and perspectives. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360225. [PMID: 38450163 PMCID: PMC10914944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy affecting the gastrointestinal tract worldwide. The etiology and progression of CRC are related to factors such as environmental influences, dietary structure, and genetic susceptibility. Intestinal microbiota can influence the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and modulate intestinal immunity by secreting various metabolites. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota can affect the metabolites of the microbial, leading to the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which can trigger chronic inflammation or DNA damage and ultimately lead to cellular carcinogenesis and the development of CRC. Postbiotics are preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components that are beneficial to the health of the host, with the main components including bacterial components (e.g., exopolysaccharides, teichoic acids, surface layer protein) and metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolite, bile acids, vitamins and enzymes). Compared with traditional probiotics, it has a more stable chemical structure and higher safety. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that postbiotics are involved in regulating intestinal microecology and improving the progression of CRC, which provides new ideas for the prevention and diagnosis of CRC. In this article, we review the changes in intestinal microbiota in different states of the gut and the mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of postbiotic-related components, and discuss the potential significance of postbiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. This reviews the changes and pathogenesis of intestinal microbiota in the development of CRC, and summarizes the relevant mechanisms of postbiotics in resisting the development of CRC in recent years, as well as the advantages and limitations of postbiotics in the treatment process of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Zhong Ying
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Soundrarajan N, Somasundaram P, Kim D, Cho HS, Jeon H, Ahn B, Kang M, Song H, Park C. Effective Healing of Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Wounds in Pig Cathelicidin Protegrin-1-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11658. [PMID: 37511418 PMCID: PMC10380341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to existing treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds. Therefore, the effect of protegrin-1 (PG1), a potent porcine AMP with broad-spectrum activity, on wound healing was evaluated. PG1-overexpressing transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model to evaluate its healing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus-infected (106 colony forming units) wounds. We analyzed the wounds under four specific conditions in the presence or absence of antibiotic treatment. We observed the resolution of bacterial infection and formation of neo-epithelium in S. aureus-infected wounds of the mice, even without antibiotic treatment, whereas all wild-type mice with bacterial infection died within 8 to 10 days due to uncontrolled bacterial proliferation. Interestingly, the wound area on day 7 was smaller (p < 0.01) in PG1 transgenic mice than that in the other groups, including antibiotic-treated mice, suggesting that PG1 exerts biological effects other than bactericidal effect. Additionally, we observed that the treatment of primary epidermal keratinocytes with recombinant PG1 enhanced cell migration in in vitro scratch and cell migration assays. This study contributes to the understanding of broad-spectrum endogenous cathelicidins with potent antimicrobial activities, such as PG1, on wound healing. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PG1 is a potent therapeutic candidate for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prathap Somasundaram
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingue Kang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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5
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Brock KE, Elliott ER, Abul-Khoudoud MO, Cooper RL. The effects of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial toxins (LTA & LPS) on cardiac function in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104518. [PMID: 37119936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Gram negative and positive bacterial sepsis depend on the type of toxins released, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Previous studies show LPS to rapidly hyperpolarize larval Drosophila skeletal muscle, followed by desensitization and return to baseline. In larvae, heart rate increased then decreased with exposure to LPS. However, responses to LTA, as well as the combination of LTA and LPS, on the larval Drosophila heart have not been previously examined. This study examined the effects of LTA and a cocktail of LTA and LPS on heart rate. The combined effects were examined by first treating with either LTA or LPS only, and then with the cocktail. The results showed a rapid increase in heart rate upon LTA application, followed by a gradual decline over time. When applying LTA followed by the cocktail, an increase in the rate occurred. However, if LPS was applied before the cocktail, the rate continued declining. These responses indicate the receptors or cellular cascades responsible for controlling heart rate within seconds and the rapid desensitization are affected by LTA or LPS and a combination of the two. The mechanisms for rapid changes which are not regulated by gene expression by exposure to LTA or LPS or associated bacterial peptidoglycans have yet to be identified in cardiac tissues of any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Brock
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | | | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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6
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Probiotics and Postbiotics as the Functional Food Components Affecting the Immune Response. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010104. [PMID: 36677396 PMCID: PMC9862734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The food market is one of the most innovative segments of the world economy. Recently, among consumers there is a forming trend of a healthier lifestyle and interest in functional foods. Products with positive health properties are a good source of nutrients for consumers' nutritional needs and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, or obesity. They also seem to boost the immune system. One of the types of functional food is "probiotic products", which contain viable microorganisms with beneficial health properties. However, due to some technical difficulties in their development and marketing, a new alternative has started to be sought. Many scientific studies also point to the possibility of positive effects on human health, the so-called "postbiotics", the characteristic metabolites of the microbiome. Both immunobiotics and post-immunobiotics are the food components that affect the immune response in two ways: as inhibition (suppressing allergies and inflammation) or as an enhancement (providing host defenses against infection). This work's aim was to conduct a literature review of the possibilities of using probiotics and postbiotics as the functional food components affecting the immune response, with an emphasis on the most recently published works.
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Koduru L, Lakshmanan M, Lee YQ, Ho PL, Lim PY, Ler WX, Ng SK, Kim D, Park DS, Banu M, Ow DSW, Lee DY. Systematic evaluation of genome-wide metabolic landscapes in lactic acid bacteria reveals diet- and strain-specific probiotic idiosyncrasies. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111735. [PMID: 36476869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well known to elicit health benefits in humans, but their functional metabolic landscapes remain unexplored. Here, we analyze differences in growth, intestinal persistence, and postbiotic biosynthesis of six representative LAB and their interactions with 15 gut bacteria under 11 dietary regimes by combining multi-omics and in silico modeling. We confirmed predictions on short-term persistence of LAB and their interactions with commensals using cecal microbiome abundance and spent-medium experiments. Our analyses indicate that probiotic attributes are both diet and species specific and cannot be solely explained using genomics. For example, although both Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum encode similarly sized genomes with diverse capabilities, L. casei exhibits a more desirable phenotype. In addition, "high-fat/low-carb" diets more likely lead to detrimental outcomes for most LAB. Collectively, our results highlight that probiotics are not "one size fits all" health supplements and lay the foundation for personalized probiotic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokanand Koduru
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Meiyappan Lakshmanan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Yi Qing Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi-Leng Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Pei-Yu Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Wei Xuan Ler
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Dongseok Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mazlina Banu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak Wei Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Bourebaba Y, Marycz K, Mularczyk M, Bourebaba L. Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders management. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113138. [PMID: 35717780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and related metabolic disorders has been steadily increasing in the past few decades. Apart from the establishment of caloric restrictions in combination with improved physical activity, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for most metabolic disorders. Many scientific-studies have described various beneficial effects of probiotics in regulating metabolism but others questioned their effectiveness and safety. Postbiotics are defined as preparation of inanimate microorganisms, and/or their components, which determine their safety of use and confers a health benefit to the host. Additionally, unlike probiotics postbiotics do not require stringent production/storage conditions. Recently, many lines of evidence demonstrated that postbiotics may be beneficial in metabolic disorders management via several potential effects including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-proliferative, and hypocholesterolaemia properties that enhance both the immune system and intestinal barrier functions by acting directly on specific tissues of the intestinal epithelium, but also on various organs or tissues. In view of the many reports that demonstrated the high biological activity and safety of postbiotics, we summarized in the present review the current findings reporting the beneficial effects of various probiotics derivatives for the management of metabolic disorders and related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Bourebaba
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95516, USA
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland.
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9
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Scarpellini E, Rinninella E, Basilico M, Colomier E, Rasetti C, Larussa T, Santori P, Abenavoli L. From Pre- and Probiotics to Post-Biotics: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:37. [PMID: 35010297 PMCID: PMC8750841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS gut microbiota (GM) is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. It has several functions in the human body ranging from immunomodulation to metabolic. GM derangement is called dysbiosis and is involved in several host diseases. Pre-, probiotics, and symbiotics (PRE-PRO-SYMB) have been extensively developed and studied for GM re-modulation. Herein, we review the literature data regarding the new concept of postbiotics, starting from PRE-PRO-SYMB. METHODS we conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, and postbiotics. RESULTS postbiotics account for PRO components and metabolic products able to beneficially affect host health and GM. The deeper the knowledge about them, the greater their possible uses: the prevention and treatment of atopic, respiratory tract, and inflammatory bowel diseases. CONCLUSIONS better knowledge about postbiotics can be useful for the prevention and treatment of several human body diseases, alone or as an add-on to PRE-PRO-SYMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emidio Scarpellini
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Madonna del Soccorso" General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Basilico
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Madonna del Soccorso" General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Rasetti
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Madonna del Soccorso" General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Santori
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Madonna del Soccorso" General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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10
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Kaur S, Thukral SK, Kaur P, Samota MK. Perturbations associated with hungry gut microbiome and postbiotic perspectives to strengthen the microbiome health. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11
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Nagasundarapandian S, Cho HS, Prathap S, Kang M, Choi M, Lee Y, Jeon H, Song H, Kim JH, Park C. Cathelicidin ΔPb-CATH4 derived from Python bivittatus accelerates the healing of Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice. Amino Acids 2021; 53:313-317. [PMID: 33576904 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ΔPb-CATH4, a cathelicidin derived from Python bivittatus, were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice. These effects were comparable to those of classical antibiotics. ΔPb-CATH4 was resistant to bacterial protease but not to porcine trypsin. A reduction in the level of inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the migration of immune cells was observed in vitro. Thus, ΔPb-CATH4 can promote wound healing by controlling infections including those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria via its immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Somasundaram Prathap
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Mingue Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Munjeong Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Yunjung Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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12
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Wakai T, Kano C, Karsens H, Kok J, Yamamoto N. Functional role of surface layer proteins of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 in stress tolerance and binding to host cell proteins. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:33-42. [PMID: 33520567 PMCID: PMC7817507 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer proteins (SLPs) self-assemble
into a monolayer that is non-covalently bound to the outer surface of the cells. There
they are in direct contact with the environment, environmental stressors and gut
components of the host in which the organism resides. The role of L.
acidophilus SLPs is not entirely understood, although SLPs seem to be essential
for bacterial growth. We constructed three L. acidophilus L-92 strains,
each expressing a mutant of the most abundant SLP, SlpA. Each carried a 12-amino acid
c-myc epitope substitution at a different position in the protein. A strain was also
obtained that expressed the SlpA paralog SlpB from an originally silent
slpB gene. All four strains behaved differently with respect to growth
under various stress conditions, such as the presence of salt, ox gall or ethanol,
suggesting that SlpA affects stress tolerance in L. acidophilus L-92.
Also, the four mutants showed differential in vitro binding ability to
human host cell proteins such as uromodulin or dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular
adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Furthermore, co-culture of murine
immature DCs with a mutant strain expressing one of the recombinant SlpA proteins changed
the concentrations of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12. Our data suggest that SlpA and SlpB
of L. acidophilus participate in bacterial stress tolerance and binding
to uromodulin or DC-SIGN, possibly leading to effective immune-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Wakai
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 5-11-10 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Kano
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 5-11-10 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Harma Karsens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Linnaeusborg, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Żółkiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczyński M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics-A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2189. [PMID: 32717965 PMCID: PMC7468815 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Postbiotics include any substance released by or produced through the metabolic activity of the microorganism, which exerts a beneficial effect on the host, directly or indirectly. As postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, the risks associated with their intake are minimized. Here, we provided a critical review of postbiotics described in the literature, including their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, and potential therapeutic applications. We detailed the pleiotropic effects of postbiotics, including their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Although the use of postbiotics is an attractive strategy for altering the microbiome, further study into its efficacy and safety is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Żółkiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Marzec
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
| | - Marek Ruszczyński
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.Ż.); (A.M.)
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14
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Guo Y, Li X, Yang Y, Wu Z, Zeng X, Nadari F, Pan D. Molecular cloning, expression and adhesion analysis of silent slpB of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. AMB Express 2018; 8:103. [PMID: 29936673 PMCID: PMC6015585 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The slpB gene of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which differs from the slpA gene and is silent under normal conditions, was successfully amplified and ligated to the corresponding available sites on a recombinant pET-28a vector. Then the pET-28a-slpB vector was transformed into Escherichia coli DH (DE3) and the fusion His-slpB protein was expressed by induction with 1 mM IPTG for 14 h at 37 °C. The resulting His-slpB protein (SB) had a relative molecular weight of 48 kDa. It was purified using a Ni-NTA column and was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot contrastive analysis. The slpA protein (SA) from L. acidophilus NCFM was extracted and purified. It had a relative molecular weight of 46 kDa. Circular dichroism measurements suggested that the two S-layer proteins had a high β-sheet content and a low α-helix structure content. In an adhesion experiment, SA displayed higher adhesive capability towards Caco-2 cells than did SB. The results suggest that these two S-layer proteins could have biotechnological applications.
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15
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Bumgardner SA, Zhang L, LaVoy AS, Andre B, Frank CB, Kajikawa A, Klaenhammer TR, Dean GA. Nod2 is required for antigen-specific humoral responses against antigens orally delivered using a recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine platform. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196950. [PMID: 29734365 PMCID: PMC5937747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficacious orally-delivered mucosal vaccine platforms are desperately needed to combat the plethora of mucosally transmitted pathogens. Lactobacillus spp. have emerged as attractive candidates to meet this need and are known to activate the host innate immune response in a species- and strain-specific manner. For selected bacterial isolates and mutants, we investigated the role of key innate immune pathways required for induction of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Co-culture of murine macrophages with L. gasseri (strain NCK1785), L. acidophilus (strain NCFM), or NCFM-derived mutants—NCK2025 and NCK2031—elicited an M2b-like phenotype associated with TH2 skewing and immune regulatory function. For NCFM, this M2b phenotype was dependent on expression of lipoteichoic acid and S layer proteins. Through the use of macrophage genetic knockouts, we identified Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), the cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) receptor, and the inflammasome-associated caspase-1 as contributors to macrophage activation, with NOD2 cooperating with caspase-1 to induce inflammasome derived interleukin (IL)-1β in a pyroptosis-independent fashion. Finally, utilizing an NCFM-based mucosal vaccine platform with surface expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag or membrane proximal external region (MPER), we demonstrated that NOD2 signaling is required for antigen-specific mucosal and systemic humoral responses. We show that lactobacilli differentially utilize innate immune pathways and highlight NOD2 as a key mediator of macrophage function and antigen-specific humoral responses to a Lactobacillus acidophilus mucosal vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Bumgardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alora S. LaVoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chad B. Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Todd R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Palomino MM, Waehner PM, Fina Martin J, Ojeda P, Malone L, Sánchez Rivas C, Prado Acosta M, Allievi MC, Ruzal SM. Influence of osmotic stress on the profile and gene expression of surface layer proteins in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8475-84. [PMID: 27376794 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the role of surface layer (S-layer) proteins in the adaptation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 to the osmotic stress generated by high salt. The amounts of the predominant and the auxiliary S-layer proteins SlpA and SlpX were strongly influenced by the growth phase and high-salt conditions (0.6 M NaCl). Changes in gene expression were also observed as the mRNAs of the slpA and slpX genes increased related to the growth phase and presence of high salt. A growth stage-dependent modification on the S-layer protein profile in response to NaCl was observed: while in control conditions, the auxiliary SlpX protein represented less than 10 % of the total S-layer protein, in high-salt conditions, it increased to almost 40 % in the stationary phase. The increase in S-layer protein synthesis in the stress condition could be a consequence of or a way to counteract the fragility of the cell wall, since a decrease in the cell wall thickness and envelope components (peptidoglycan layer and lipoteichoic acid content) was observed in L. acidophilus when compared to a non-S-layer-producing species such as Lactobacillus casei. Also, the stationary phase and growth in high-salt medium resulted in increased release of S-layer proteins to the supernatant medium. Overall, these findings suggest that pre-growth in high-salt conditions would result in an advantage for the probiotic nature of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 as the increased amount and release of the S-layer might be appropriate for its antimicrobial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Palomino
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Waehner
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquina Fina Martin
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Ojeda
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Malone
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carmen Sánchez Rivas
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Prado Acosta
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Allievi
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Ruzal
- Laboratorio Bacterias Gram Positivas, sus Fagos y Estrés, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-UBA, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon II, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Sahay B, Ge Y, Colliou N, Zadeh M, Weiner C, Mila A, Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Advancing the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein A for the treatment of intestinal disorders in humans. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:392-7. [PMID: 26647142 PMCID: PMC4826124 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is subject to complex and fine-tuned regulation dictated by interactions of the resident microbial community and their gene products with host innate cells. Deterioration of this delicate process may result in devastating autoinflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which primarily comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Efficacious interventions to regulate proinflammatory signals, which play critical roles in IBD, require further scientific investigation. We recently demonstrated that rebalancing intestinal immunity via the surface layer protein A (SlpA) from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM potentially represents a feasible therapeutic approach to restore intestinal homeostasis. To expand on these findings, we established a new method of purifying bacterial SlpA, a new SlpA-specific monoclonal antibody, and found no SlpA-associated toxicity in mice. Thus, these data may assist in our efforts to determine the immune regulatory efficacy of SlpA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Natacha Colliou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Chelsea Weiner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ashley Mila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Correspondence to: Mansour Mohamadzadeh;
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18
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Hynönen U, Kant R, Lähteinen T, Pietilä TE, Beganović J, Smidt H, Uroić K, Avall-Jääskeläinen S, Palva A. Functional characterization of probiotic surface layer protein-carrying Lactobacillus amylovorus strains. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:199. [PMID: 25070625 PMCID: PMC4236617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesiveness to intestinal epithelium, beneficial immunomodulating effects and the production of pathogen-inhibitory compounds are generally considered as beneficial characteristics of probiotic organisms. We showed the potential health-promoting properties and the mechanisms of probiotic action of seven swine intestinal Lactobacillus amylovorus isolates plus the type strain (DSM 20531T) by investigating their adherence to porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-1) and mucus as well as the capacities of the strains to i) inhibit the adherence of Escherichia coli to IPEC-1 cells, ii) to produce soluble inhibitors against intestinal pathogens and iii) to induce immune signaling in dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, the role of the L. amylovorus surface (S) -layers - symmetric, porous arrays of identical protein subunits present as the outermost layer of the cell envelope - in adherence to IPEC-1 cells was assessed using a novel approach which utilized purified cell wall fragments of the strains as carriers for the recombinantly produced S-layer proteins. RESULTS Three of the L. amylovorus strains studied adhered to IPEC-1 cells, while four strains inhibited the adherence of E. coli, indicating additional mechanisms other than competition for binding sites being involved in the inhibition. None of the strains bound to porcine mucus. The culture supernatants of all of the strains exerted inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria and Yersinia, and a variable, strain-dependent induction was observed of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human DCs. L. amylovorus DSM 16698 was shown to carry two S-layer-like proteins on its surface in addition to the major S-layer protein SlpA. In contrast to expectations, none of the major S-layer proteins of the IPEC-1 -adhering strains mediated bacterial adherence. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated adhesive and significant pathogen inhibitory efficacies among the swine intestinal L. amylovorus strains studied, pointing to their potential use as probiotic feed supplements, but no independent role could be demonstrated for the major S-layer proteins in adherence to epithelial cells. The results indicate that many intestinal bacteria may coexist with and confer benefits to the host by mechanisms not attributable to adhesion to epithelial cells or mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, P,O, Box 66, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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19
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Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:248. [PMID: 24032031 PMCID: PMC3759294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These biochemical signatures primarily consist of a major family of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nitrogen bases, and sugar and its complexes, which are distinct from host molecules and exclusively expressed in pathogens and essential to their survival. The family of sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded, evolutionarily conserved molecules, and consist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), and DNA sensors. Sensing of PAMP by PRR initiates the cascade of signaling leading to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in a variety of cellular responses, including the production of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss sensing of different types of glycosylated PAMPs such as β-glucan (a polymeric sugar) or lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acid, and so on (sugar complex PAMPs) by different families of sensors, its role in pathogenesis, and its application in development of potential vaccine and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Bhopal , India
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20
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To yeast or not to yeast: a probiotic question. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:988-90. [PMID: 23602819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Martín R, Miquel S, Ulmer J, Kechaou N, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG. Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:71. [PMID: 23876056 PMCID: PMC3726476 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is one of the most complex ecosystems, composed of 1013-1014 microorganisms which play an important role in human health. In addition, some food products contain live bacteria which transit through our gastrointestinal tract and could exert beneficial effects on our health (known as probiotic effect). Among the numerous proposed health benefits attributed to commensal and probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the host immune system is now well demonstrated. Currently, the use of recombinant lactic acid bacteria to deliver compounds of health interest is gaining importance as an extension of the probiotic concept. This review summarizes some of the recent findings and perspectives in the study of the crosstalk of both commensal and probiotic bacteria with the human host as well as the latest studies in recombinant commensal and probiotic bacteria. Our aim is to highlight the potential roles of recombinant bacteria in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
| | - Sylvie Miquel
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
| | - Jonathan Ulmer
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
| | - Noura Kechaou
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
| | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350, France
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22
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Hynönen U, Palva A. Lactobacillus surface layer proteins: structure, function and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5225-43. [PMID: 23677442 PMCID: PMC3666127 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial surface (S) layers are the outermost proteinaceous cell envelope structures found on members of nearly all taxonomic groups of bacteria and Archaea. They are composed of numerous identical subunits forming a symmetric, porous, lattice-like layer that completely covers the cell surface. The subunits are held together and attached to cell wall carbohydrates by non-covalent interactions, and they spontaneously reassemble in vitro by an entropy-driven process. Due to the low amino acid sequence similarity among S-layer proteins in general, verification of the presence of an S-layer on the bacterial cell surface usually requires electron microscopy. In lactobacilli, S-layer proteins have been detected on many but not all species. Lactobacillus S-layer proteins differ from those of other bacteria in their smaller size and high predicted pI. The positive charge in Lactobacillus S-layer proteins is concentrated in the more conserved cell wall binding domain, which can be either N- or C-terminal depending on the species. The more variable domain is responsible for the self-assembly of the monomers to a periodic structure. The biological functions of Lactobacillus S-layer proteins are poorly understood, but in some species S-layer proteins mediate bacterial adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix proteins or have protective or enzymatic functions. Lactobacillus S-layer proteins show potential for use as antigen carriers in live oral vaccine design because of their adhesive and immunomodulatory properties and the general non-pathogenicity of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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23
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The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 teichoic acid D-alanylation on the generation of effector and regulatory T-cells in healthy mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63099. [PMID: 23646181 PMCID: PMC3639951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To date it remains unclear how probiotics affect the immune system. Bacterial envelope components may play an essential role, as these are the first to establish bacterial-host cell interactions. Teichoic acids (TAs), and especially lipoteichoic acids, are the most pro-inflammatory components of the gram-positive bacterial envelope. This effect is dependent on D-alanyl substitution of the TA backbone and interactions with TLR2 on host cells. Although the pro-inflammatory properties of TAs have been established in vitro, it remains unclear how TAs affect immunomodulation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the role of TA D-alanylation on L. plantarum–induced intestinal and systemic immunomodulation in vivo. For this, we compared the effect of L. plantarum WCFS1 and its TA D-Alanylation negative derivative (dltX-D) on the distribution of dendritic cell and T cell populations and responses in healthy mice. We demonstrated that the majority of the L. plantarum-induced in vivo immunomodulatory effects were dependent on D-alanylation (D-Ala), as some L. plantarum WCFS1-induced immune changes were not observed in the dltX-D-treated group and some were only observed after treatment with dltX-D. Strikingly, not only pro-inflammatory immune responses were abolished in the absence of D-Ala substitution, but also anti-inflammatory responses, such as the L. plantarum-induced generation of regulatory T cells in the spleen. With this study we provide insight in host-microbe interactions, by demonstrating the involvement of D-alanylation of TAs on the bacterial membrane in intestinal and systemic immunomodulation in healthy mice.
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Lightfoot YL, Mohamadzadeh M. Tailoring gut immune responses with lipoteichoic acid-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:25. [PMID: 23390423 PMCID: PMC3565175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the development of intestinal autoinflammatory disorders when tolerance is lost, homeostatic interactions between gut microbiota, resident immune cells, and the gut epithelium are key in the maintenance of gastrointestinal health. Gut immune responses, whether stimulatory or regulatory, are dictated by the activated dendritic cells (DCs) that first interact with microorganisms and their gene products to then elicit T and B cell responses. Previously, we have demonstrated that treatment with genetically modified Lactobacillus acidophilus is sufficient to tilt the immune balance from proinflammatory to regulatory in experimental models of colitis and colon cancer. Given the significant role of DCs in efficiently orchestrating intestinal immune responses, characterization of the signals induced within these cells by the surface layer molecules, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and proteins of L. acidophilus is critical for future treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we discuss the potential regulatory pathways involved in the downregulation of pathogenic inflammation in the gut, and explore questions regarding the immune responses to LTA-deficient L. acidophilus that require future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma L Lightfoot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Lightfoot YL, Yang T, Sahay B, Mohamadzadeh M. Targeting aberrant colon cancer-specific DNA methylation with lipoteichoic acid-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:84-8. [PMID: 23137966 PMCID: PMC3555892 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic autoinflammatory responses triggered by dysregulated microbial interactions may lead to intestinal disorders and malignancies. Previously, we demonstrated that a lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus strain, NCK2025, ameliorated inflammation-induced colitis, significantly reduced the number of polyps in a colonic polyposis cancer model and restored physiological homeostasis in both cases. Nonetheless, the regulatory signals delivered by NCK2025 to reprogram the gastrointestinal microenvironment, and thus resist colonic cancer progression, remain unknown. Accumulating evidence suggest that epigenetic changes, in the presence and absence of pathogenic inflammation, can result in colorectal cancer (CRC). To test possible epigenetic modifications induced by NCK2025, the expression of epigenetically regulated, CRC-associated genes was measured with and without bacterial treatment. In vivo and in vitro, NCK2025 enhanced the expression of tumor suppressor genes that may regulate CRC development. Therefore, differential epigenetic regulation of CRC-related genes by NCK2025 represents a potential therapy against colitis-associated and sporadic CRC.
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